IsiHlaliso seNkqutyana kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States simi njengentsika ebalulekileyo yeBhili yamaLungelo, eyenzelwe ukukhusela abantu ekuphathweni ngurhulumente nokuqinisekisa ukuba kulungile ngaphakathi kwenkqubo engokwasemthethweni. Ilayitiwe ngo1791, iindinyana zayo ezintlanu ezicacileyo ````````Grand Jury Claus'', i-Reopardy, i-Iactrand Real Claus, i-Uzikomze-Umthetho we-Ulwe-Ulwe-Umthetho, i-Uzikomkeli-umthetho we-Oldale, i-Uservaldale, i-Clascle, kunye nokuthatha i-Canaako kuxhomekeke kwisiseko somthetho, kunye nempahla yemihla ngemihla yonke. Nabani nabani nabani ofunda umthetho, i-okanye nomntu ngamnye, ulawulo lwembali yoluntu, oluqhubekayo, oluqhubekayo, oluqhubekayo, olusetyenziswayo oluqhubekayo, oluqhubekayo, oluqhubekayo, oluqhubekayo, oluqhubekayo lweNquluvo lwamanani oluqhubekayo.

Imvelaphi Nendlela Echanabeke Ngayo Embalini

UHlomelo lwesihlanu aluzange luphume kulawulo olungenamandla. Iingcambu zalo zibuyela kumthetho wamaNgesi oqhelekileyo, kuquka ukuqinisekisa kukaMagna Carta ngenkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nelungelo lomthetho oqhelekileyo nxamnye nokuzidityanisa. OoTata Abasunguli, balumkela ukuphathwa kakubi ababekufumene phantsi kolawulo lwaseBritane . Ngokunjalo njengobungqina obunyanzelekileyo kunye nokuxhuzula kwempahla − kwazikhusela ngokucacileyo xa kuqulunqelwa iBhili lamaLungelo. UJames Madison wacebisa ekuqaleni ukuba ukuncishwa kwemiqathango enkulu yemiqathango kumandla orhulumente, kwaye kwavunywa ngamanye amagunya alithoba alishumi elithoba e-179191.

Okubalulekileyo, kwimbali enkulu yaseMerika, uHlaziyo lweNkqutyana lwalusebenza kuphela kurhulumente worhulumente wesizwe. Kwakungekuphela kwesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yeshumi elinesine ngo1868, kunye nezigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ezalandelayo ngenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, ukuba uninzi lwezikhuselo zayo “luye lwafakwa” kumazwe ngokuchasene ne-CS Procestion Clause yeSinyuselo se-14. Le nkqubo nkqubo, ngokuqhelekileyo ebizwa ngokuba yi-"Desclementation shortmentiation [eyenziwa ngokuzinziwa isiqinisekiso seSihlanu Somvolo-10] sehlabathi lonke lomntu ngamnye eUnited States, enoba kusetyenziswa urhulumente, okanye amagunya asekuhlaleni.

Ukukhuselwa ekuzichaseni

Ukuzithethelela ngokwakho kuka-Claus kusenokuba yeyona nto ibalulekileyo ekuhlaziyweni kweSihlaziyo sesihlanu. Inika imvume yokuba akukho mntu “oya kunyanzelwa nakweliphi na icala ukuba abe lingqina elichasene nolwaphulo-mthetho.” Eli lungelo livumela abantu ukuba bangavumi ukuphendula imibuzo okanye bavelise ubungqina obunokukhokelela kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Ayipheleliselwanga ekunikeleni ubungqina enkundleni; idlulisela kuncinwano lwamapolisa, ukuchotshelwa kwemithetho, kunye neengxoxo zoluntu apho iimpendulo zinokubhenca amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho.

Imeko yembali iyachaza. Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe yeNgilani, iNkundla yeNkundla yeNcasa neenkundla zobufundisi yanyanzelisa abantu ukuba bafunge isifungo kunye nokuphendula imibuzo ebophelelekileyo phantsi kwesohlwayo sobuxoki. AbaLamli bafuna ukuphelisa ezo nkqubo zomanyano, beqonda ukuba inkqubo esesikweni ayimele inyanzele umntu ukuba anike ubungqina obufunekayo ukuze afumane isiqinisekiso sakhe. Eli lungelo lisebenza ngokunzulu kubantu bendalo, kungekhona kwimibutho okanye kwamanye amaqumrhu.

