Ukuqonda iiPacs Ezingaqhakamshelwanga: inkcaza kunye neSiseko soMgaqo-siseko

I-PCATE Action Committee (PACs) yi-state yemali yephulo laseMerika, kodwa ayizizo zonke ii-PACs ezidalwe ngokulinganayo. Ngoxa abantu abaninzi beqhelene nequmrhu okanye i-PACs edityaniswe ngqo nombutho othile, i-PUC edityaniswe ngqo nesakhiwo esahlukileyo. I-PAC yikomiti yezopolitiko yezopolitiko engenanto ibandakanya nento efuna injongo eninzi. I-PAC yi-[FLD:0] ayidityaniswanga nayiphi nayiphi na umbutho, umbutho worhwebo, okanye omnye umbutho wamalungu [. Endaweni yoko, le , le PaC yenziwa ngabantu, abaxhasi, okanye amaqela engca amaqela asebenza kunye nemithetho efana nemithetho esetyenziswa kunye nemithetho yoohlulo.

Ingcaciso esemthethweni yePAC engadityaniswanga nekomiti egunyazisiweyo yeSigqeba soNqumo (Fekhasi) kunye nemithetho elandelayo. Phantsi komthetho karhulumente, naliphi na iqela elinyusa okanye elichitha ngaphezu kwe-R1,000 ngenjongo yokuphembelela unyulo lukarhulumente. kwaye elingelokomiti yeqela okanye ikomiti egunyazisiweyo yomvolo ("imele ibhaliswe njenge-PAC). Ukuba i-PAC ayixhasanga mbutho, ihlelwa njenge-okimbutho engadibaniselwanga-yo. Lo mahluko uthwala iziphumo ezibalulekileyo zokuqulungela. I-PACC i-acs kufuneka inike ingxelo yabani babo kwiKhomishini yokhetho (FC) kwaye ihlale ngemiqatha yeminikelo. Ngomjikelo lwama-2023-2024, umntu ngamnye anganikela nge-R35 000 ngonyaka ongadityaniselwanga kwi-PC.

I-PACs esemthethweni yavulelwa ngokuphawulekayo yisigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yowama-2010 . I-FEC. Le gunya yavula ucango lwenkcitho ezimeleyo engekho mgangathweni ngemibutho, kodwa yaphakamisa amandla e-PAC engazidibaniyo nongadityaniswanga nemali ngaphandle kwentsebenziswano. Xa kuvuselelwa [FOLT:2] kunyuswa i-United, ezininzi ezingadibaniselwanga ziqala ukusebenza njenge "ikomiti engenisa imali epheleleyo" eyaziwa ngokuba yi-PAC.[5], i-PC i-eggnome i-octivesssss engenakulinganiswaneyo (i-C.i-edityanisweyo, i-edityaniswe ngqo, kodwa i-yokungangeni:[FF]]

I-PAC engadityaniswanga namhlanje isuka kwi-issue-asciation amaqela afana esizwe se-Rifle Imali yePalitiki yoloyiso lwePrimenti (ethi, nangona ibizwa ngayo, i-PAC yobugcisa engadityaniswanga ngenxa yokuba i-NRA ngokwayo ingumbutho wamalungu) ukubeka amaqela okusingqongileyo, ukuya kwimixube yemixube ebhekiswe kutshintsho lomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Inkululeko yayo ibavumela ukuba batsale ngokukhawuleza kwimiba yemithetho ngaphandle kwemvume yenkampani, kodwa ikwathetha ukuba basoloko benyusa imali ukuze basinde.

