Isifungo somongameli sisisiseko solawulo lomgaqo-siseko waseMerika. Asikokucengceleza nje kuphela kodwa sisithembiso esinzulu, esisisiqinisekiso sokuba ngokusemthethweni kudluliselwe amandla olawulo. Kwiminyaka emine, uMongameli ozayo ubeka isandla kwiBhayibhile okanye komnye umbhalo ongcwele. Ukuqonda isifungo sokuqinisekisa `````ikhusela, khusela, ukhusele kwaye ukhusele umGaqo-siseko we-United States'.' Eli binzana linye limi lonke umgangatho weembopheleleko zikamongameli, lisebenza njengemfuneko esemthethweni kunye nesalatha sokuziphatha kwisikhundla esiphezulu kwelo lizwe. Ukuqonda isifungo, imbali, imbali, kunye nentsingiselo yaso ibalulekile ekuqondeni imo ye-Pescie.

Umbhalo weOath yeNtloko Yomongameli

Esi sifungo sibhalwe ngokuchanileyo kuMgaqo - siseko waseUnited States, ngokukodwa kwiGatya II, kwiCandelo 1, iCandelo le - 8 lifundeka ngolu hlobo:

[FLT]]] Ndifunga (okanye ndiqinisekisa) ukuba ndiza kuyenza ngokuthembeka i-Ofisi kaMongameli wase-United States, kwaye ndiza kusebenzisa kangangoko kobukho bekhono bam, ndigcine, ndikhusele kwaye ndikhusele umGaqo-siseko wase-United States.”[FLT]]]

Esi sifungo sifutshane, sigama sama-35 kuphela esimiselwe ngokusemthethweni kumbhalo womgaqo-siseko. Abafaki-miyalelo baye basishiya silula kwaye sithe ngqo, bephepha izibhengezo ezinde zokunyaniseka okanye izithembiso zenkqubo. Okubalulekileyo, isifungo asibakhankanyi abantu, iflegi, okanye uhlanga lonke .(ithetha ngokupheleleyo) kumGaqo-siseko. Umzali “uqinisekisa” uhlalisa abantu abathi iinkolelo zabo zonqulo ziyabanqabela ukufunga, ummiselo oxhaswe nguGeorge Washington kunye noluntu lweQuaker kwiNdibano yeMithetho.

Esi sifungo sisenziwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo yeZiko leMicimbi yaseUnited States, isithethe esaqala noJohn Adams ngowe-1797. Noko ke, umGaqo-siseko awugunyazi ukuba ngubani owenze isifungo; kwiimeko zongxamiseko, abanye abagwebi bakarhulumente okanye kwanabemi bobucala baloo ndawo baye bawenza lo msitho. Ngokomzekelo, uCalvin Coolidge wafunga kuyise, uwonke-wonke, emva kokufa kukaMongameli Warren G.

Imvelaphi yomgaqo-siseko kunye nokuzimisela

Abafaki-feni babequka isifungo sobumongameli njengendlela yokuhlola igunya eliphetheyo. Babesandul' ukubhukuqa ulawulo lolawulo kunye nokungathembani kwegunya elipheleleyo. Ngokufuna ukuba uMongameli afunge ukunyaniseka kumGaqo-siseko ($rather) kunokuba afunge kubantu okanye kwiqela lezobupolitika", abaseke ukuba iofisi ngokwayo ingaphantsi komthetho. UJames Madison waphikisana [ku-[FLT: 0] uSoftware Papers [ ukuba isifungo “silukholo ekuchaseni ulwaphulo-mthetho” kunye nesikhumbuzo esinzulu somsebenzi kaMongameli wokukhusela iRiphabliki kuzo zombini iziso ziso zisohlwayo.

