Table of Contents
Indima Yezigqibo Zembali Zezamandulo Zamalungelo Afanayo
Ukutshintsha kweNkundla ePhakamileyo ijongene nokuqiqa kobuGaqo-siseko kuye kwaguqula ukuchazwa kwengcaciso yezomGaqo-siseko, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezibandakanya amalungelo afanayo okuziphatha. I-ligiantsty, kwiintlobo zayo ezahlukeneyo, igxininisa ukuba intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko yazinziswa ngexesha lokudityaniswa kwemiqathango. Abameli baphikisa ukuba le ndlela ithintela ingqiqo yokugweba kwaye igcina isigqibo sedemokhrasi sokwenza. Abahlalutyisi baphikisa into yokuba itshixa imilinganiselo ephelelwe lixesha, ibeka engozini yokungalungisi kobudlelana xa i-bulumko buthel'ukuzinza. Uxilonga lwenjongo yembali nemilinganiselo yalembali, izigqibo eziphambili zembali, izigqibo eziphambili zemithetho ebhaliweyo kwimithetho ebhaliweyo, imithetho ye-sodom, kunye nokucaluvo. Ukuqonda indlela iinkundla zolawulo zomsebenzi ezisebenza iLBTQ+ amalungelo afuna ukuvavanywa ngokusondeleyo ukuxina kwembali
Ukuqonda Ubungqina Bokuqala Nenkxalabo Yembali
Ubuqaqoba asiyomfundiso yoqobo. Imisonto emibini engundoqo ivele: injongo yokuqala kunye nentsingiselo kawonke wonke yemvelaphi yegama. Injongo ijonge koko abaFrames bakholelwa ngokobuqu umgaqo-siseko. Iintsingiselo zangaphambili, ezixhaswa nguMgaqo-siseko, nguMgaqo-siseko, ezixhaswa nguMgaqo-siseko, ezigxininiswe nguMgaqo-siseko Antonin Scalia, igxininisa kwindlela umntu onengqondo ngexesha lokwazisa azakuqonda ngayo umbhalo. Zombini zichaza ubungqina obungokwembali ([FLTLTLT:3], iingxelo zengxoxo, izichazamazwi, kunye nomthetho oqhelekileyo. Kodwa zingakhokelela kwiziphumo ezahlukileyo kubantumekelelo lwezokuziphatha. Kodwa zinokukhokelela ekubeni iinjongo ezifihlakeleyo ezifihlakeleyo ezithe ngqo kwintsingiselo zabucala zangaphakathi ziqonde kwintsingiselo yamagama amkelekileyo.
Kumongo welungelo elifanayo, abagwebi bobuGqirha basoloko bejamelene nengxelo yembali encinane. Umbhalo womGaqo-siseko awuchazi yindlela yesondo. IBhili yamaLungelo kunye noMphetho-Mdathi woLawulo lwe-145 wabhaliswa ngexesha elinye xa ulwalamano lwe-"%ssion lwabanjwa okanye lungaqondwa. Abaqululeki kufuneka bagqibe enoba imigaqo jikelele efakwe kumabinzana afana nothi “ukukhuselwa ngokulinganayo kwemithetho” okanye“ ukukhuselwa ngokulinganayo kwemithetho” okanye “ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yesithethe” kumele kusetyenziswe kwiimeko ezingakhange zilindelwe. Abanye, njengoJaji Clarence Thomas, baphikisa ukuba ukuqonda kwasekuqaleni inkululeko ilinganiselwe ekuzithiyeni, hayi ekutshaleni komntu osebenza naye. Ezinye iimeko eziqhelekileyo, ezifana nomthetho womthetho Scalishe, ziqonda ukuba ubungangafuneki neendlela zomthetho wokuqala zisetyenziswe ngendlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo, njengoko kuthethwa, ngoko kuthethwa ngumbhalo wokuqala, okokuba kuthethwa ngumthetho.