Indlela Onokutshintshwa Ngayo Inkqubo yeDiski engaQhagamshelwanga

IPAC engadityaniswanga isebenzisa indlela eninzi yokuqhubela phambili imimiselo yayo. Ngokungafaniyo nee-PACs, ezisoloko zijolise kunikezelo nolwalamano oluphakathi koshishino oluthile, iPAC ezingadityanisiweyo zidla ngokubeka ulungelelwaniso olucwangcisiweyo. Zisebenzisa ezi ndlela zilandelayo:

1. Ukubonelela ngeNgxowa-mali kunye neNethwekhi

Igazi layo nayiphi na i-PAC engadityaniswanga lingubuchule bayo bokunyusa imali. Ngaphandle kombutho womzali ukunikezela ngenkxaso yolawulo okanye isiseko esivalelweyo, le PAC kufuneka ihlakulele uthungelwano lwabanikeli abancinane belanga, ababalulekileyo, abanikeli ngabanye, maxa wambi abanye aba-PAC. ingxowa-mali yamanani iye yaba ngumjelo olawulayo, enee-PAC ezininzi ezisebenzisa uluhlu lwe-imeyili, i-mediadiator, kunye ne-intanethi yamaqonga afana no-Act Bluecc okanye u-Win Red ukucela iminikelo. Impumelelo engadibaniselwanga-yo i-PAC idla ngokwakha udumo ngokuba "yin kwaye iyasebenza" "ikhuthalo lwayonke i-mali ekhuliswe ngokusetyenziswa kwemali ngokunempumelelo kwemiboniso neevoti.

2. Izibhengezo zokuzimela

Esinye sezixhobo ezinamandla zePAC engadityaniswanga yinkcitho ezimeleyo (IE). Ezi zibhengezo zingaxhasa okanye zichase abatshakazi ngaphandle kokudibanisa amaphulo abo. IPAC engadityaniswanga zivelisa amabala kamabonwakude, iividiyo, ii-imeyili, kunye nezibhengezo zikanomathotholo ezibonisa irekhodi yomvoteki kwinkupho ethile. Umzekelo, i-PAC ejolise kwisenzo semozulu ingaqhuba izibhengezo zephondo ezijingayo ezidumisa inkxaso yephondo enika amandla ahlaziyekileyo okanye zihlasele iivoti zezixhobo zomchasi nxamnye nomgaqo ommandla ozimeleyo. Indlela yenkcitho ezimeleyo evumela ukuba isebenzise iindleko ezingadityanisweyo (ngakumbi ukuba zibhalisa njengePipecial C) kwaye zivelise oko kudla ngokuba neziphumo ezigqwenga kakhulu kuneenjiso oluphezulu.

3. IGrassroots

I PAC ezingeyontsebenziswano zisoloko ziphumelela kucwangciso lweziqhulo ezitshaziyo kuba umsebenzi wazo ubotshelelwe kwinkupho, hayi kwiqela. Zingafumana amavolontiya kwimibutho yokuchola iminyango, ukubophelela ii-akhawunti zomnxeba, kunye namaphulo okuthumela imiyalezo. Isiganeko sicwangcisa ```intlanganiso, iholo yedolophu, okanye "incwadi kumhleli" umqhubi/inkxaso yoluntu kwakhiwa kwezicelo zenkqubo. Ii-PAC ezininzi ezinganxulunyaniswanga zivelisa izikhokelo zabavoti abathelisi ezithelekisa izikhundla ezithile, ukunceda ivoti yokhetho olunolwazi. Le ndima yemfundo igxeko-luvolulo olubalulekileyo kwimijaho yokutho apho igama lomkhuphi.

4. Ukubopha ngqo kunye nokubhaqa

Ngeli xesha ii-PACs ezingeyontsebenziswano zingenako ukunxibelelana nabaququzeli, zinokubamkela abasemagunyeni abanyuliweyo ngqo kumthetho. Zidibana nabenzi bomthetho, zinika umgaqo omfutshane, kwaye ngokufuthi zibumba umanyano namanye amaqela abantu abanomdla. Inkcitho yokubotshwa ngezo zingekho zidibanisi zichazwe phantsi koMthetho weLobbing Discloufied, kwaye ii-PAC ezininzi eziqeshiweyo ziqesha amagosa aqeqeshiweyo ukuba atyhale iindleko zawo eziphambili. Umzekelo, i-PAC engadibaniselwano nyango lwempilo yengqondo lungabhenela ukudluliswa koMthetho we-" wokugcinwa kwe-"Inkciso-data kwimali kunye nokusebenza koncedo loluntu olusekelwe kwintlalo-ntle.