Alexander Hamilton, ku uNxulumaniso lweFederali No. 69, wagxininisa ukuba amandla kaMongameli achazwa kwaye alinganiselwa ngumGaqo-siseko, kwaye isifungo siqinisa loo mqathango. UMongameli akangokumkani odibanisa urhulumente; kunoko, uMongameli ngumphathi wesicaka esiphezulu esisemthethweni. Lo mahluko wawukhokele ngenkulungwane ye-18 kwaye uhlala usisiqobo solwazi lwezopolitiko lwaseMelika.

Ukubaluleka Kwesithukuthuku

Isifungo somongameli singaphezulu kakhulu kunesithethe. Siguqula umtyunjwa abe nguMongameli waseUnited States, enika igunya elipheleleyo elingokwasemthethweni kunye neembopheleleko zeofisi. Ngeli xesha isifungo sigqitywayo (ngokuqhelekileyo) ekutsalekeni kwemini ngoJanuwari 20(85) umntu uba yintloko karhulumente, kwintloko-ntloko yomphathi-mikhosi, kunye nentloko-mphathi-mikhosi. Isifungo sisebenza njengebrorho esemthethweni phakathi kwezithembiso zephulo nemeko elawulayo.

Ngapha koko kuguqulwa okusemthethweni, isifungo sinobunzima obunzulu bomfuziselo. Sibonisa kuhlanga nakwihlabathi ukuba ukudluliswa kwegunya kuseluxolweni, kulungelelene, kwaye kungumGaqo-siseko. Lonke utshintsho loxolo ukususela ngo 1797/ngona kusemva konyulo okanye ukurhoxa-mvume/ukubhaliswa. Oku kuqhubeka luphawu lokuzinza kwedemokhrasi, ingakumbi xa kuthelekiswa nezizwe apho amandla etshintsha khona xa exhotyiswe ngemipu.

Isifungo sikwadibanisa uMongameli ekuhleni kwimilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Ngokufunga phambi kwabemi abangoowabo, uMongameli uyavuma ukuba uya kuphendula. Ukuba uMongameli ufanele angcatsha umGaqo-siseko, ukugqwethwa kwetyala lezobupolitika, /ukuvavanywa kweBhunga-lingane (ukusisi sikhambi somGaqo-siseko. Ngaloo ndlela isifungo sidala umnqophiso womGaqo-siseko phakathi komphathi kunye nomlawuli.

Iimbopheleleko Ezingundoqo Zidlulelwe Kwindawo Yokulala

Ulwimi lwesifungo luzichaza ngokucacileyo iimbopheleleko ezintathu: ukuqhuba isikhundla ngokuthembeka, ukugcina umGaqo-siseko, nokuwukhusela nokuwukhusela. Kodwa ezi zenziwo zintathu zithetha isiseko esibanzi seembopheleleko eziye zapheliswa yimbali, izigqibo zenkundla, nesiko.

Ukulondoloza umGaqo-siseko

[[NTLT:0] Ukugcina kuthetha ukugcina ngokukhutheleyo umyalelo womgaqo-siseko, hayi ukuyeka nje ukuwuchitha. UMongameli kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba zonke izenzo zolawulo oluphezulu, ukusayina imiyalelo yegunya lokusebenzisa imikhosi, ehambelana nombhalo nomGaqo-siseko. Oku kuquka ukuhlonela ukwahlulwa kwamagunya nokungangeneli kumasebe emithetho-mthetho. Xa iBhunga igqithisa uxwebhu, uMongameli kufuneka agqibe enoba uza kutyikitya okanye uthetha ngako ngokusekelwe kwimigaqo-siseko, hayi nje ekucingeleni okufunwa yimithetho.

INkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko ibambelele kwelokuba uMongameli umele “awunyamekele umthetho ukuba uwiswe ngokuthembeka” (Artle II, Icandelo 3). Ukugcinwa komGaqo-siseko kwakhona kuthetha ukukhusela iBhili yamaLungelo kunye nenkululeko esisiseko. Umzekelo, uMongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt ukusetyenziswa kwe-Melika yamaJaphani ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II kugxekwa ngokubanzi njengokuchasana komsebenzi wokulondoloza. Kamva imithetho esemthethweni nokuxolelwa kwaya kwavunywa kwamkelekile ukuba isifungo sophulwe kuloo meko.