Umahluko obalulekileyo ngumahluko phakathi “kokuchaza” kunye“ nokwahlula.” Ukutolika kukhangela intsingiselo yolwimi lombhalo; ukwakhiwa kugcwalisa izithuba apho intsingiselo iphuma khona. Abaphengululi boqobo abafana noRandy Barnett noLawrence Solum baphikisa ngelithi xa intsingiselo yantlandlo ingacacanga okanye jikelele, abagwebi kufuneka basebenzise eminye imilinganiselo esemthethweni yemithetho yabo .
Imbali yamalungelo afanayo
Ingxelo yembali ejongwa ngabaququzeleli ityhila ihlabathi apho ulwalamano olufanayo lokuziphatha okubi ngokwesini lwagwetywa ngokubanzi. Imithetho yephondo kunye nemithetho yangaphambili karhulumente eyayenziwe ngolwaphulo-mthetho, ngokufuthi enezohlwayo eziqatha. Iingxelo ezingokwasemthethweni zenkulungwane ye-18 neye-19 zachaza izenzo ezifanayo zokuthelekelelana ngokwesini kunye nezenzo “zichasene nendalo.” UMthetho weMiqathango weshumi elinesine, owagunyaziswa ngowe-1868, wavela ngexesha apho imithetho karhulumente yayikwalela ngokucacileyo ukuziphatha okufanayo ngokwesini kwaye ingavumi ukuvuma imitshatozo phakathi kwabantu besini esinye. Akukho sizwe kwinkulungwane ye-191919 enika izipesenti ezinxulumene nezibini ezifanayo ezingoonobugqhinga, kunye nezingcuphe ezingomthetho ezimbalwa ezicaciswe ngoko kunokwenzeka.
Noko ke, abaxhasi bembali abavumelani noko kuthethwa koku kuthula. Bambi baphikisa ngelithi ngenxa yokuba iziHlamrhu zoMgaqo-siseko we-14th Amendment zazingakholelwa ukuba umGaqo-siseko ukhusela ulwalamano olufanayo lobufanayo, umbhalo awukwazi ukufundwa ngoku ukuze wenjenjalo. Abanye bachaza ukuba ukupheliswa kombhalo obhaliweyo okulinganayo kukhusela okulinganayo kwemithetho.) yaye yayikukukuko ukuguqulela uluntu ekuqondeni ulinganayo. Oku kucebisa ukuba ukuphakama komGaqo-siseko kubonise okunamandla: kwanye iBhunga elabhala izikolo ze 1449 Demente eliyekileyo kwaye likhanyele ivoti yokhetho. Kodwa akukho mvoti woqobo uqobo uthethelela ubuhlanga okanye ulawulo lwanamhlanje okanye ulawulo lwamabhinqa ngokusebenza kwe-jumini. Oku kucebisa ukuba ukuchaza ukuphakama komahluko phakathi kwentsingiselo ye-Genestile.
Ababhali-mbali baye bafumana ubungqina bokuba ulwalamano olufanayo lokuziphatha okubi lwalukho eMelika yamandulo, nangona zazisoloko zifihliwe okanye zigwetywa. Iingxelo zomthetho zenkulungwane ye-18 zibonisa ukutshutshiswa kwesodoma, kodwa kwakhona ngamathuba athile ukuvalwa nokungathetheki. Ukunqongophala okunxulumene nokusetyenziswa okucacileyo kwendlela yesondo akuthethi ukuba abalawuli babengenazo iimbono; kuthetha ukuba loo mbono ayibhalwanga kumbhalo wesiseko. Ngoko ke abaqululeki bamele bagqibe enoba bayabulawula ubunzima besimo sengqondo sexesha okanye kwimigaqo efihlakeleyo. Idabini elingaphezulu kwama-663 engoomlinganiselo wamalungelo angokwasemthethweni alilo idabi ngenxa yoko izinto zembali ezigunyazileyo okanye imithetho echanekileyo yexesha okanye ulwimi olubanzi lomGaqo-siseko.
