Ukwazisa: Idabi Elifihlakeleyo Lemali Yobunqolobi

Imigudu yokulwa nobuphekula ibijoliswe kumkhosi, ubukrelekrele, kunye nokugcinwa komthetho. Noko ke, esinye sezixhobo ezisebenzayo ezichasene nemibutho yabanqolobi bubulumko bemali (FINT). Ngokuhlola, nangokuphazamisa imali ephembelela uhlaselo, ukukhuthuza, kunye nenkcazelo egqwethayo, amagunya anokuphazamisa iinkqubo zabanqolobi ngaphandle kokudubula kunye. Imali inika ubuchule obukhethekileyo, iwindow yedata esebenzayo kwisakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi yala maqela afihlakeleyo. Xa ithe yanempumelelo, ayithinteli nje kuphela ukuhlasela kodwa ikwaphazamisa ukuhambela phambili kwezoqoqosho okuxhasa ubugrogrisi emhlabeni wonke. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indlela ubukrelekrele bemali obusebenza ngayo, indima yayo eyingozi ekuphazameni abanqolobi, kunye nocelomngeni oluqhubekela ukuguqula kwemeko-mali.

Buyintoni Ubuntlola Bezemali?

Ubuchule bezezimali bubhekisela kwingqokelela ecwangcisiweyo yemali, uhlalutyo, kunye nokusasazwa kwenkcazelo enxulumene nentengiselwano yemali kunye nezinto zemali, ukukhusela, nokumangalela ulwaphulo-mthetho lwezemali, kuquka inkxaso yee-projekthi. Ngokungafaniyo nentlanganiso yesithethe, iFINT ibhekisa kwi- isithintelo semali [[ , `iphepha, amanani, kunye neengxelo ezingacwangciswangacwangciswanga ezityhila indlela imali ehamba ngayo inqumla imida, ngeebhanki, iinkampani ezinamaqokoda, ii-skopololi, iinkqubo ze-hayala.

Embilinini wayo, ubuchule bemali butshintsha ugcino-lwazi olungalungiswanga lube lunentsingiselo. Ukuthunyelwa kwemali, ukutshintshiselana ngemali, okanye intshukumo yemali esekelwe kurhwebo ishiya umlinganiselo wamanani. Ngokuhlola nokuhlola ezi nyawo, amaqela obuchule bemali (FUs) angachaza ii-anomalies ezikhomba kwii-internet ezixhasa inkxaso-mali. Umzekelo, uthotho lweemali ezincinci, ezingaguquguqukiyo ezivela kwii-akhawunti ezininzi zise kwindawo enye ngaphandle konxweme, zingabonisa “ubuchule bokubeka ingeniso esetyenziswa ukufihlwayela imvelaphi yemisebenzi yabanqolobi.

Amalungu angundoqo obuntlola bemali

Imali echuliweyo ixhomekeke kwintsika eziliqela ezidityanisiweyo ezenza uphando olubanzi nenkqubo yemichiza. Ilungu ngalinye lithetha ngenkalo eyahlukileyo yemeko yemali esetyenziswa ngabanqolobi.

  • [[NTL: 0] Imonitoing International Transactions: iinkqubo zehlabathi jikelele zenkqubo yemali ezizizigidi zezigidi zeerandi yonke imihla. IFINT ibhekisa ekudluliseni ucingo olunqamlezileyo lwemida, ulwalamano lwebhanki yoonoposi, kunye nemali yentengiso ukuchonga urhwebo oluphambukayo kwimilinganiselo eqhelekileyo. Umzekelo, ukufuduswa okukhulu ukusuka kulawulo oluphezulu-risk ukuya kumsebenzi wobuqu kumbindi wemali osezantsi ungabangela ingxelo yomgaqo-siseko.
  • Ukutshintsha iNtsebenziswano yeNgxowa-mali Ngaphesheya kweMida: Abanqolobi badla ngokuhambisa imali ngemiqathango emininzi ukunqanda ukubhaqwa. Ubuchule bemali bulandela ukuqokelelwa kwemali (ukuqokelelwa, ulwaphulo-mthetho) ukuhambisa (ukubhabhabha, imirhumo yemali) ukususa intlawulo (indleko zomsebenzi, imirhumo, imivuzo, izixhobo). Ubugcisa busebenzisa “ukubolekisa ezi zixhobo” ukuqhuba.
  • Ukubeka izijungqu kunye nee-akhawunti zonxweme: Iinkampani zeShell kunye noovimba zisoloko zisetyenziswa ukufihla ubunikazi bokwenyaniso. Ukusetyenziswa kobuntlola bemali kugcino-lwazi lwequmrhu lokubhalisela, iibhanki eziluncedo zobumnini, kunye neengxelo zobukrokrazi ukugqobhoza kwezi ngqikelelo zomthetho nokubhenca abantu abalawula imali.
  • Imilinganiselo engathi iyasebenza ngokulinganayo yomsebenzi onika ithamo: Imfundo yoomatshini nokuhamba phambili kwe-Ayalytics ngoku yenza i-FIUs ikwazi ukuchonga iipateni ezinokuphoswa ngabahlalutyi abangabantu. Oku kuquka ubuninzi obungaqhelekanga bentengiso, ukudluliswa kwemali okungaqhelekanga ngobuninzi bemali, okanye utshintsho lwequbuliso kwihambo yetyala emva kweziganeko ezikhulu zehlabathi.

