Ukwazisa: Injini Yolawulo

Isebe elilawulayo lelona libonakalayo kwaye lidla ngokuba yeyona njini inamandla karhulumente worhulumente. Ngoxa iCongress ibhala imithetho kunye nejaji, lisebe elilawulayo elisebenzisa iphondo ngesiseko semihla ngemihla. Ukunikela iposi nokuhlola ukutya kwethu ukuqhuba ulawulo lwezolawulo nokuyalela imikhosi exhobileyo, isebe elilawulayo libutshintsha ngokuthe ngqo ubomi bommi ngamnye. Ukuqonda isakhiwo salo, amandla, kunye nezithintelo zalo asiyomfundo nje yemfundo; liyimfuneko engundoqo yokubophelelela ubumi. Eli nqaku linikela ukujonga okunzulu, okunegunya kwindima yesebe eliphetheyo kwidemokhrasi eMelika, lihlola iziseko zalo zomgaqo-siseko, amalungu olawulo, asebenzayo, amagunya, kunye nemingeni yanamhlanje lijongenemingeni entlalo yezobupolitika.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko: Inqaku II

Iplani yesebe elilawulayo ifumaneka kwiGatya II lomGaqo-siseko wase-U. Ngesiquphe ingephi kwaye ingacacanga xa ithelekiswa nenkcazelo entsonkothileyo yeBhunga kwiGatya I, Inqaku II liqala ngesindululo esilula kodwa esinzulu: "Amagunya alawulayo aza kubekwa kuMongameli we-United States of America." Esi sivakalisi sinye sibe ngumbandela wengxoxo enkulu notoliko, sisenza isiseko segunya eliphezulu kakhulu esibonayo namhlanje.

Izakhelo ezifana noAlexander Hamilton zangqinelana kwiMaphethili yoManyano oluKhuselekileyo "onamandla" ayakwazi ukusebenza nge "Amaqela" kunye "ongakhuselwayo," ingakumbi kwimicimbi yemithetho yamanye amazwe kunye nezokhuselo lwesizwe. Nangona kunjalo, babeyiphaphele ngokulinganayo ingqwabalala yolawulo lolawulo oluphezulu. Oku kuxinezelelwa okuphakathi kwamandla nokuthintelwa kumandla nokuthintelwa kunyanzeleka kubekwe eofisini. Inqaku II lichaza indima yoMongameli njengoMphathi-Mphathi-enkupheli-e, linika amandla okwenza izivumelwano nokumisela abaphathi bemithetho (ngesigxandukile nemvume), kwaye libeka uMongameli "ukukhathalela ukuba imithetho ibulawe ngokuthembeka." Oku kumele i-Clayilo lomthwalo wesebe eliphethe amasebe, kodwa lithetha ukuba ngumququzeleli olawulo oluphezulu kwi-orhulumente abasebenzi abambalwa, kwi-ofisi ye-ofisi ye-ofisi ye-ofisi ye-e-ofisi ye-Agentene kwimi enkulu yezopolitiki.

Ilungu le-Core kunye ne-afaratus yeNtlanganiso

Isebe elilawulayo lingaphezulu kakhulu kunoMongameli. Liyimekobume entsonkothileyo yamaziko, abaxhasi, kunye nezifundiswa zemisebenzi ezisebenza imihla ngemihla zorhulumente.

UMongameli noMongameli onguSizwe

UMongameli usebenza njengentloko yorhulumente kunye nentloko karhulumente, udityaniso olunikela ingqalelo kwigunya elikhulu elingumfuziselo nesebenzayo kumntu omnye. Umongameli wale mihla ufumene amandla anxulumene nolawulo lwezoqoqosho, ukhokelo lwehlabathi lonke, kunye nokuphendula kwemeko yamanqam. UMongameli oMongameli, owasungulwa kuqala njengelungu lemithetho emva kokuba kucelwe (uMongameli weBhunga leNtsimbi), uye watshintshela ekubeni liqabane elinoxanduva olunelo. Oomongameli bale mihla babambana noorhulumente ababalulekileyo, banikela isiluleko sezobupolitika, kwaye basebenza njengelungu eliphambili kwiBhunga loMphathiswa-Mongameli weSizwe noorhulumente. Ulwamjikelezo we-25 lomthetho osemthethweni kwindima yobumongameli kwisigaba sobungameli kunye nokukhubazeko, ukwenza le ofisi yempatho-ofisi engundoqo.