Isilumkiso SeMiranda Nendaleko Yaso

Nangona ukhuseleko loMphetho wesihlanu wokuzikhusela lwamiselwa ixesha elide, ukusebenza kwawo okusebenzayo ebudeni bokuncinwa kwamapolisa ahlala ehleli nabaphathi akuzange kucaciswe ngokupheleleyo de kube ngoo1960. Kwimeko yophawu imanda v. Arizona [1966], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabonisa ukuba amapolisa kufuneka axele ukuba anelungelo lawo lokuhlala ethe cwaka kwaye ilungelo lawo lihlale likwigqwetha phambi kwayo nayiphi na ingxiloso. Ukungaphumeleli ukwenza njalo nayiphi na intetho efunyenwe enkungeneni. Isehlolweni eqhelekile “Miranda" ngoku iyinxalenye eqhelekileyo yenkqubo yaseMelika.

Kanti umthetho uguqukile. Izigqibo ezilandelayo zitshintshile. Berghuis v. Thompkins (2010) kunye Salinas v. Texas (202013])."'' uthe thambiso lumele luzimise ngokuphandle ukuba lithetha okulungileyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba u-Thompkitha, kodwa akusaneli. Ngaphezu koko, ilungelo alikhuseli kwimveliso yobungqina obuphathekayo (umz., DNA, iscandensis) ngenxa yokuba ubungqina obunje asiko “ukucela uncedo oluqhelekileyo" kwindalo. Ezi zibalaselubala uxinzelelo oluqhubekayo phakathi komthetho osebenzayo kunye nelungelo lomntu ngamnye.

Ukucela Owesihlanu: Oko Kuthethwa Kukuqhelisela

Ukucela uHlaziyo lweNtlanganiso yesihlanu asikokuvuma ukuba unetyala. Enyanisweni, iNkundla Ephakamileyo ikudala ikholelwa ukuba akukho nkcazelo iqatha inokufunyanwa ngokuthula kommangalelwa kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Kodwa ke, kwiimeko zoluntu, imeko ayicacanga. Iqela elingqina ukuba uMphengululo wesihlanu kwityala loluntu lisenokujamelana neziphumo ezimbi phela phela quka ukugwetywa kwabo okungagqibekanga.

Eli lungelo likwadlulela ngaphaya kobungqina obubhaliweyo. Ligubungela ukuveliswa kwamaxwebhu, iidipozithi, kunye neengxelo eziya kuba bubungqina bendalo. Iingxelo zeshishini ezigcinwe ngumxhasi omnye zisenokukhuselwa, kodwa iingxelo zombutho azinakuthintelwa. Ukuqonda le mida kuyingozi kuye nawuphi na umntu onokuzifumana ephantsi kophando okanye engaphantsi kwenqanawa.

Ingozi Ephindwe Kabini: Isiphelo Nobulungisa

I-Fabini Jeopardy Claus inikela ukuba akukho mntu “oza kubekwa phantsi kwetyala elifanayo ukuze abekwe engozini ephindwe kabini yobomi okanye ilungu lomzimba.” Oku kuthetha ukuba xa ummangalelwa ekhululwe okanye egwetyiwe ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho, urhulumente akanakuphinda awacinezele ngetyala elifanayo. Igalelo elikhusela ekuhlukunyezweni, iindleko, kunye noxinzelelo lweemvakalelo lokutshutshiswa ngokulandelelanayo kwaye liqinisekisa ukuba ityala linesiphelo esipheleleyo.

Noko ke, ukwalelwa akuphelelanga. Usebenza kuphela ku- “kumangalelwa okukodwa” ngumlawuli omnye. Phantsi kolawulo "lolawulo" imfundiso, urhulumente wesizwe norhulumente bangamangalela ummangalelwa ngesenzo esifanayo ngaphandle kokwaphula umthetho we-Dond Reardity Claus. Umzekelo, umntu ophanga ibhanki ekhutshelwe yi-ofisi esemthethweni kwaye ophula imithetho yombuso yokuphanga angajamelana nezilingo ezahlukeneyo. Ngaphezu koko, ukuvavanywa okuphosakeleyo okubangelwa yimfuno ecacileyo (umz., ijaji exhotyiweyo) ayifaki tyala kwakhona.