Ukukhusela Uhlanga

Ikhusi iquka ukhuseleko nokhuseleko lwesizwe. UMongameli yintloko yemikhosi exhobileyo kwaye kufuneka akhusele ilizwe kuhlaselo lwamanye amazwe, ubugrogrisi, kunye nokuhlasela ngekhompyutha. Lo mthwalo uquka ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabemi baseMelika kwelinye ilizwe nokusabela kwintlekele zemvelo ekhaya. Isifungo sifuna ukuba uMongameli abeke ukhuseleko lwesizwe kwindawo yokuqala ngaphezulu kwe-RGBCCC okanye kwiminqweno yobuqu.

Ukhuseleko lukwathetha ukuxhasa umthetho ekhaya. UMongameli angathumela umthetho wesizwe ukuba unyanzelise imithetho karhulumente, akhusele amalungelo abantu, kwaye aphelise imiqathango yokuvukela kwesizwe (* kodwa kuphela ngaphakathi kwemida yomGaqo-siseko. UMthetho wokuKhulula wowe-18807 unika uMongameli igunya lokusebenzisa umkhosi ukuphelisa imvukelo yasekhaya, kodwa amandla anjalo kufuneka asetyenziswe ngobulumko. Ukugawula kusenokulwa icandelo lokukhusela, njengoko kuboniswa kwiingxoxo zokusetyenziswa kwamajoni asebenzayo kwizixeko zaseMerika.

Ukukhonza Uwonke Wonke Ngengqibelelo

qinisekisa umGaqo-siseko ngokupheleleyo ufuna uMongameli ukuba alungiselele umdla kawonke-wonke, hayi ubutyebi bobuqu okanye inzuzo yobuqu. UMongameli kufuneka alawule isebe eliphetheyo ngokunyaniseka, aphephe iimbambano zenzala, kwaye aqinisekise ukuba onke amagosa aphantsi kwegunya lawo asebenze ngaphakathi komthetho. Oku kuquka imilinganiselo yokuziphatha esesikweni ukwenzela ukumiselwa, ukubonakala ngokucacileyo ekwenzeni izigqibo, nokuziphendulela ngempazamo.

Nangona singachazwanga ngokucacileyo, isifungo sikwathetha umsebenzi wokunyamekela intlalo-ntle jikelele. Amandla omgaqo-siseko kaMongameli ukuncomela amanyathelo kwiNgqungquthela nakwimithetho echaphazelekayo athetha ukuba bafanele basebenze njengegosa kwimpumelelo yexesha elide yohlanga. Izenzo zegunya kwimigaqo yezoqoqosho, inkathalo yempilo, kunye nemfundo kufuneka zisekelwe kumthetho-siseko nakwingenelo yokwenene kawonke-wonke.

Ukuphumeza Imithetho Ngokuthembeka

Ngokuthembeka ukuphumeza i-Ofisi ingumsebenzi osetyenziswayo oquka ukuphatha iqumrhu elikhulu lorhulumente. UMongameli ujonge amakhulu amasebe namasebe, umsebenzi ngamnye owenziwe ngokuzalisekisa imimiselo edlulisiweyo yiBhunga. Ukufa okuthembekileyo kuthetha ukungawutyesheli imithetho uMongameli engavumelani, engalibalibaliseli ukunyanzela ukunyanzeliswa kwemithetho yezopolitiko ngezizathu zobupolitika, kwaye engathathi indawo yokhetho lomthetho wobuqu ngenjongo yokuqulungela. I-Presite “iiagosa” inguqumrhu ngalinye eliphuma kwiSiqendumiso II linguMgaqo-siseko omisa lomthetho-siseko.