Nganye kwezi zidibeneyo ixhomekeke kwimithetho eqinileyo, ukwabelana ngezakhono zehlabathi, nokuvuma kwamaziko emali ukuchaza imisebenzi ekrokrelekayo ngokukhawuleza. Ngaphandle kwesi siseko somanyano, kwanezona zixhobo zintsonkothileyo zezonyango bezingayi kuba namazinyo.

Indlela Ubuntlola bezemali Obuwadida Ngayo Amanethwekhi Abanqolobi

Ibinzana elithi “ukungaqiniseki” kwimali echasene nobunqolobi akwenzeki nje kuphela. Ibandakanya amanyathelo asebenzayo athob'isidima, ukulibazisa, okanye ukutshabalalisa amandla eqela okunyusa, ukuthutha, nokusebenzisa imali. La manyathelo asoloko esenziwa ngokuhambelana nezenzo zomthetho wesithethe kwaye anokuba nempembelelo engaphezulu kunokubanjwa kuphela.

Izakhelo Ezikhululekileyo Nezinyusi

Esinye sezixhobo eziphazamisayo kukukhenkceka kwempahla. Xa isiko lemali okanye igunya lichaza ingxelo enxulumene nombutho otyunjwe ngabanqolobi, lingayinqanda imali, lithintele ukuthengiselana okubhekele phaya. Esi senzo asikukhanyeli nje kuphela ukufikelela kwemali kodwa sithumela uphawu olunamandla kwabanye abaxhasi bemali. Kwimimandla emininzi, izinto ezinazo ezinyibilikisiweyo zingalahlwa ekugqibeleni ngenxa yezenzo zobugrogrisi okanye zolwaphulo-mthetho, zinika umonakalo othe ngqo wemali kwinethwekhi.

Ukumangalelwa Kolwaphulo-mthetho Lwezemali

Ubuchule bemali bunika isiseko esicacileyo sokuvavanya abantu phantsi kwemithetho yobugrogrisi yokuxhasa ngemali. Ityala elifana nokuthuthwa kwemali, ukuxhaswa ngezinto eziphathekayo kubugrogrisi, kunye neqhinga linezohlwayo eziqatha. Ukutshutshiswa ngempumelelo kusebenza njengesithintelo kwaye kukwabangela ubutyebi bobukrelekrele, njengokuba abamangalelwa besoloko besebenzisana ekutshintshiseni abantu ngokubolekisana. Umzekelo, imali ephantsi ethutha imali ingabona umxhasi wentsontela ephezulu emva kokuba imangalelwe, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni bambanwe.

Iintlawulo kunye noyilo

Oorhulumente kunye namaqumrhu ezizwe ngezizwe njengeBhunga loKhuseleko leZizwe Ezimanyeneyo agcina uluhlu lwamaqumrhu abanqolobi nabantu ngabanye abamiselweyo. Xa sele betyunjwe, zonke iintengo zemali naba basemalungwini zinqatyisiweyo, kwaye imali yabo kufuneka iqatywe. Ubuchule bemali bubalulekile ekwakheni ezi ziqulungwini, inika ubungqina bokuba umntu okanye umbutho ubandakanyeke ngokukhutheleyo kwinkxaso-mali. Ezi ziqumrhu zithwala iindleko ezidumileyo, ziyenza ibe nzima ngakumbi kwabo badweliswe ekusebenzeni ngokweenkqubo yemali.

