IUnited States Nesivumelwano Esihle SoLwesihlanu: Umanyano Loxolo

Isivumelwano seGood Wesihlanu, esatyikitywa ngo-10 kuApril 1998, simi njengenye yezona zivumelwano zoxolo ezibalulekileyo ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Saphela iminyaka engamashumi amathathu yogonyamelo lwamahlelo eNyakatho Ireland, iUnited States yadlala indima eyahlukileyo nengasetyenziswayo ekudaleni iimeko zokuphumelela. Ulawulo lwezezoqoqosho, inkxaso yezoqoqosho, kunye nokuzibopha okuphezulu kwezobupolitika kwabangela ukuba ukhuthazo nokuzimisela okuyimfuneko kushenxise kwi-atry nolawulo olungapheliyo lwe-Rrish kunye namaqela ezobupolitika ase-Northern Ireland, i-United States yadlala indima eyahlukileyo nedla ngokuzinziwayo ekudaleni kweemeko zokuphumelela.

Ukuqonda ubunzulu bento yokwenza ne-U.S. kufuneka ujonge ngaphaya kwetafile yokugqibela yengxoxo eBelfast. Igalelo leWashington elidluliselwe kulawulo oluninzi, i-idrivespora ye-Ireland-American, kunye nezixhobo ezithunyelweyo ezisuka kunxibelelwano oluzolileyo olusemva ukuya kukumiselwa komthunywa okhethekileyo. Eli nqaku lihlola umongo wembali, iindlela ezingundoqo zokufa kwaseMelika, kunye nelifa elihlala lihleliyo le-U.S. eli dinga ukudibana noxolelwano olunoxolo kuNyakatho Ireland.

Imbali: Iminyaka Engamashumi Eminyaka Yokungavisisani Neempikiswano Ezingazange Ziphumelele

Ukuze ubani ayixabise indima yeMerika, kuqala kufuneka aqonde ukungaguquguquki kongquzulwano. IiMbali zadubula ekupheleni koo1960, ukukhuthaza umkhosi womkhosi weRiphabliki yase-Riphabliki eMadole (ngokuyintloko i-Uniterational Republican Army, okanye i-IRA) ngokuchasene nomkhosi wobunyani kunye nemikhosi yokhuseleko yaseBritane. Iimbambano ezingundoqo zazingumgaqo-siseko: i-Irland (ekunye yamaKatolika) yayifuna amamanyano, ngexa amamanyano (ezona maProtestanti) enyanzelela ukuba ashiye inxalenye yoManyeneyo. Ugonyamelo lwezobupolitika lwaba yinto yokwenene imihla ngemihla, ngokuqhushumbiswa kweebhombu, ngokudubula, nokungquzula kwemi, nokungquzulana kwezitrato.

Imigudu yangaphambili yokuhlaliswa kwezobupolitika ayiphumelelanga. Isivumelwano seSungindale sowe-1973 sawa emva kokubetha kobunyani. Isivumelwano se-Anglo-Irish sango 1985 saphuculwa intsebenziswano enqamlezileyo kodwa asizange siphelise ugonyamelo. Ekuqaleni koo1990, imfazwe yafikelela kwingingqi yomkhosi. Zombini iirepublic kunye nemikhosi yamajoni athembekileyo zaqonda ukuba azinakukwazi ukufikelela iinjongo zazo ngenkani, kwaye oorhulumente baseBritane ne-Irish baqonda ukuba indlela ekhuselekileyo epheleleyo esekelwe kuyo ayizange ikwazi ukumelana nogonyamelo. Imijelo yemfihlelo yaqalisa ukuvula, kodwa intembeko yayingekho ncam. Amaqela ayefuna indawo engaphandle eUnited States ayenokuyinikeza.

Ukuguquka Komgaqo - siseko WaseMerika

KwiiNtlekele ezininzi, urhulumente wase-U.S. ugcine ubukhulu becala ukuma kwezandla ezingekhoyo eMerika, ibhekisela kwisikhokelo sikarhulumente waseBritane. Ingingqi ye-Ireland-Melika, nokokuba, yayithetha kakhulu, kwaye inguMphathi weSinator Edward Kennedy, uSinger Ignoill, kunye noRhuluneli Hugh Carey/pute ngendima esebenzayo yaseMelika. Oku kwaphumela kwisigqibo sikaMongameli Bill Clinton sokunika iVonses kuGerons, umphathi weSin Féin, uphiko lwezobupolitika lweIRA. Urhulumente waseBritani waqhutyelwa impikiswano eqinileyo, ukuba i-Riphabliki iqhubeke isenza ugonyamelo. Kodwa u-Clinton kunye nabacebisi bakhe babona ithuba lokunikezela nge-Riphabliki ku-Riphabliki.