Ubuchule bobuMongameli bulinganiselwe: uMongameli akanakuwuphelisa nje umthetho ngokungavumi ukuwunyanzelisa. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yawabetha amatyala anjalo, njengaku Isebe lezorhwebo . , apho iNkundla yafumanisa ukuba ulawulo lweTrump lwalungavumelani nomthetho wobalo, lukwalela uMongameli ukuba angamniki imali efanelekileyo, umngeni wemali ophinda-phindwayo, umbano ophinda-phindwayo ngoqingqo-mali.

Isifungo njengesikhokelo kwihambo yobuMongameli

Isifungo somongameli sisebenza njengekhampasi yokuziphatha, sisoloko sikhumbuza ummeli wesifungo sabo esisisiseko. Ngokungafaniyo nentetho yephulo okanye iqonga leqela, isifungo ngumgangatho osisigxina, umGaqo-siseko. Wonke uMongameli, kungakhathaliseki ukuba unxulumene nayiphi na imicimbi yezobupolitika, kufuneka abuyele kulo mgangatho xa kusenziwa izigqibo ezinzima. Isifungo sinika isiseko sokucinga ngemida nangobungakanani bamandla olawulo.

Ngokomzekelo, xa uMongameli uThomas Jefferson wajongana noLouisiana Purchase −a wenza umnqophiso ongagunyaziswanga ngokungqalileyo ngumGaqo-siseko − wabambana nesifungo sakhe sokugcina nokukhusela umGaqo-siseko. Ekuqaleni wayekholelwa ukuba utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko lwaluyimfuneko, kodwa ekugqibeleni wagqiba ukuba isivumelwano nezilangazelelo zohlanga zithethelele ukugcinwa. Isigqibo sakhe sadala umzekelo wegunya elilawulayo kwimicimbi yamazwe angaphandle, kodwa kwakhona sabangela iingxoxo eziqhubekayo ngokuphathelele intsingiselo yantlalo yoMgaqo-siseko.

Kutshanje, uMongameli Barack Obama wabhekisa isifungo sakhe xa wayethethelela isenzo somkhosi eLibya ngo-2011. Waphikisa ngelithi ukungenelela okulinganiselweyo akukhange kufuna ukuvunyelwa kwequmrhu kuba kwanceda umdla wokhuseleko lwesizwe kwaye akuzange kube “bubutshaba” ngokwentsingiselo yeSigqibo seMfazwe. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi isifungo sasifuna ukuba uMongameli afune ugunyaziso lomthetho. Olu ngquzulwano phakathi kobugqeba-siseko kunye nemfuneko esebenzisekayo lusekelwe kumongameli.

Ukunyanzelisa Nokunyanzelwa Kwesingxobo

Ukuba uMongameli waso sona isifungo, umGaqo-siseko unika isicombululo: ukupheliswa nokususwa. Icandelo II, iCandelo lesi-4 lithi uMongameli uza kususwa xa kuqinisekwa “ngengqiqo, ngokunyoba, okanye ngolunye ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nooNondyebo.” Ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho oluphosakeleyo ngokwembali ziquka ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla alula umgaqo-siseko, kodwa isifungo esisigwebayo. Indlu yabameli iza kubhaliswa ngoomongameli abathathu abalwaphuli mthetho: Andrew, Bill Clinton, noDonald Trump (tw). Indlu yeNkulumbuso ayikamgwebi (i).

Indima yesifungo ekumangaliseni yayibalasele ngexesha lokungavumelani kwesibini kweso sigqibo sikaDonald Trump. Inqaku lokungagunyaziswanga lambeka ityala lokukhuthaza imvukelo, eyawuphikisayo umsebenzi wakhe woku “khusela nokukhusela”. Abaphathi bendlu baphikisa ukuba izenzo zakhe kwiCapitol ngoJanuwari 6, 2021, zayaphula isifungo ngokucacileyo. Nangona ingenatyala yiBhunga, eli tyala laqinisekisa ukuba esi sifungo asilosiqinisekiso esingenanto.