Iindlela Zokukhulula Neengcambu Zokunikezela

Amaqela amanqolobi afuna izinto zokuphumelela: ezothutho, izixhobo zonxibelelwano, izindlu ezikhuselekileyo, izithuthi, kunye nezixhobo. Ezininzi zezi zinto zithengwa ngeenkampani ezingaphambili okanye zisetyenziswa ekuthunyeleni imali. Ubuchule bemali obulandela imilinganiselo yokufunyanwa kweqela bungavumela abasemagunyeni ukuba bathintele ukuthunyelwa kwempahla, ukuvalwa kwenkampani ethengisa izinto, okanye baphazamise ukuthengwa kwamatyathanga. Umzekelo, ukwanda kwento ethengiswayo yesona sichumiso kungabonisa ngokungaqhelekanga ukulungiselelwa kwesixhobo esidubulayo.

[[FLT: 0]]“ Ukulandela imali asiyonto nje ebangela uphando; kuyinto exelwa kwangaphambili. Ngokuqonda indlela abanqolobi abazixhasa ngayo, singalindela ukuhamba kwabo okulandelayo size sinqumle ubuncwane babo phambi kokuba babethe.
. . . . . . . Oyena Mlawuli we candelo le-Mali (umpharasha kwizinto ezisebenzayo)

Uhlolisiso Lwezifo Nempumelelo

Imizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene ibonisa amandla emali ekuthob ’ isidima kwezinye zeentlangano eziyingozi zabanqolobi embalini.

IAljêQaeda kunye noNtloko

Emva kohlaselo lwangoSeptemba 11 i-United States kunye namahlakani ayo asungula imfazwe yehlabathi lonke yobugrogrisi. I-Ofice ye-Oficias Control (OFAC) yasebenza noorhulumente bangaphandle ukuqaqamba i-R350-zigidi zezigidi kwimpahla zamaphekula. Ubuchule bemali banceda ukulandelela iminikelo yabantu abatyebileyo baseGulf ukuya e-Alâque Qada eAfghanistantis, nto leyo ekhokelela ekufunyanisweni nasekuchazweni kwezisweni kwe-bitancis, nto leyo ekhokelela ekusetyenzisweni kwemibhobhozo engundoqo njenge-.

Iindawo zengeniso zeISSIS ezididayo

Ilizwe lamaSilamsi (ISIS) laduma ngemodeli yalo entsonkothileyo yemali, eyayiquka ukurhwebelana nge-oyile, ukuphanga, kunye nokurhwebelana ngezorhwebo. Ubuchule bemali, kunye nenqwelo-moya, zayijolise kwimali ye-ISSIS, zayilungiselela ukulungiselela ukuhlawula imali yayo i-IS . Ngokulandelela intshukumo ze-oyile yokuthutha i-oli ngemiboniso yentengiso kunye neengxelo zentengiso, ikwazi ukudubula i-ISCORC kunyulwano ebhankini eIraq nase-Syria. Ngokulandelelana kwemiqathango yomthetho yebhanki i-ISS, iyakwazi ukuhlawulo olugcinwe kwiingxelo [[FLT:][F1][FLD][FF2] i-FGRANSD, i-equactive trans yolawulo lwayolongo lwayo.[iequ]

Inkqubo YeHayala Nemali Enobungozi ESomalia

Kwimpuma Afrika, iqela labanqolobi iAl̆Shabab lixhomekeke kakhulu kubuchule bokudlulisela imali obungacwangciswanga [[FLT: 0]]. Amaziko obuchule bemali aye asebenza kwiSomali diaspora kunye neenkampani ezisemthethweni zokuhlasela iflegi ezikrokrela. Ngokuhlalutya iindlela zokufuduka ekwaziwa kwi-Alābbabab ezinqaba, abasemagunyeni baye bakwazi ukuphazamisa izimali zohlaselo olunjengolwelo lweWestgate Mall eNairobi. [[FLT:][FLT][3] Active Active Camment Work (FFFFFFF:][FFF]]][FFFFF]]]][FLT]]][FLT]]

Iingxaki Kwiinkcuba - buchopho Zemali

Phezu kwayo nje impumelelo yayo, ubuchule bemali bujongene nemiqobo ebalulekileyo nejikelezayo. Abanqolobi bakhawuleza baqhelane nenkqubo entsha yokufumanisa, kwaye inkqubo yemali yehlabathi ikhulu yaye iyaqhekeka.