Isigqibo sevisa sabonisa ukuba iWashington yayikulungele ukuzibeka esichengeni soxolo. Kwakhona yabonisa ukuqonda okucacileyo ukuba ingxubusho, kungekhona ukuzimela gedwa, yayiyindlela yokuphelisa ugonyamelo. Oku kuphucuka kwavula uthotho lweengxoxo ezifihlakeleyo phakathi kwe-U.S., iinkokeli zeriphabliki, kunye norhulumente waseBritani nowase-Ireland, imisela ithuba lokuphelisa imililo eyalandelayo.

Izixhobo ezingundoqo zobuchule baseUnited States

Ubandakanyeko lwaseMelika kwinkqubo yoxolo lwalungangeni manzi. Yayingengombandela nje womnye umlawuli okanye intetho enye. Endaweni yoko, i-U.S. yasebenzisa iqhinga elilungelelanisiweyo eladibanisa uphuhliso lomgangatho ophezulu, izikhuthazo zezoqoqosho, kunye nokusetyenziswa koburhulumente.

IKhomishini yeMitchell

Owona mnikelo uthe ngqo waseMerika weza ngohlobo lweSenator George Mitchell, owayesakuba yiBhathemian Monerity Host eMaine. Ngo1995, uMongameli Clinton wamisela uMitchell njengeNdlu ekhethekileyo yase-U.Umsebenzi kaMitchell waseMntla Ireland. Umsebenzi wakhe wawunzima: wacelwa ukuba ahlale phantsi kwikhomishini yezizwe ngezizwe ekukhutshweni kwezixhobo zomkhosi, i-drobithi emiselwe ngurhulumente waseBritani weSin Féin kuzo zonke iintetho zeqela.

Iimpawu zobuqu zikaMitchell zangqineka zibalulekile. Wayenomonde, engazicingi ncam, yaye engayekeleli ekuphicotheni kwakhe ulalaniso. Wayeqonda ukuba ukurhoxa akunakuconjululwa ngokuzinzisa; kwakufuneka kube yinxalenye yegosa elikhulu lezobupolitika. Igunya lakhe lavelisa intelekelelo yemithetho ephawulayo uMittell, apho onke amaqela ayemele ayenze khona: ayequka ukuzinikela ngokupheleleyo nokupheleleyo koxolo, ukusebenzisa iindlela zedemokhrasi, kunye nokuvumelana ukuba zingasebenzi. Le migaqo yaba litye lenkqubo yoxolo. Bavumela uSin Féin ukuba angene kwingxoxo yokuqala ngaphandle kokunikezela izixhobo zawo, ngoxa beqinisekisa ubunye umanyano bobunyani obungeluxolileyo.

Kamva uMitchell wabuyela esihlalweni kwingxoxo epheleleyo eyavelisa i-Good Wear Agreement. Usihlalo wakhe onobuchule/ukunyanzela iimfuno zamaqela asibhozo ezobupolitika, kunye noorhulumente baseBritane kunye nabo base-Ireland (_ukumthemba macala onke. ama-Historia ancomela uMitchell nokuzimisela kwakhe njengokwayimfuneko kwimicimbi yokugqibela.

Ukukhuselwa Kwezoqoqosho: INgxowa - mali Yamazwe Ngamazwe YeIreland

Ngeli xesha uthethathethwano lwalunzima, iUnited States yakwaxhasa amazwi ayo ngemali. Ngo1986, i-U.S. yanceda ekumiseni iNgxowa-mali yeInternational ye-Ireland, isithuthi sokuhambisa iMelika, iKhanada, kunye neminikelo yaseYurophu yokunqamleza imibutho yezoqoqosho ephinda iphumelele eMntla Ireland kunye nobuninzi bemida yeRiphabliki. Imali enikezelweyo ngemali yokuyila umsebenzi, izibonelelo, kunye neenkqubo zoxolelwaniso. Yanika ubungqina obucacileyo bokuba uxolo lungazisa ingeniso yezoqoqosho, igalelo-mali elhliswa ngabantu abaqeshwayo kunye nokungabikho kwemida.

I-U.S. yayingoyena unikela ngemali eninzi kule ngxowa-mali, inikela amakhulu ezigidi zeerandi ukutyhubela amashumi eminyaka. Ngokutyalwa kwemiqathango eyahlukeneyo kunye namathuba ezoqoqosho, le ngxowa-mali yanceda ekupheliseni imiqobo yezoqoqosho eyabangela amahlelo. Kwakhona yathumela uphawu olucacileyo kumkhosi: uluntu lwezizwe ngezizwe lwalukulungele ukunikela ngekamva elinoxolo.