Imizekelo Engokwembali Yesitya Esinguvimba Esebenzayo

Ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika, oomongameli baye bacela isifungo xa kukho iingxaki ukuze bachaze baze bathethelele izenzo zabo.

UAbraham Lincoln Nemfazwe Yamakhaya

UAbraham Lincoln mhlawumbi ngumzekelo owaziwayo womongameli okhokelwa sisifungo sakhe. Emva kokuba efumene isikhundla ngo1861, amazwe asixhenxe asemazantsi sele erhoxisiwe. Kwidilesi yakhe yokuqala, uLincoln wavakalisa oku: “Ndiza kulunonophela, njengoko uMgaqo-siseko ngokwawo usiyalela ngokuphandle kum, ukuba imithetho ye-Union iphumezwe ngokuthembekileyo.” Walungiselela ukulondolozwa kwe-Union njengomsebenzi womgaqo-siseko, hayi ukhetho lwezopolitiko. Ngexesha lemfazwe, wabek-habhes corpus wakhupha i-EMantaption, wayenza imisebenzi eyaye ifanelekile ukusindisa uhlanga kodwa yayifanelekile.

Ihambo kaLincoln yamisela umzekelo wokuba kwimeko yongxamiseko ekhoyo, isifungo singafuna amanyathelo angaqhelekanga. Noko ke, wakwavuma ubungozi: “Ngaba urhulumente, ngemfuneko, umele abe namandla kakhulu ukuze angabi nankululeko yabantu bakhe?” Ilifa lakhe elisisikhumbuzo sokuba isifungo sifuna amandla okukhusela nokuzithoba phambi komGaqo-siseko.

Franklin D. Roosevelt kunye neNew Deal

Franklin Delano Roosevelt wathabatha isifungo izihlandlo ezine, ukususela ngo1933 ukuya ku1945. Umongameli wakhe wachazwa nguKudodobala Okukhulu Kwezoqoqosho neMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Wasebenzisa isifungo sakhe ukuthethelela ulwando olungazange lubekho lwamandla karhulumente, kuquka iinkqubo zeNew Deal kunye nemiyalelo yezolawulo ukuba abaninzi ababambelele kwimigaqo engqongqo bangayichasanga imiqathango yomgaqo-siseko. Roosevelt edume ngokungaziwayo wazama “ukubeka iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo ngo193333333, intshukumo ebonwa ngokuba kukungquzula kogcino mthetho. Ukusilela kwecebo lenkundla yetyala lokugcina ityala lingenazigwebo kwabonisa ukuba kwana oomongameli abaninzi abanako ukusosa isifungo ngokungenasiphelo.

Roosevelt waphinda wacaphula isifungo sakhe xa wayeyalela ukufakwa koMgaqo-siseko wamaJaphani. Kumthetho wakhe wama-1942 oMlawuli wama-9066, wathetha ukuba uyimfuneko emkhosini. Kamva ababhali-mbali neenkundla bagxeka isenzo njengokwaphula ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko. Lo mzekelo ubonisa ukuba isifungo sinokucelwa ukuthethelela ulwando lomgaqo-siseko nokuxhatshazwa kwemithetho-siseko.

UJohn F Kennedy noMngcungcu waseCuba

UJohn F. Kennedy wasebenzisa iChubisles ka-1962 iSithintelo soMngxuma weCuba ubonakalisa indlela abakhokeli abakhokelayo abasenza ngayo izigqibo phantsi kwengcinezelo egqithisileyo. Xa bejamelene nezixhobo ezidubulayo zaseSoviet eziziikhilomitha ezingama-90 ukusuka eFlorida, ukhetho lukaKennedy lwasuka ekuhlaseleni ngokupheleleyo ukuya kwinqanawa enqabileyo yomkhosi. Wakhetha ukuhlahlela yedwa, awathi uluphikisayo yayilinyathelo lokukhusela elilungeleleneyo nomthetho wezizwe ngezizwe kunye nomsebenzi wakhe wokukhusela uhlanga. Abacebisi bakhe baphawula ukuba uKennedy wazibuza ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuba, “Ngaba lo mthetho? Ingaba uvisisana namgano wam?" Ingxaki iphele ngoxolo, yaye kamva uKennedy wathi umGaqo-mGaqo-siseko “wakhe uthembekile kuphela.”