Ukwanda Kwee - cryptocurrecres

Ii-cryptocurrencres ezifana ne-Bitcoin, Monero, kunye neemali zemali zangasese zinika ikrele eliphindwe kabini elinomphantsi othe ngqo. Ngelixesha iibloko zikawonke-wonke zinika ukubonakala, iingqekelelwa kweemali ezincumisayo zabasebenzisi abanobuchule bokusebenzisa i-applying shorting short, izijubhu, kunye neemali zobuqu zokufihla izalathiso zentengi. Nangona ii-blokoin ziphucule, amandla okuguqula i-fricracm ngoku ahlala eyingxaki. Amaqela amaqela oonqanda-mandla abene-sbethi acocrencrective e-etings abonisa ukuba ayakwazi ukuvavanyanisa kunye nezinto ezifunekayo zokutshintsha ([FLC]) ngoku abonisa ukuba amaqela eencwadi ayakwazi ukurhweba kunye nezixhobo zokusebenzisa uGenethis.

Iinkqubo zokudlulisela amaxabiso ngokwethutyana (IVTS)

Hawala, i-hundi, nezinye iinkqubo ezingacwangciswanga zihlala zisisiseko semali exhaswa ngabagrogrisi kwiingingqi zemfazwe ezingquzulwano kunye nokugcinwa kwemali okungekho mthethweni. Ezi nkqubo zisebenza ngokuthembana kwaye zixhomekeke kwii-intanethi zabasebenzi abahlala kwii-hawadadad abalungisa iingxelo ngokungecwangciswanga, bashiye imikhondo emincinane yamaphepha. Ukufumana ukufuduswa kwe-ibhulukhwe kufuna ubulumko babantu, ukuxelwa koluntu, kunye nohlalutyo lwemali engaqhelekanga ephumayo kwimiphetho elawulwayo. Ucelomngeni kukulawula ezi nkqubo ngaphandle kokuqhawula iinkqubo zobuntu okanye iintsapho ezihlala ezifanelekileyo ukuya kwimimandla enjenge-South Asia kunye ne-Horn yaseAfrika.

Urhwebo Lorhwebo Olusekelwe Kwimali (TBML)

ITrade. Trade. i- Trade. i-tradev ithelekisa imali ekwimali eninzi ekhutshwayo yenye yezona ndlela zinzima zokufumana inkxaso-mali. Ibandakanya ukurhweba ngentengiselwano , ngaphantsi kwe-invoificing, ukuphicotha, ukuchaza intengo ezininzi, okanye ukuchaza ngokuxoka izinto ezikhoyo, ukuhambisa ixabiso eligqithisiweyo ngaphaya kwemida. Iqela labanqolobi lingathumela ngaphandle kwentsimbi eshiweyo kodwa elingenisa imali njengesixhobo sombane esiphezulu sombane sombane, ukukhuphela imali kwilungu langaphandle ngaphandle kokuhamba ngemali. Abaphengululi bemali kufuneka bahlolisise amaxwebhu, ukuthutha impahla, kunye nezibhengezo-masiko, rhoqo ngexesha le-6, ukuthatha iipakethi ze TBMLM. [[FLT][FL:][F1][FF1][FF3]

Unyuso lweeNdlela ezintsha zobhatalo

Imali ehambayo, amakhadi ahlawulwe kwangaphambili, kunye nezingxowa zamanani zixhaphakile kumazwe asakhasayo. Ngelixesha ezi nkonzo zikhuthaza ukufakwa kwemali, zikwadala iindlela ezintsha zokuthunyelwa komgangatho ophantsi we-"%evolume ezinokubhabha ngaphantsi kwerada yemiqobo eqhelekileyo yokunika ingxelo. Abalawuli babhidaniswa nendlela yokusebenzisa i-antirplace lantinder la (AML) imithetho kwintlawulo yeselfowuni ngaphandle kokufumana ingeniso enzima. Ubuchule bemali kufuneka buguqulele ukuhlaziywa kwezitako zemali ezibhayqwe, ugcino-data lorhwebo, kunye neeplatfomu ze-e-ekhommerce.

Izixhobo zezeefashoni nezomanyano lwehlabathi lonke

Akukho lizwe linye linokulwa ngokuphumelelayo nemali yabanqolobi.

Umkhosi womsebenzi wezemali (FATF)

IFATF ngumgangatho womhlaba wonke ochasene nemali efakwa epalini kunye nokulwa nokuxhaswa kwemali yabanqolobi (AML/CFT). Icebisa ukuba amazwe angaphezu kwama-200 athembise ukuzalisekisa impumelelo. Izenzo zophando zophando oludibeneyo ukuvavanya ukuba amazwe ayisebenzisa kakuhle kangakanani le milinganiselo, kuquka ukusetyenziswa kolwaphulo-mthetho lwemali, umthetho wezinto zenyani, kunye nokubonakala kobumnini obuluncedo. Amazwe angahlangabekiyo kwimilinganiselo yeFATF anokujamelana neziphumo ezizizo zodumo nemali, ezibangela izisusa ezinamandla zokuthobela.