Eli binzana likwabhekisela kwisohlwayo esiphindaphindiweyo solwaphulo-mthetho olunye kwityala elinye. Ukuba inkundla ibeka isohlwayo esingaphezulu kwesomthetho, esinokuthi saphule igalelo. INkundla Ephakamileyo itolike isithi “ingozi” ukudibanisa inkundla yejaji xa ithe yafungela okanye ingqina lokuqala lifungelwe kwityala elibekiweyo. Ukuqonda ezi nkcukacha kubalulekile kumagqwetha okhuseleko kunye nabatshutshisi ngokufanayo.

Inkqubela Efanelekileyo: Ilitye Lobulungisa

I-System Processol Claus of the Find 5 Amendment ivakalisa ukuba akukho mntu “uya kuhluthwa ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efunekayo yomthetho.” Le yenye yezona ndlela zikude zokukhusela kumGaqo-siseko. Iqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zikarhulumente ezichaphazela abantu ziqhutywa kakuhle, ngesaziso kunye nethuba lokuva. Inkqubo elindelekileyo iyahlulwa ngokweendidi ezimbini: iprocedtural kunye ne-ecurease.

Inkqubo eQhelekileyo

Inkqubo efanelekileyo yenkcazelo ifuna ukuba urhulumente alandele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo ngaphambi kokuba ahluthe umntu wobomi, wenkululeko, okanye wempahla. Ezi nkqubo ziyahluka-hluka kuxhomekeka kumongo wetyala. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ziquka ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza nakuluntu, ilungelo lokujamelana namangqina, nelungelo lokucebisa. Kwimimiselo yolawulo, zibandakanya ukuchotshelwa, ilungelo lokunikela ubungqina, kunye nomenzi wesigqibo ongenamkhethe. Umgaqo ongundoqo ngukuba abantu banikwe isaziso esinentsingiselo kunye nethuba lokwenene lokuphikisa isenzo sikarhulumente.

Umzekelo, Goldberg v. Kelly (1970), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yakholelwa ukuba abamkeli bentlalo-ntle banelungelo lokuva ngokucacileyo phambi kokuba iinzuzo zabo zipheliswe. Le meko ibonisa ukuba inkqubo efunekayo yokubhalisa isebenza kwiingenelo ezininzi zikarhulumente, hayi kumalungelo empahla esithethe.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo

Inkqubo efunekayo esezantsi idlulela ngaphaya kweenkqubo zenkqubo kwaye ikhusela amalungelo athile asisiseko ekungeneleni korhulumente − kwanokuba zinkqubo ezifanelekileyo ziyalandelwa. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yasebenzisa inkqubo efunekayo ukuze ikhusele ukhetho lobuqu olunzulu, olunjengelungelo lokutshata, ilungelo lokusebenzisa ukuthintela ukuthintela ukukhawula, nelungelo lokungavumi unyango lwezamayeza. Ikwakhusela izilangazelelo zenkululeko kwisenzo soburhulumente esiqhutywa ngomkhethe.

Abahlalutyi bathi inkqubo encinci efunekayo yenza ukuba iinkundla zikwazi ukubhalisa ibhedi, ngoxa abaxhasi besithi kubalulekile ukukhusela isidima somntu ngamnye. ISihlalo Somthambeko sesihlanu sisebenza ngqo kurhulumente wezwe, kodwa kusetyenziswa iMithetho ye-145th Amendmentment, isebenza kumazwe. I-interliginetic phakathi kwenkqubo efunekayo yeprocedual neyokusetyenziswa kwemithetho-siseko ihlala ingummandla ophambili wengxoxo yengxoxo.

Ummandla oncitshisiweyo kunye noqokelelo olusesikweni

Ukuthatha uClaus(e) okwaziwa ngokuba yiEminient Long Place +ss isithi impahla yabucala ayizukuthatyathwa “ukusetyenziswa nguwonke-wonke, ngaphandle kwembuyiselo.” Eli lungiselelo livumela urhulumente ukuba anyanzele ukuthengiswa kwempahla yabucala ukwenzela imisebenzi enceda uluntu, njengeendlela zokweenqwelo-ndlela, izikolo, okanye iipaki. Kodwa kufuneka ukuba umniniyo afumane ixabiso elifanelekileyo lemarike.