UGeorge H.W. Bush kunye nemfazwe yeGulf

UMongameli uGeorge H.W. Bush wafuna waza wafumana isigunya-mbutho somkhosi wemfazwe yeGulf yowama-1991, nangona wayekholelwa ukuba wayenegunya lomGaqo-siseko lokuthatha inyathelo. Wachaza ukuba isifungo sakhe sokukhusela umGaqo-siseko sasingasayi kuthi ncam ekugqibeleni avume ukulwa imfazwe ende, exabisa imali eninzi ngaphandle kwemvume yeBhunga. Oku kuvuma kwamandla komeleza isiqalo sokuba isifungo sifuna intsebenziswano nesebe lemithetho, ingakumbi xa kuthunyelwa amajoni emfazweni.

Ingxolo Ephakathi

I-United States ikude nelizwe elinesifungo sobumongameli, kodwa inguqulelo yaseMerika ijoliswe ngokungaqhelekanga kumGaqo-siseko endaweni yesizwe okanye kuthixo. Kwimithetho-siseko emininzi yepalamente, iinkokeli zephondo zifunga ukunyaniseka kukumkani okanye kurhulumente. Umzekelo, uMphathi-mikhosi omkhulu we-United Kingdom uthembisa “ukuze akhonze ngokwenene uKumkanikazi omkhulu u-Elizabeth II, iindlalifa zakhe kunye namalandela akhe.” Ngokwahlukileyo, uwiso lwe-U.S.

Amanye amazwe anezithethe ezinamandla amkele ulwimi olufanayo. UMongameli waseIndiya ufunga ukuthi “ukhusela, ukhusela kwaye ukhusele umGaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho.” UMongameli waseMzantsi Afrika ufunga “ukuphakamisa nokukhusela umGaqo-siseko weRiphabliki.” Ukusasazeka kwale ntsika kubonisa impembelelo yomhlaba wonke yomzekelo waseMelika. Noko ke, kumazwe apho ubuGaqo-siseko bubuthathaka khona, isifungo singaba nanto, abakhokeli baso bangasaphulanga sona. Oku kugxininisa ukuba amandla esi sifungo axhomekeke kwinkqubo eqinileyo yokuhlola nokulinganisela kunye nokulungele ukumelana nokuhlala ngokuphaphaphapha.

Iingxoxo Neengxaki Zale Mihla

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, isifungo somongameli besikho kwimiba yezopolitiko nezomthetho.

Imiyalelo yegunya nesenzo esingahambisaniyo

Abalawuli baya baxhomekeka kwimiyalelo yabalawuli yokungangeni mvume yomthetho. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi isifungo sifuna ukuba uMongameli athathe inyathelo lokukhusela uhlanga xa iBhunga lifefe. Abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi naliphi na inyathelo elingangeni ngokomthetho ophazamisayo kumandla eBhunga awenza umthetho lisingela phantsi isifungo sokuphelisa ngokuthembeka ukuvalwa kohambo [ imithetho [[FLTLT:1], ingayidali. Iinkundla ziye zangenela ukuhlasela ukuhlasela imiyalelo yokuzama ukuqululisa, ukuqinisa isifungo njengomda. Umzekelo, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yasibetha phantsi umvano lolawulo lweTrump ngo-201818, kwimiqatha yemibango yemali encinane, kunye neyolawulo lwabafundi lokuxolela nge-Biden ngezo zinto ezithengwayo zolawulo lwemali ngo-2023, ukuququlukelo olufunekayoyo logunyazo olufanelekileyo.