UMthetho Wetyala Nengqiqo Yamandulo
Ukudibana kweNkundla ePhakamileyo nobuNtloko obuQala kumatyala angobuGqwesi afanayo abonisa ukuba iplastiki yale mfundiso. Lawrence v. Texas [2003], Justice Anthony Kennedy, ebhalela abantu abamalunga no-683-3, wagawula umthetho we-Texas sodomay osekelwe kwinkqubo esezantsi. UJaji Scalia wasebenzisa ukuqiqaqaza kokuqala, ephikisa ukuba imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho ethetha ngoSodomay inee enzulu yembali, kwaye uMgaqo-siseko, njengoko ekuqaleni wawuqondwa, washiya imicimbi enjalo kumazwe. USccalia wathembela kubungqina bembali bokuba ngexesha le-1456, yayiyimithetho elungele ukusetyenziswa yimithetho eyaziwa kakhulu.
[Obergefell v. Hodges (2015], eyamkela ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko lomtshato ofanayo, ukuphikisana kweembono zeNtloko yeJaji uRoberts neJaji uThomas zathi nqanamela kakhulu iimpikiswano zoqobo. uRoberts waphikisa ukuba “ilungelo lokutshata" ngokwembali lichazwe njengendoda nomfazi, kwaye elo nkcazelo limele lifike kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi, hayi ngokwenkcazelo yezahlulelo. UThomas waqinisekisa ukuba intsingiselo yokuqala ye-“exberting" kwiNtection Claus [e] kwiNdlela yokuzilawula ngokwamandla kwaye ayinakukwazi ukukhupha ilungelo lokutshata. Noko ke, uninzi, aluzange lwamkele indlela yokuqhuba idemokhrasi. Endaweni ye-1974, igxininisa imilinganiselo yendlela yokuchaza indlela esesikweni yendlela yomtshato kwiinkulungwane ezininzi kunye nendlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo ngomthetho womthetho osemthethweni.[4]
Funda isiphumo esipheleleyo [[FLT: 1]
Kutshanje, Bostock v. Clayton County (2020) ethetha ukuba iSihloko VII sokwaliwa kocalulo lwesondo sikhusela abasebenzi abangamafanasini okanye abathanga transgender. UJaji Neil Gormore, ozichazayo ngqa nombhali wemibhalo-magama, wabhala uluvo oluninzi. Wayilahla injongo yembali malunga “nendlela yesondo” kwaye wagxininisa ngokubhekiselele kwimibhalo: ukucalula abasebenzi ngokwezizizizi siseko sobufanasini okanye ukuthatha i-nxaxheba kwe- gendender. Ingcinga ephambili yento ebhaliweyo ngokwesidibeko, kodwa inyani ithetha ukuba xa kuthenjiwe ngokwesini, kodwa xa kuqwalaselwe iziphumo zezenzo zembali, i-LT.
Funda isiphumo esipheleleyo [ iBostock isigqibo
u-Bostock uninzi lwafumana ugxeko olubukhali kuMphathi Samuel Alito, owathi, xa engavumelaniyo, watyhola uninzi lommiselo wokuphinda ubhale kwakhona ukuze ubonise amaxabiso angoku. Ukungavumelani kuka-Alito kwaquka u-Alito u-"quastrial" i-listism: kuba i-88th Congress acet's transfectives system ayizimiselenga ukugquma ihambo efanayo, iNkungamele iNkumbo mayifunde ummiselo wokukwenza oko. Impikiswano phakathi kokuqala kwe-Gorroth ngokwayo. / phakathi kwento ejongeneejograndments. Ibonisa ukuba impikiswano yangaphakathi ayizange ifumane mbuyelo engqini elungelelanisayo.