Igalelo libangele impikiswano ebalulekileyo, ingakumbi ngoko kukuthi kutheni “umsebenzi kawonke-wonke.” Kelo v. IsiXeko saseNew London (2005], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yakholelwa ukuba inkqubela-phambili yezoqoqosho ifaneleke njengomsebenzi kawonke wonke, nokokuba impahla ngoko ithunyelwa kumbhekisi phambili wabucala. Esi sigqibo sabangela ukuphithana, kukhokelela amazwe amaninzi ukugqithisa imithetho ethintela ukusetyenziswa kommandla ophezulu kwimisebenzi yabucala. Le meko ihlala iyi-""i-"'explot projectal ments" malunga namalungelo empahla, amandla oshishino-o-orhulumente, kunye nokuphaza.

Izicelo zelizwe lokwenene lommandla ophakamileyo zahluka kakhulu. Xa umbhobho, umzila, okanye isibonelelo sifuna ukunqumla umhlaba wabucala, urhulumente usoloko esebenzisa ummandla ophezulu ukukhusela ukukhululeka okufunekayo, ngembuyekezo enqunyulwe yingqino, kwaye, ukuba inkundla iyaphikisana. Abanini zindawo banelungelo lokucel ’ umngeni imfuneko yokuthabatha kunye nemali yembuyiselo. Ukuqonda ukuba u-Cantis Claus ubalulekile kumnini-mhlaba, amashishini, namagosa kawonke-wonke abandakanyeke kwimisebenzi yesiseko.

ISikhundla Esikhulu sikaClaus Nezityholo

IGrand Jury Clause ifuna ukuba “ngecala, okanye ngenye indlela ulwaphulo-mthetho oludume kakubi,” umtshutshisi wetyala wasekuhlaleni angaqhubeka emva kokuba ityala elikhulu linikezele ityala. Iqumrhu eliphakamileyo labachopheli-tyala (iqumrhu elinobulungisa) elinobungqina obunikezelwa ngumtshutshisi kwaye ligqibe ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kukho isizathu sokukholelwa ukuba umangalelwa ulwaphulo-mthetho. Eli nqaku alisebenzi kurhulumente (Inkundla ePhakamileyo yala ukuyifaka kwi-' iHUrtado v. California,[1], kodwa abaninzi bathi baneenkqubo ezintle zokugweba.

Abachopheli-tyala abazukileyo basebenza njengendlela yokuhlola amandla abagxeli, beqinisekisa ukuba izityholo aziziziswa ngokusemthethweni. Noko ke, abagxeki baphawula ukuba izigqeba ezikhulu zejaji ezifumana izicelo zerhabha ezisetyenziswayo kuba ziva icala elinye kuphela letyala kwaye azibotshelelwanga yimithetho emininzi ecacileyo. Nangona oku kugxekwa, iGrand Jury Clause ihlala ingumkhuseli osemthethweni ukuba abamangalelwa kwiimeko zikarhulumente abanakukwazi ukurhoxa.

IsiHlomelo Sesihlanu Kubuxoki Bale Mihla

Kubume bale mihla obusemthethweni, uMphengululo wesihlanu uyaqhubeka uvelisa imiba yokusika-edge. Ityala elibandakanya ukuzimela kwamanani, uphando lwenkampani, nelungelo elichasene nokuzikhusela kolwaphulo-mthetho olumhlophe liqhelekile. INkundla ePhakamileyo ibambene nokuba iSihlanu soMphengululo sikhusela amagama afihlakeleyo okanye isenzo sokuvelisa amaxwebhu amanani. United States v. Hubbell[ [2000], iNkukholelwa ukuba ukuveliswa kwamaxwebhu okunyanzelelwa kungangqinela ukuba kufuna ummangalelwa ukuba avume ukuba ukho, abekho, abe kunye nokunyaniseka.

Enye indawo ekhawulezileyo yale mihla kukudibana kweSigqibo sesihlanu soMphetho-mvaba nemicimbi yokufuduka. Abahlali baye baqinisekisa ilungelo lokungamelani nokuzichasa ekususweni kwezindlebe, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimibuzo entsonkothileyo yokuba ukuzola kusenokusetyenziswa kusini na kubo. Ngokufanayo, i-Adth Procession yesihlanu yoMphengululo ka-Claus iye yacelwa ukuvavanya ukuvalelwa okungagqibekanga, ukuvalelwa yedwa, nezinye iimeko ezinzima.