5. Uxinezeleko noxinzelelo lukawonke-wonke

Ezinye ii-PAC ezingeyo-odityaniswa zikwabandakanyeka kwimiba ecwangcisiweyo, i-ancicus mifumfum okanye kwanezisa ukumangalelwa kwimithetho echasayo. Ezinye zisebenzisa iindlela zoxinzelelo lukawonke-wonke njengamaphulo osasazo-ndaba, izibongozo, namaphulo okuphendula amashishini. Olu xube lwangaphakathi nangaphandle lwezicwangciso kwenza ii-PAC ezingeyo enziwa ngempazamo kwibala lenkqubo.

Impembelelo yoHlahlo-zincwadi noHlahlo loMgaqo-nkqubo

Impembelelo ye PAC engadityaniswanga isenokubonwa kuludwe lweenkqubo. Umzekelo omnye ophawulekayo ngulo ulub wolwando, i-PaC ethe yachitha izigidi zeerandi kwiminyaka edlulileyo engamashumi amabini ukuxhasa abangenisi abangenisi-mali abakhululekileyo kunyuko oluphambili. Ngokujolise kwimiqathango ye-Victory ithelekisa ngokungeyo, iClub yePartean Party ishe iks ukuma kwemiba efana nerhafu, ukusetyenziswa, ukusetyenziswa, kunye norhwebo. Ngokufanayo, [[FLLT:2]] I-Lague yeVoters (VC) iNgxongo ye-Dyshortstion [FFF] [5] [ac] i-octivenedrowadments PC] incediwe yimeko elungele ukuqokelelwa kwemali ekhoyo.

Kwicala eliqhubela phambili, uphumele into ethile kunye ne-PAC exhaswe ngabatsha, abathathi-nxaxheba abahlukeneyo belizwe ne-ofisi yasekuhlaleni. Le PAC engadityaniswanga igxininisa ekwakheni ibhedrini yabenzi benkqubo yexa elizayo, kwaye umsebenzi wayo ukhokelele inkqubo ecacileyo ephumelela kwimiqathango efana nekhefu yentsapho ehlawulwayo, utshintsho lolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye namalungelo okuqhomfako. Omnye umzekelo nguluhlu EMYY] olunoludwe [, oluxhasa ipro-Democratic Democratic manums. Nangona uluhlu lwe-em-Dice luyintlangano enkulu enezixhobo ezininzi, i-PAC iqhuba njengezinto ezingadityani ezidityaniweyo, ingeniso yomntu ngamnye.

Isiphumo se-PACs engadityaniselwanga asipheleliselwanga kunyulo. Kwibala lemidlalo lemithetho, la maqela angaguqula i-Overton window. Uludwe lwemithetho-nkqubo ethathwa njengeyamkelekileyo ngokwezobupolitika. Umzekelo, i-PAC engadityaniswanga Yima Kunye[ [iphazanyiswe lunethwe ngumsebenzi womnatha weKoch] ixhase ulungiso lomthetho wezomthetho kwaye ixhase uMthetho wokuqala olandelwa ngu 2018. Ngokuxhasa, ukurhwaphiliza, kunye namaphuphulwano-media, ii-paCs ezingeyo, ezidityaniweyo, zingaguqula iingcamango ezisemgangathweni zemithetho ezisemgangathweni zingeneyo zize zingene kwizicelo eziphambili.

Impembelelo elinganisiweyo: Imiyalezo yemali.