IKhabhinethi noBuphathi-mikhosi boMbutho

IKhabhinethi, equka iintloko zamasebe alawulayo ali-15 (njengeBhunga, uKhuselo, uNcedo, kunye noLawulo), isebenza njengebrorho yokuqala phakathi kwenkqubo yobumongameli kunye nokuphunyezwa kolawulo. Ngoxa la masebe eencwadi ezizikweli etyunjwe nguMongameli kwaye eqinisekiswe yiBhunga, kufuneka alungelelane nocwangciso loMongameli kunye nenkcubeko ekhoyo kunye nemiyalelo esemthethweni yamasebe awo amakhulu.

Phantsi kweKhabhinethi kukho isebe elisisigxina legunya likarhulumente. Lo mnatha wabameli, i-boureaus, kunye nee-ofisi zisebenza kakhulu ngabasebenzi basekuhlaleni abangeyocaka abalawulwa yinkqubo efanelekileyo. Ubuchule kunye nenkumbulo esemthethweni yezi ngcali zoogqesi zomsebenzi zijongene nokuzalisekisa iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo. Noko ke, uxinezeleko lusoloko lubakho phakathi kwamagosa afuna utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kunye nabasebenzi bemisebenzi abajolise kwinkqubo, ukubhalisa umthetho, kunye nokuqhubekeka kolawulo. Ukuqonda iindima ezicacileyo zabamiselwe bezopolitiki kunye nabasebenzi abasebenzayo bomsebenzi woburhulumente lungundoqo ekuqondeni indlela abasebenza ngayo umsebenzi osisigqwenga.

I-ofisi eLawulayo kaMongameli (EOP)

Akwazi kulawula isebe elikhulu eliphetheyo ngaphandle kwesakhiwo senkxaso enikezelweyo. I-EOP, eyaqalwa nguMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt ngowe-1939, ihlala iziphathi-mikhosi ezikufutshane zoMongameli kunye nemigaqo engundoqo yokuququzelela. Ezi ziquka:

  • Iofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo-mali (OMB): Owona mbutho unamandla kwi-EOP. OMB ijonge ukuphuhliswa koqingqo-mali lukaMongameli, ilungelelanisa izicelo zomthetho, kwaye ihlola ukusebenza kweenkqubo zorhulumente.
  • IBhunga loKhuseleko loMhlanga (NSC): intloko yoMongameli yokuqwalasela ukhuseleko lwesizwe kunye nemicimbi yezomgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle. Ukhuseleko lwesizwe, olukhokela abasebenzi be-NSC, lusoloko lungomnye wamanani anempembelelo kwiNdlu emhlophe.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ikhonco yaMashishini ezoqoqosho (CEA): Inikela uhlalutyo olunenjongo lwezoqoqosho kunye necebiso kwimiba yasekhaya neyezizwe ngezizwe.

I-EOP yakhula ngokuphawulekayo ngenkulungwane yama-20 njengoko umlinganiselo wegunya lorhulumente wanda. Abahlalutyi bayiphikisa into yokuba ivelise "umongameli ongundoqo" okhuselwe ekujongeni kobungqungquthela, ngeli lixa abakhuseli beyigcina ibalulekile kwinkokeli yesizwe elungelelanisiweyo kwihlabathi elintsonkothileyo.

Amagunya omGaqo-siseko neembopheleleko

Isebe elilawulayo linamandla amakhulu, achaphazela zonke iinkalo zobomi belizwe.