Iqela elingumnqophiso weMali lamaQumrhu oBuntlola bezeMali

Iqela le-Egmont inika iqonga elikhuselekileyo kwiFUUS ukusuka kumazwe ali-170+ ukutshintshiselana ngobukrelekrele bemali. Kulo mnatha, ingxelo yentengiso ebekwe kwelinye ilizwe ingaxhobisa ngoko nangoko uphando olufanayo kwelinye. Inkqubo ye-Egmont ekhuselekileyo yeweb sign ivumela abacukumi ukuba bacele kwaye babelane ulwazi kwimijelo yezelo, idla ngokugqitha imijelo yezelo yezente. Le santya sinzima xa ihamba kwimibaliso emininzi.

Izigqibo zeBhunga loKhuseleko leZizwe Ezimanyeneyo

Isigqibo seBhunga loKhuseleko leZizwe Ezimanyeneyo 1373 (2001) kunye nezigqibo ezilandelayo zifuna ukuba onke amazwe angamalungu asebenzise inkxaso-mali yobugrogrisi, azenze ingqesho eqinileyo, kwaye athintele ukubonelelwa kwemali yabanqolobi. Isalathisi soLawulo lweSigqeba soLawulo oluPhezulu seZizwe Ezimanyeneyo (I-Counterpartis) sibonise ukuphunyezwa kwemiqathango yobugcisa kwaye sinikezele uncedo kumazwe anenkqubo ebuthathaka. Ubuchule bezezimali obubangelwa yiFIUs busoloko buyila isiseko soludwe lwabanqolobi bama-UN, ngoko olumiselwe emhlabeni wonke.

Icandelo lobucala

Iibhanki, ukutshintshiselana ngentelekelelo, amashishini emali, namanye amaziko emali aphambili ekufumaneni. Kufuneka ukuba zikhuphe iingxelo zomsebenzi ezikrokrelekileyo (SARS) kunye neengxelo zentengiselwano ezikrokrelekayo (STS) kunye nelizwe le-FIU. Umanyano lwamaqumrhu obuqu, olufana noluyi-UK’S $:0] I-Depresst Money Launder Intering Tacilling Stacity Force , zizisa kunye ukunyanzelisa umthetho kunye namaqumrhu emali ukuze zabelane inkcasongelo ngexesha le-19, ngokweeveki. Le misebenzi iye yakhokelela ekufunyanisweni kwemixongo zemali engaziwayo ngaphambili nengqekelelwano ezingaziwayoyo zezigidi zemali kwimali yabagrobi.

Isiphelo: Ikamva lobuntlola bezemali kwiNkcubeko

Ubulumko bemali abusaxhasi nje umsebenzi wokulwa nobugrogrisi; sisixhobo esisemgceni esisimo esisisona iziphumo ezicacileyo zamaphulo achasene nobunqolobi. Ngokulandela imali, amagunya angazoba ii-metal, axele uhlaselo, kwaye athobe amandla okuphumelela ngexesha. Impumelelo nxamnye ne-AlàQaeda, i-ISSIS, namanye amaqela abonakalisa ukuba uxinzelelo lwemali luyasebenza. Noko ke, isisongelo sinamandla. Ukusetyenziswa okukhula kwe-scypocrycurecrecrecy, ukwakhiwa kwenkqubo yokudlulisa ngokungacwangciswanga, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwendlela yokusebenza ngokutyikityiswa kwentengiselwano kufuna ulwano oluqhubekayo.

Ikamva lobuchule bemali liza kuchazwa zizicwangciso ezintathu: ulungelelwaniso olusemthethweni [AINT] ukubeka izithuba zentengiselwano, olunzulu udibaniso olunzulu [ logcino-lwazi lukawonke-wonke kunye nolwamacandelo obuqu, kwaye lwe-glone yomthetho ye- ukuvala izithuba ezilawulayo. Amazwe angenisa i-FATFFF, kwaye asebenzisana kwizizwe ngezizwe aya kuthintelwa kwimali ebangela ukuba kubekho ubugrogrisi. Imfazwe echasene nemali ayizuzwa kanye kunye ne-injini eqhubekayo, kodwa ayakwazi ukuphumelela kwicala lokhuseleko. Kodwa ke, ukhuthungo lwemali lungashiyekile.