Abaphengululi baphikisana ngokuthi iPaC ingakanani imali esetyenziswayo engongezelelwayo engxelweni yonyulo. Uhlolisiso lwama-2020 lweZiko leResponsive Politics lufumanise ukuba ngelixa i-PAC ichaphazela ukuqondwa kovoti, isivumelwano nento ekhoyo yokuvota sithoba. Noko ke, ii-PAC ezingadityaniswanga zisoloko zinesiphumo esithethsa: izibhengezo zazo zingachaza ukubalathisi kohlanga, kwaye ukuncomela kwazo kungaphawula kwabanye abavoti abakhoyo. Ngaphezu koko, ukuzimela kwabo kubenza bathembe abavoti abaxhasi abangenathemba inkampani okanye iqela.

IiPacs Ezinganxulunyaniswanga

Ngaphandle kwekhono lazo, iiPAC ezingadibaniyo ziyabambana nemiqobo emininzi elinganisela ukusebenza kwazo nobude bobomi bazo.

Umahluko wemali

IPAC engadityaniswanga inqabile ukulingana namandla amakhulu emali ePACs adityaniswe ngeenkampani ezingama-500 okanye amaqumrhu amakhulu. Apho i-PAC inokuba noqingqo-mali oluqinisekisiweyo ngonyaka ngeminikelo yenkampani kunye nabasebenzi abanikezeleyo, iPAC engadityaniswanga ne-authom kufuneka ikhuphiswe ngemali nganye. I-PACs ezininzi ezingadibaniyo zisetyenziswa ngamaplanga asebenza ngamatsha - ntliziyo okanye abasebenzi abancinane abahlawulwayo, abasenza intsontakozo nokuthobela ucelomngeni olungapheliyo.

Ulungiselelo lokuNciphisa

Umthetho wemali wekampeni udume ngokuntsonkothileyo. IPACs engadityaniswanga kufuneka ibhalise neengxelo ezithe rhoqo ze-FEC, iifayile zokutyhila (kungangonyaka okanye ngekota), kwaye zinamathele kwimiqathango yomnikelo kunye nokwalela. Iimpazamo zingakhokelela kwintlawulo okanye kwisenzo esisemthethweni. Umthwalo wokuthobela unzima ngakumbi kwii-PACs ezincinci, ezisenokungabi naso isiluleko esisemthethweni esinikezelweyo. Ukongeza koko, ii-PAC ezingezozidibaniselwayo kumsebenzi wonyulo lwamazwe nolo kufuneka zisebenzise ithala lemithetho karhulumente, nganye ngemilinganiselo yayo yokunika ingxelo kunye nemidabalo.

Ukubonisa ngaphaya kunye ne "Imali Engasebenziyo" Ukugxekwa

I PAC ezingadityaniswanga zidla ngokubhidaniswa ne "Imali emnyama" amaqela ````ii-Adminity'''''' (51) imibutho yentlalo yoluntu enokuthi ibandakanyeke kwimisebenzi yezopolitiko kodwa ingadibanisi abanikezeli bayo. Ngexesha i PACs engazidityaniswanga kufuneka ityhile abanikeli abanikezelayo abangaphezulu kwe $200, abo banikelayo banokuba "bagqithisa" izinto ezifana neenkampani (LC) ezifihla umthombo wokuqala. Abanye abagxeki baphikisa ukuba abanxibelelani noPaCs, ingakumbi abo basebenza njengeePCC, bavumela abantu abatyebileyo ukuba balawule ezopolitiko ngexa befihle emva kwegama le PAC. Le mbono ikhokelele ukubiza okukhulu nokutshintsha kobugrona. [FLT] [10]

Ukutshiswa Nabantu Ababhiyozelayo

Kumaqela aphezulu e-profile, amaziko eendaba kunye nabavoti badla ngokujolisa kwiikomiti zabathathi-nxaxheba kunye namaqela (njengeKomiti yeCamphulo leDemocratic Congregational okanye iKomiti ye-Republic Senatial). Ii-PAC ezingeyoNxulumani zinokuzama ukufumana umyalezo wazo ngaphezu kwengxolo. Zikwabeka nomngcipheko wokuphuma ngaphandle kwephulo lomntu okanye ngamaqela amakhulu azimeleyo. Ngexesha lama-202222, umzekelo, ii-PAC eziphezulu ezili-10 ezingadityaniselwanga zichitha ii-R32,2 zezigidi ezidityanisiweyo, kodwa isimbukuzo zazichithwe yikomiti yeqela le-$4,5,5 yezigidi zezigidi ezichithwe yikomiti yeqela leqela le-PACS edityaniswe ngabaqulunt.