Ubandakanyeko lobuMongameli nomthetho-siseko

Ukuzimisela kukaMongameli Clinton ukuba seluxolweni eNorthern Ireland kwakuqinile kuwo onke amabinzana akhe amabini. Watyelela eBelfast ngo1995, emi emvula ukuze axhawule isihlwele esasiquka abalandeli besizwe kunye nabaququzeli bamaqhina. Intetho yakhe phambi kweholo yesixeko yagxininisa ukuba iUnited States yayingenazicwangciso zezepolitiki zezejiyojini eNyakatho Ireland qha kuphela inqwenela ukubona isiphelo somlo. Olo tyelelo lwabangela ukuba kubekho inkqubela yoxolo kwaye lwanika intembelo elungelelanisayo kuzo zonke imacala ukuba inkqubela phambili.

Kwiintsuku zokugqibela phambi kokuba kufikelelwe iGood Wear Agreement, uClinton uxelwa ukuba wenza umnxeba omninzi kwinkokeli zeqela eliphambili, ewabongoza ukuba angasuki etafileni yokuphendula. Wanika iziqinisekiso zobuqu zokuba i-U.S. iza kuhlala ithembile emva komsebenzi. Le ngqwalasela yomgangatho ophezulu yenziwe yacaca ukuba ukungaphumeleli kuya kuphawulwa, kwaye impumelelo ibhiyozelwa, kwiqonga lomhlaba wonke. Isebe lelizwe le-U.S.Ingxelo yeSebe lelizwe libalasemdlamdla wendlela ukwenziwa komongameli obalulekileyo koxinzelelo nokhuthazo.[

Isivumelwano Esihle NgoLwesihlanu: Oko Sakuphumezayo

Isivumelwano ngokwaso sasingumsebenzi ophambili wobunjineli bezobupolitika. Saseka urhulumente owehla-lwahlulo-amandla kuMntla Ireland, iNdibano yaseMntla Ireland, eyayifuna inkxaso enqamlezayo kwizixhobo ezingundoqo. Yadala amaqumrhu amatsha entsebenziswano phakathi kweNorthern Ireland kunye neRiphabliki yase-Ireland (iBhunga loMntla-Zantsi loMkhosi woBulungiseleli) kunye naphakathi kwazo zonke iziqithi zeBritishi ne-Irijish Commental). IRiphabliki yase-Ireland yamisa umgaqo wayo wokulahla ingingqi yayo eMntla Ireland, kwaye urhulumente waseBritani waqinisekisa ukuba i-Northern Ireland iza kuhlala iyinxalenye yoBukumkani obumanyeneyo ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente uvume umgaqo ovumayo ngaphandle komthetho.

Esi sivumelwano sasikwathetha ngamalungelo abantu, utshintsho lwamapolisa, kunye nokukhululwa kwasekuqaleni kwamabanjwa mkhosi. Yayiyipakethi ebanzi eyafuna ulalaniso olukhulu. Amamanyano amkela indima kwiRiphabliki yase-Ireland kwimicimbi yaseMantla e-Irish; amaRiphabliki avuma ukuba umanyano lwase-Ireland lwaluya kufumaneka kuphela ngezixhobo zoxolo, zedemokhrasi. I-United States ayizange ibhale le sivumelwano, kodwa yadala umoya apho ukulalanisa okunjalo kwaba nokwenzeka.

Ukubandakanyeka Okuqhubekayo EUnited States Emva Kowe - 1998

Ukutyikitywa kweSivumelwano seGood Wesihlanu asibanga sisiphelo seli bali. Amaziko aso angqineke engomelelanga, yaye inkqubo yoxolo yajamelana neengxaki eziliqela, kuquka iimbambano zokupheliswa kwezixhobo, ukutshintshwa kweNdibano izihlandlo ezininzi, kunye neengxaki zamahlelo eziqhubekayo. I-United States yahlala iliqabane elizingisileyo kuzo zonke ezi ngxaki.

Isifo sokubulala esisemva

UMongameli George W. Bush waqhubeka exhasa le nkqubo, nangona egxininise kakhulu kuno-Clinton. Ulawulo lwakhe olumiselwe njengoMmeli Richard Haass njengenthumeli ekhethekileyo, owancedisa ekuncediseni kwimicimbi yotshintsho lwamapolisa ngo-1999 kwaye kamva wasebenza ukucombulula iimbambano eziseleyo kumaqumrhu ezobupolitika. Ngowama-2010, uMongameli uBarack Obama noMongameli onguMongameli uJoe Biden watyelela eNyakatho-Ireland, kwaye i-U.S. yaqhubeka inikela uncedo lwezoqoqosho ngeNgxowawawa yezizwe nge-Rland. Urhwebo lwemali kwimisebenzi yoxoliseko lwezelo, njengomsebenzi olilifayo [[FLT:][FLD]] Ilandlands Fund [FLD], yanceda ukugcina uxolo lwentlalo.