Izigqibo Zenkundla Yaseburhulumenteni Neengcamango Zemvelaphi
Ngaphezu kweNkundla ePhakamileyo yesizwe, iinkundla zephondo zikwabambene nokuququzelela ubuGawulayo kumatyala afanayo. Ezinye iinkundla eziphakamileyo, zichaza umgaqo-siseko wazo, zisebenzise intsingiselo yokuqala ukuphelisa ukuvalwa komtshato. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-Iowa inguMkhosi oPhakamileyo i-Varnum v. Brien[FLT][2009] [2009]) ixhomekeke kwimithetho elinganayo yoMgaqo-siseko we-Iowa, enokuthi inkundla ibe nentsingiselo ebanzi yokwakhelw'inyaniswa yiyo ekwanwela kwizibini ezifanayo ezinxulumeneyo. Inkundla yahlola umthetho we-959nury Iowaket kwaye ayifumani bungqina bokuba izinxulumani ezizi ezizi eziziweyo ezimele ukukhuselwa kokhuseleko olulinganayo lwembali. Le ndlela ibala elithetha ngolu hlobo lolwimi lwangaphambili iqulethe ingxelo engolulweyo.
Impembelelo yamalungelo afanayo
Impembelelo esebenzisekayo yokuqiqa okukhoyo kumalungelo afanayo. Phambi Obergefell, iinkundla ezininzi zesizwe zasebenzisa uqobo ukuxhasa ukuvalwa komsebenzi wesizwe. Umzekelo, iNkundla yeSithandathu yeNkantolo Yezibheno [kuku-] Deboer v. [iiNkqutyana] [iiNqanda] [iiiNqanda] [iiiinkcukacha zembali yomtshato njengeqhina lomntu nebhinqa elikhoyo kuqala, ibonakalisa indlela ukuqonda okungasemva komGaqo-siseko okukhoyo, kwaye inkqubo yedemo-odemo-okrati imele ukuba itshintshe okanye ikhuselwe yi-oknvoces, i-ograccet'edentia i-edentia, i-evolces, i-ethe i-evoctives, i-ethe orgt travoluethe , i-ethe , i-ethe i
Kummandla wamalungelo e-trangender, iimpikiswano zoqobo zisakhula. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo iBostock sigquma kuphela ucalulo lwemisebenzi phantsi kweSihloko VII, hayi amalungelo asemthethweni. Iinkundla ezisezantsi zahlulwe ngokubhekiselele ekubeni umGaqo-siseko, njengoko kwakuqondwa ekuqaleni, uthintela ucalucalulo ngokuchasene nabantu abahlukeneyo. Ezinye iindlela zobunzululwazi, zigqibe kwelokuba intsingiselo yokuqala ye- “dex” kwi-Suclection prote diole ibhekisela kwi-synthemin, kwaye ukuba ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwi-mkhethe olusekelwe kwi-scimbini olusuka kwi-mscimbini olunxulumene nocalu lulungo-calungo-calulo olusukayo, lungaxhomi kuba abantu abakhangeli bengcisa ngenxa yokuba i-Frames beenfreast sym beader.
Ukulungelelanisa Imilinganiselo Yembali Neyanamhlanje
Ingxoxo engokwasembalini enenjongo efanayo kumatyala alwela amalungelo okuziphatha okubi ibonakalisa ukungqubana okunzulu phakathi kwemibono emibini yokuchazwa komgaqo-siseko: ukuzalwa komntu wokuqala kunye nomthetho-siseko ophilayo. Abaxhasi bomGaqo-siseko abaphilayo baphikisa ngelithi intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko ivela ngenkqubela-phambili yoluntu. Babonisa isibakala sokuba amalungelo amaninzi abalulekileyo embalini (kuquka umtshato weentlanga ezahlukeneyo, ukulingana kwamadoda namabhinqa alinganayo, kunye nolawulo lokuzala) ayengaqondwa ekufunyanisweni kodwa amkelekile njengesiseko sanamhlanje.