Ukhuseleko lwasemkhosini nolwesizwe

UMongameli nguMphathi-mikhosi woMkhosi noMkhosi wamanzi. Eli gunya linika uMongameli igunya elipheleleyo lokusetyenziswa komkhosi. Isigqibo seWar Powers sowewaka lika-1903, sadluliswa phezu koMongameli Nixon, yayilililinge lokuphinda liququzelela igunya lombutho womkhosi, elifuna ukuba uMongameli azise iiyure ezingama-48 zokusebenza kwemikhosi kwaye abeke ummiselo kumashumi amathandathu eentsuku ngaphandle kogunya. Ngaphandle kwalo mthetho, oomongameli bale mihla baye baqhuba imisebenzi emikhulu yezomkhosi kwiindawo ezifana neLibya, i-Siriya, kunye neSomalia, kunye namaqondo ahlukeneyo okudibana kombutho. Isebe eliphetheyo ligcina igunya elipheleleyo lolwazi olunolwazi, ubuchule, kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe, kuquka ne-CICIA, kunye ne-FUBS.

Inkqubo yasemzini kunye nokusetyenziswa koomatshini

UMongameli ngumphathi-mikhosi wesizwe. Ulawulo lokuqaphela oorhulumente bamanye amazwe, ukuqhubana, nokungena kwizivumelwano zegunya eliphezulu kunika umlawuli ophezulu kwimicimbi yangaphandle. Ngoxa izivumelwano zifuna imvume ngesibini sesithathu seBhunga, ukusetyenziswa kwezivumelwano zegunya elilawulayo, (ukungafuni iBhunga leBhunga) ukuvuleka kwixesha langoku, ukugquma imixholo ukusuka kurhwebo ukuya kulawulo lwezixhobo. Esi sixhobo sinye sigunyazisa uMongameli ukuba aphumele phambili kwimiqathango yezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe, nangona sizenza zibe sengozini yokupheliswa yilandela. Isebe Le Komiti Yombuso, phantsi kolwalathiso, iphumele umsebenzi ontsonkothileyo wezomthetho, ukuphatha ubudlelwane nolawulo kumazwe ali-190.

Igunya loMthetho nohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali

UMongameli akangomnyanzelisi wemithetho nje kuphela kodwa ngumqhubi oyintloko wemimiselo yowiso-mthetho. UMgaqo-siseko ufuna ukuba uMongameli anikele ingxelo kwiNgqungquthela ekwiSimo soManyano kwaye ancomele "Imilinganiselo Enjalo njengoko eza kugweba iyimfuneko kwaye iluncedo." Oku kuye kwaguqukela kwiqonga lowiso-mthetho elineenkcukacha.

Amandla kaMongameli sisixhobo esinamandla sowiso-mthetho. Iveto eqhelekileyo ingangatshiswa kuphela ngabaninzi ababini-sithathu kuwo omabini amagumbi. Isisongelo nje seveto singayibumba okanye sibulale umthetho ngokuphandle. UMongameli udlala indima ekhokelayo kwinkqubo yoqingqo-mali. Ngomthetho, uMongameli ufaka isicelo soqingqo-mali esineenkcukacha kwiBhunga-mali nyaka ngamnye, esimisela amadinga engxoxo yokusetyenziswa kwemali nerhafu yorhulumente. Ukusilela kwale nkqubo, kukhokelela ekuqhubekeni kwesigqibo kunye nokuvala imikhosi, kumele ukuwohloka okubalulekileyo kumgaqo womthetho.

Idinga Nejenali

UMongameli umisa bonke abagwebi besizwe, kuquka amajaji eNkundla ePhakamileyo, kunye namawaka abanye amagosa esebe aphetheyo, abameli, kunye namaqela ase-U.Ala magama agunyazisa ukuqinisekiswa ngevoti enkulu kwiNdlu yeNdlu. Eli gunya lokumisa mhlawumbi lelona lifa lihlala lihleli elinokushiywa nguMongameli. [FLT: 0] Ukumiswa komthetho kubumba iminyaka engamashumi , ngaphaya kwexesha likaMongameli elikhoyo.