Ucelomngeni LweBreexit

Isigqibo se-United Kingdom sokushiya iEuropean Union ngowe - 2016 sabangela ukuba kube lucelomngeni olutsha kwisivumelwano seGood Wear Aventine. Esi sivumelwano saxhomekeke kakhulu kumda ovulekileyo phakathi kweNorthern Ireland neRiphabliki yaseIreland, omabini amalungu e-EU. iBrexit yasongela ukuphinda iqalise umda onzima, nto leyo enokubangela ukuba intsebenziswano ephakathi kwe-commony ingabikho kwingingqi yoxolo.

Kwakhona, iUnited States yadlala indima. IKhomyutha yase-U.S., ingakumbi i-Friends of Ireland caucus, ngokuphindaphindiweyo yabongoza iinkokeli zaseBritane ne-EUS ukuba zikhusele inkqubo yoxolo. Umongameli uBiden, oye wathetha rhoqo ngefa lakhe lesi-Ireland kunye nenkolelo yakhe kwi-Good Wear Frive Act, wayenza yacaca ukuba naluphi na urhwebo phakathi kwe-U.S. ugcino-mali lwesivumelwano. IBhunga loMasigqeba loMasign. U.S. luphawule ukuba uxinzelelo lwaseluye lungumcimbi wemalungiselelo weposi ye-Brit kulwano ye-Ireland yasentla[[FLT]

Izifundo Zokudinwa Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

Indima ye-U.S. kwiSivumelwano seGood Wesihlanu sinika izifundo ezihlala zihleli ukuze kulungiswe ingxabano. Okokuqala, ibonisa ukuba abadlali bangaphandle banokuba luncedo xa begqalwa njengabachaphazeli abanyanisekileyo abangenazicwangciso zifihlakeleyo. I-United States yayingenawo amabhongo okulawula eMntla Ireland kwaye yayingenamnqweno wokumisela umGaqo-siseko othile. Oku kungabi nanxaxheba kuvumela ukuba ithembe bonke abantu.

Okwesibini, inkqubo yoxolo ibonisa ukubaluleka kokudibanisa ulwalamano lwezopolitiko oluphezulu nomgangatho ophezulu nomguli, kumhlaba ongaphandle. Izigqibo zesibindi sikaClinton kunye nemfonomfono zaxhaswa ngumsebenzi wobuchule we-Senator Mitchell kunye notyalo-mali lwemali yeZizwe Ezikhulu.

Okwesithathu, lo mzekelo ubalaselisa ukuba uxolo lufuna ukulondolozwa rhoqo. Isivumelwano seGood Wesihlanu asizange sizicombulule zonke iingxaki zoMntla Ireland; sadala ilungiselelo lokuzilawula.

Isiphelo: Ilifa Elihlala Lihleli

Namhlanje, iGood Wesihlanu Agreement isengundoqo womgaqo-siseko waseMntla Ireland. Ngoxa lo mmandla usajongene nokuthath'a kwezobupolitika, ukutshintsha kwamanani abantu, nocelomngeni oluqhubekayo lweBreexit, uxolo lusaqhubeka. I-United States inokuba neqhayiya ngendima eyafezwayo ekuncedeni olo xolo. Ukusuka kwisigqibo senkalipho sokunika uGrery Adams imvume, uGeorge Mitchell, kwizigidi zeerandi ezithenjiweyo ekuxoliseni, ukhokelo lwaseMerika lwenza umahluko ocacileyo.

Ibali leGood Wear Agreement aliyon nje kuphela lentsomi yeMelika entle, kwaye ingumphumo wenkalipho engaqhelekanga nokulalanisa kwabantu basemntla Ireland ngokwabo. Kodwa iUnited States yalungiselela ukunyuka okuvumela loo nkalipho ukuba iphumelele. Njengoko iimfazwe ziqhubeka zikhona ehlabathini lonke, amava aseMntla Ireland afana nesikhumbuzo esinamandla sokuba unxibelelwano, oluxhaswa ngumonde kunye nezinto, lungaphumelela nakwezona meko zinzima. I-U.S. Isivumelwano seGood Wentrever Avement asiyiyo nje impumelelo; yayiyingqinelana inkolelo yokuba uxolo lusoloko lufanelekile.