Ikamva leePacs ezinganxibelelaniyo

Indima yeePAC ezingadityanisiweyo idla ngokukhula njengoko ukwenziwa kwemimandla ephakamileyo yezobupolitika kukhula kwaye abavoti bajoliswe kwimibandela eninzi. Izimo ezininzi ziya kubumba indaleko yabo:

  • Imali yokuqala edigital i- iplatfomu kunye neengca ezinika ipetroli zihlisa umqobo wokungena kwi-PACs entsha. Impumelelo yamaqela afana ne-Act Blue- seact i-PaCs ibonisa ukuba abanikeli-mancinane banokudibanisa iimfuno ezinkulu zemali.
  • Isimo kunye nenkcazo yasekuhlaleni: Njengoko i-PCs ezininzi ezingadityaniswanga zitshintsha ingqalelo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe, apho inkqubo itshintsha ukuqhomfa, amalungelo emipu, amandla, kunye nemfundo isenzeka ngokukhawuleza. I-PAC ekhoyo ingaba nempembelelo ephezulu kwimijaho esezantsi.
  • [[UTLT: 0] Uhlaziyo lobugcisa bezobugcisa: Ugcino-lwazi olubhekisa phambili luvumela ii-PAC ezingadityaniswanga ukuba zivote iixhoba ngokuchanekileyo okungakaze kubonwe. Zingavavanya imiyalezo, imodeli, kwaye zinike oovimba ngokunempumelelo. Ezinye ii-PAC ngoku zisebenzisa i-AIP ukwenza ikopi yokubhengeza okanye ukuhlalutya iirekhodi zezovota zabaphikisi.
  • Ukungaqiniseki komthetho: I-FEC isoloko ibotshelelwe kwimigca yeqela, ishiya imithetho emininzi ididane. Inkundla ifuna ukunikezela ngemida, iimfuno zokutyhila, kunye nengcaciso ye "inkcitho ezimeleyo" ingaphinda iguqule umhlaba. Ukuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo ikhe ibhukuqe okanye ibeke imida Citazens United[[, ezingadityaniselwanga zi-paCs ezisebenza njengePinjini ezikhulu.

I-PAC engadityaniswanga ijongene nemibuzo yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Njengoko iindleko zabo zisanda, kufuneka ukuba ukukhanya okunzima kukhule kakhulu. Abanye abaxhasi botshintsho bacebisa ukuba kufuneke inkcazo yokwenene yeminikelo yePAC engaphezu kwe-R10 000, okanye bafuna i-PACs ukutyhila abanikeli babo aphezulu abahlanu kwizibhengezo zabo. Ukuba ngaba amanyathelo anjalo aya kuxhomekeka kukuthanda kwezobupolitika nakwimithetho yenkundla.

Isiphelo

I-PAC engadityaniswanga ne-accom igcwalisa indawo ekhethekileyo nebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yezobupolitika zaseMelika. Ngokunika abaxhasi bengxelo, uluntu oluneengcambu, kunye nenkcazo yendlela yokunikela ngenqwelo-mafutha yokuzimela umsebenzi wezopolitiko, badibanisa uthotho lwe-PCs eziphembelela unyulo, i-PCs iyaqhubeka ingumjikelezo we-Pices onamandla, impikiswano neziphumo ezibonisa ukuba zicace gcatyelwe. Ngoko ke, kufuneka bahambe behambe begxame ngemali, ngokusemthethweni, nangokweenjongo yezentengiso. [FFF] [1]