Isebe elinolawulo oluphezulu kwinkqubo yeepeksi kunye nolungelelwano

Ngoxa linamandla, isebe elilawulayo lisebenza kumgaqo-siseko olungiselelwe ukuthintela ukuxilongwa kwamandla. Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela inika amanye amasebe amathuba amaninzi okunyanzela ukuqhuba impatho ephakamileyo.

Ulawulo Lwengqungquthela Namandla Okuthenga

Uvavanyo olunamandla lweBhunga lunamandla alo mandla engxowa-mali. Akukho mali inokuchithwa ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwemithetho yeBhunga. Oku kunika impembelelo enkulu kwisebe lowiso-mthetho kuzinto eziphambili. Iikomiti zolawulo ziqhuba ukuchongwa kwetyala, ukukhutshwa kwetyala, ukukhutshwa kwe-athons, kwaye kunyanzelisa ubungqina obuvela kumagosa esebe eliphetheyo. Amandla agunyazisayo. . . .Amandla okulawula nokususa uMongameli, uMongameli, kunye namanye amagosa esizwe e-"Treaksign, okanye amanye amaCrimente aphezulu kunye neMisdemeators" lisicombululo somGathonga wezonga eliphezulu kwimpatho ephambili.

Ukuhlolwa kwezeejaji kunye nokungavunyelwani okungokwasemthethweni

Iinkundla zikarhulumente zinamandla okuhlola ityala, okuthetha ukuba zingabetha izenzo zolawulo ezichasene noMgaqo-siseko okanye umthetho worhulumente. Iimeko zophawu lwelizwe ezifana Abaselula basemagunyeni Ikhasi le-Throup & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, enokuthi ingasebenzi ukuxhatshazwa kwemijukujelwa yentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yeKhoriya, isebenza njengemizekelo enamandla yokulinganisela igunya lolawulo lolawulo oluphezulu. I-ADrecter Procedure Act (A) inika isiseko esisemthethweni sabemi kunye namaqela anomdla ukuvavanya iziko lolawulo oluphezulu enkunkundla, iqinisekisa ukuba uMphathi-mikhosi ayisebenzi ngendlela engekho semthethweni okanye engekho mthethweni. Iinkundla zikwayalela ukusetyenziswa kwegunya eliphezulu lolawulo, njengemiyalelo yokusetyenziswa kwe-groutempty.

Umatshini Olawulayo

Amapolisa aphetheyo nawo ngokwawo. I-Inspecter General (IGs) zizigodlo ezizimeleyo ezifakwe phakathi kwamasebe amaninzi karhulumente, ezisetyenziselwe ukuphanda ngobuqhetseba, ukulahlwa, nokuxhatshazwa. I-ofisi kaRhulumente (GAO), umbutho weBhunga, iinkqubo zesebe eliphetheyo kunye nenkcitho. Iingxelo zeGAYO neembono ezisemthethweni[ zizixhobo ezifunekayo ekujongeni ubucukubhede, ukunikeza injongo, ukuvavanywa kwesebe elingeyo lecawadi.

Ucelomngeni Lwangoku Nenkqubo Yendaleko Yamandla Alawulayo

Namhlanje isebe elilawulayo lijamelene nocelomngeni oluninzi oluvavanya ukumelana nolawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Ukuvela Kwesenzo Esingekho Ngamva