Ukuqhambuka Kwamandla Emfazwe Nesilonda

Isifungo ‘ sokukhusela'''' sisetyenziswa ukuthethelela ukubulawa kwabanqolobi kwamanye amazwe, kuquka abemi baseMerika. Inkqubo yolawulo lwe-Obama yaphakamisa imibuzo enzulu yezomgaqo-siseko. Isifungo soMongameli sokukhusela umGaqo-siseko siquka ukukhusela ubomi babemi baseMelika . Kodwa ngaba ikwagunyazisa ukubulala ummi ngaphandle kokuvavanywa ukuba ubangela isisongelo esisondeleyo? Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba izenzo ezinjalo zichasene nenkqubo efanelekileyo yeSiHlathiso seMpathiso-mthetho, leyo uMongameli afunga ukuba izakuyikhusela. Ingxoxo ihlala ingalungiswa, kunye neenkundla ezithetha ngomgaqo-ntloko-mthetho kwimicimbi yokhuseleko yesizwe.

Ukwala Ukuhambisana Nemiyalelo Yezogwebo

Ukuba inkundla iyalela uMongameli ukuba athabathe okanye angayeki ukwenza into ethile, ngaba esi sifungo sifuna ukuthobela? Ityala elidumileyo le- United States v. Nixon [1997])) yaphendula i-ewe: uMongameli Richard Nixon kwafuneka anikezele iikhasethi ze-Watergate, nangona ede acele ilungelo eliphezulu. Kamva, [[FLT:] Clinton v. Jones (1997), iNkundla yathi umongameli ohleliyo akakhuselekanga kwisuti yemilo yolwaphulo-mthetho. Ixesha ngalinye umongameli ucelmcel'ecel'e, inkundla iqinisekisa ukuba ukubotshwa kwazo kumthetho, hayi ngaphezulu.

IPardons kunye noKhuselo lobuqu

Ulawulo loMongameli luphantse luphelele phantsi kweGatya II, kodwa ukulisebenzisa ukukhusela amaqabane okanye ukuziphendulela kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuthembeka kwesifungo. UmGaqo-siseko awuzibeki ngokucacileyo iziqu zabo, kodwa abaphengululi abaninzi abangokwasemthethweni baphikisa ngelithi uqobo lwawo luya kusiphula isifungo sokuphumeza ngokuthembeka imithetho, njengokuba beya kwenza uMongameli abe ngumgwebi kwimeko yabo. UMongameli Nixon arhoxise le mbambano; uMongameli uTrump wapheli wayiguqula loo ngcamango kodwa akazange ayenze. Ukungaqiniseki okusemthethweni kuhlala kuhleli.

Isiphelo

Isifungo somongameli asingomthetho wesithethe. Sisifungo somGaqo-siseko sesebe eliphetheyo, sichaza iimbopheleleko ezingundoqo zikaMongameli: ukuqhuba iofisi ngokuthembeka, ukugcina umgaqo-siseko, ukukhusela uhlanga, nokunceda umdla woluntu ngokubanzi. Ngumongameli ngamnye osuka eWashington ukuya eBiden/enza esi sifungo, yaye zonke izigqibo eziphambili, iingxaki, kunye nempikiswano zilinganiswe ngokuchasene namazwi alo alula kodwa anzulu.

Isifungo asiqinisekisi ihambo entle, kodwa sinika umgangatho onokuthi ihambo igwetywe ngawo. Sivumela abemi, iingqungquthela, kunye neenkundla ukuba ziphendule uMongameli. Kwidemokhrasi, akukho nkokeli ingaphezulu komGaqo-siseko, kwaye isifungo kukuvunywa kwabantu ngokubanzi kokuthobeka. Njengoko i-United States ijongene neengxaki ezintsha `````Atechnchnown'''', ukhuphiswano lwe-Phondo,' kunye necandelo langaphakathi) kuhlala kuhleli i-ankile enxulumene nomgaqo ohlala uhleli wenkululeko nomthetho. Ukuqonda nokukhusela isifungo asiyo nje imfuneko engokwembali; singumsebenzi osebenzayo.