Ngaphezu koko, uMphetho wesihlanu usoloko ucelwa ngamagosa karhulumente nabantu ngabanye ngexesha lophando lwamaqumrhu. Ukukhutshelwa kweNtlanganiso yesihlanu ngamanani afana no-Oliver waseMntla-Contra ngexesha lokuchotshelwa kwetyala leIran kwaye kutshanje ngabantu abakwimibuzo eyahlukahlukeneyo yengqungquthela babonisa ukubaluleka kwayo kwezopolitiko. Ukuqonda uMphetho-Mdama-ntle wesihlanu kubalulekile kubachopheli-ndaba, kumagqwetha, kumagqwetha, kumaqumrhu eeli eepolisi, nakubemi abathembisileyo.

Indlela Yokufundisa Ekufundiseni Umgaqo Wesihlanu Wokulungiswa

Abafundisi banethuba elikhethekileyo lokwenza uHlaziyo lweNhlanu lube yinto ephilayo kubafundi. Ngenxa yokuba ukukhusela kwalo kwimifanekiso ephawulekayo yasenkundleni, kwiinkqubo zamapolisa, nakwiimbambano zempahla, kubandakanyeke ngokwemvelo. Uqeqesho oluninzi lufanele luthabathe intloko ngokucatshulwa kombhalo wesiHlazo kwaye lukhuthaza ukucingela ngokugxeka iindleko neengenelo zaso.

Enye indlela enamandla kukusebenzisa iimvavanyo zentelekelelo okanye uqheliselo lwenkundla yelotho olusekelwe kumatyala okwenene eNkundla ePhakamileyo. Abafundi bangaphikisana omabini amacala . UMendanda v.Arizona okanye Kello v. Isixeko saseNew London[ kwaye ke baxubushe imibandela. Iingxoxo kwimixholo enjengathi “urhulumente ufanele avunyelwe ukuthatha impahla ukwenzela inkqubela-phambili yabucala ukuba yandisa irhafuthelo?" okanye “imfuno zifuneka ukuba zinike intetho eyimfihlo kwizixhobo ezifihlakeleyo?" ingagqabaza ingxubano emnandi.

Enye indlela kukuhlolisisa amajelo eendaba okuncinwa kwamapolisa okanye ukukhutshelwa kweSihlalo sesihlanu esidumileyo kwimpucuko edumileyo. Abafundi bangabona xa amalungelo omntu orhanelwayo ephulwa baze baxubushe oko kuza kwenzeka ngokulandelayo. Ukuthelekisa inkqubo yaseMerika namanye amazwe angenalo ilungelo lokuzichasa ngokwawo kusenokuphinda kube neembono eziphangaleleyo.

Abafundisi bafanele bagxininise umongo wembali, banxibelele ukutshintshwa kwamava omseki phantsi kolawulo lweBritane kunye neengxoxo zale mihla malunga nokujongwa kwamapolisa kunye namandla karhulumente. Ngokudibanisa ixesha elidlulileyo nelikhoyo, abafundi banokuqonda ukuba uHlomelo lwesihlanu alusisiphelo kodwa lusikhuseli esiphilayo esimele sikhuselwe kwaye sicaciswe ngokuqhubekayo.

Isiphelo

IsiHlaliso sesihlanu sihlala sisesinye sezixhobo ezinamandla zokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye kwinkqubo yomthetho waseMerika. Amalungiselelo aso ``ogrand jaji, ikhuselo kwingozi ephindwe kabini, ilungelo elichasene nokuzibandakanya, inkqubo efanelekileyo, kunye nembuyekezo yokusebenzisana kunye, ukuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente akanakukwazi ukuvimba umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Ngoxa icandelo ngalinye libunjwe ngeenkulungwane zokucaciswa kwezomthetho kunye nokutshintsha kwemibutho yabantu, imigaqo engundoqo iyanyamezela. Abafundisi, abafundi, kunye nabemi, ukuqonda okunzulu kokuHlaliswa koMmiselo wesihlanu akuyo nje emfundo nje; kuyimfuneko yokukhusela inkululeko nokusesikweni. Ngokufunda imbali yalo, ukuxabisa ukuxabisa ukusetyenziswa kwalo, nokusebenzisa izifundo zalo kwiingxaki zexesha elikhoyo, sihlonela umbono womthetho wokuQondanisa, nowongaphindo lwezinziso.

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