Kwixesha lokwenziwa kolawulo oluphezulu lolawulo lweziko lolawulo kunye ne-drock yowiso-mthetho, oomongameli bale mihla baye bajikela ngokukhula kwizixhobo ezingasetyenziswanga mntu ukuze baphumeze iinjongo zabo. Imiyalelo yolawulo lolawulo lomongameli, i-accodential tastranda, kunye nokwenziwa kolawulo lweziko iye yaba ngumatshini oyintloko wokwenza zonke iinkqubo ukusuka ekufudukeni kwabantu ukuya ekulawuleni imeko-bume. Ngelixesha ezi zixhobo zivumela uMongameli ukuba athathe inyathelo ngokukhawuleza, kwakhona azinza buthathaka; uMongameli olandelayo angasoloko ezibuyisela emva kokutsalwa kwesandla. Lo mjikelezo wesenzo kunye nokutshintsha inkqubo yezo

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika Norhulumente Wolawulo

Ulwalamano phakathi koMongameli kunye nequmrhu elisisigxina lesebe elilawulayo luye lwawohloka ngokukhula. Abamiselwe bezobupolitika kuwo omabini amaqela baye batyhola abasebenzi bemisebenzi yempangelo ukuba baphazamise iingcinga zabo, ngoxa abasebenzi bemisebenzi beye baphakamisa inkxalabo ngokuphazamisana nomthetho kunye nophando lwenzululwazi. Ingxoxo engorhulumente "Olongamelo" iyakungakukhathazi ukufaneleka kwamandla amakhulu okwenziwa kwemigaqo aphethwe ngabameli abalawulayo. Ukuqinisekisa iimfazwe zeentloko zomaqumrhu kunye nabagwebi baye babhenela kakhulu, beshiya izikhundla ezigxekayo zingagcwaliswa kangangeenyanga okanye iminyaka emininzi kunye nomgangatho othe kratya okuzinziswa kwemi.

Ukuthenjwa Kubantu Bonke Nokuziphendulela

Ukuthelekisa ukuthemba uwonke wonke kumaziko karhulumente yenye yezisongelo ezibaluleke kakhulu zexesha elide zokulawula. Isebe eliphetheyo lisebenza phantsi kohlolo olunzulu losasazo lwezosasazo kwaye liphantsi koxinzelelo oluzinzileyo lomjikelo weeyure ezingama-24 kunye nezixhobo zokugcina ulwazi kwikhompyutha. Ukubamba uMongameli kunye nesebe eliphetheyo limele lifune ulawulo olukhululekileyo noluzimeleyo, ulawulo oluqinileyo, kunye nonovolo lwamasebe alawulayo. [FLT] inyathelo elihamba phambili lobucala nemithetho evulekileyo, njengenkululeko yoMthetho wolwazi (FOA), yenzelwe ukomeleza ulawulo lukawonke, kodwa kwakhona isebenza ngobuninzi bolwazi, olunolwahluze lwamaqela ohlukeneyo, oludala inkxandukuvela phakathi kobucala obuphakathi bogcino-mthetho kunye nolawulo.

Isiphelo: Ummi Nesebe Elilawulayo

Isebe elilawulayo lisisiseko solawulo-lawulo-moya lwaseMerika. Yinxalenye yorhulumente onikela iinkonzo, okhusela uhlanga, nowenza ukuthanda kwabantu njengoko kuchazwe ngomthetho. Kubahlali, ukuqonda isebe eliphetheyo kuthetha okungaphezulu nje kokwazi ukuba ngubani uMongameli. Kuthetha ukuqonda indima yamasebe alawulayo alawula amanzi awo, ahlole imida yawo, kwaye akhusele imida yawo. Kuthetha ukubandakanyeka nemithetho kunye neenkqubo zokulawula ezinyanzelisa amandla aphezulu. Unyulo lwesebe eliphetheyo ekugqibeleni lusebenza ngokuhambelana nempilo yedemokhrasi. Isivumelwano, kunye nobumi obusebenzayo buhlala busebenza ngokusebenza kakuhle, buqinisekisa ukuba injini yolawulo ihlala ijonge abantu ngokusemthethweni. Unyulo lonyulo lwezonyulo lulungele ukuqhuba inkqubela yendlela yezomthetho kawonke, kodwa lusasebenza ngokuqhubekayo.