Abaphengululi abaninzi bomGaqo-siseko bacebise ukuba kubekho iindawo eziphakathi. Umzekelo, “isiseko somsebenzi wesiseko soqobo” uyavuma ukuba intsingiselo yantlandlolo yomGaqo-siseko isoloko iquka imigaqo edidayo efuna ukwakhiwa ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ngaphantsi kwale mbono, intsingiselo yantlandlolo “ukulingana" okanye“i-libert” ngumgangatho obanzi onokuthi izizukulwana ezilandelayo zikwazi ukuchaza ngaphandle kokuchasa siseko sobukhomqu. Le ndlela ivumela i-LGBTQ ngaphandle kokulahla i-ankile yentsingiselo yokuqala. Ngokufanayo, uRandy Barnett u-“ ukhuseleko loqobo lomthetho wakuqala.” uthetha ukuba intsingiselo yokuqala yomGaqo-siseko ikukukhusela inkululeko, kuquka ukuziphatha kobuqu kunye nokuziphatha kobuqu.
Abahlalutyi bobuNtu bembali baphawula ukuba imbali isoloko ididane. Kwanaxa ababhali-mbali bevumelana ngoko kwakucingwa ngabalawuli ngolwalamano olufanayo lwe-sax, ukusebenzisa olo lwazi kwiindidi zale mihla zomthetho kubeka i-anochronism. Abaxhasi abaqondi intsingiselo yesondo njengelungu elizinzileyo; basebenzisa izenzo ezizizizo kunee-MFrames. Ukudlulisela oko kuvavanyo lwemithetho-siseko lomtshato ofanayo okanye amalungelo adluliswayo kufuneka bachaze ukhetho olugqitha kwimbali. Ngenxa yoko, abagwebi bokuqala abalwayo abaqalayo abachasani nje kuphela nabaphini bomgaqo-siseko abaphilayo kodwa nanganye.
Ingqikelelo-magama zangaphandle
Abaphengululi abasemthethweni baye bashicilela uncwadi oluninzi oluthetha ngobuGBTQ. Inqaku eliphawulekayo likaNjingalwazi William N. Eskridge (ISikolo soMthetho) lihlola indlela ingqiqo yokuqala esetyenzisiwe ngayo ukumisela nokukhusela umtshato wesithethe. Uphikisa ukuba eyona nguqulelo ingcono yobuGqaba `igama le projekthi) ehlola intsingiselo yantlalo-ntle yamalungiselelo . /Iinqakrakrazo ezingundoqo ziqwalaselwa yi-techrone . Olu lwazi luthi luluvo olungundoqo ngunjinganye lukanjingalwazi Sherif Girgis, umxhasi womtshato wesithethe, luphikisa ukuba ubuQalalwn beqela lufuna ukuthobela iinkcazelo ezisekelwe kwimbali.
Funda okuninzi malunga nobuGqaba kunye nomtshato wobunyani kwiYale Law Journal
Isiphelo
Indima yenjongo yembali kwizigqibo ezingoonobumba bembali kwimiqathango efanayo. Izigqibo ezikhoyo zisoloko zididane kakhulu kumthetho womgaqo-siseko waseMelika. I-Fordiction ayithethi nto enye; kunoko, inika ilens yendlela yokubona enokuvelisa iziphumo ezingafaniyo kuxhomekeke kwinguqulelo yentanda-lwazi exhomekeke kwiyokuba yeyiphi intanda-ntanda-bulumko ijaji eyamkelayo nendlela echazwa ngayo ubungqina bembali. Izigqibo ezikhoyo [[FLT:]] [FLT], [OFLT]] wawisa iziphumo ezithelekisa [, [[FLT], [FLT], [[4]] nendlela ababuchaza ngayo ingcebiso lobomi obukhoyo obukhoyo, ingqhinga lokuzinzisa i-RGenethi yexesha elizayo, iyakuqhubeka ukusetyenziswa kweminye i-Atlanti, i-eastmagstingstings, i-eans, i-eandom