Isebenza njengemiqobo yemithetho elawulayo yezomthetho elawulayo njengemiqobo ephambili ekuchaneni kwempilo, ngokufuthi iqikelela ukuba ityala lichaphazeleke kusini na kwisibhedlele sikawonke-wonke, kwiziko lezamayeza laseyunivesithi, okanye iziko lezempilo likarhulumente likhe lifikelele kwinkundla yejaji. Ifakwe kwiSindululo se-Elenyeth Amendment, le mfundiso esemthethweni ingacima izityholo ezisemthethweni ngaphambi kokuba kuqalise ukufunyanwa. Kubalawuli bezoburhulumente, ifuna ukuqondwa ngokuchanekileyo komthetho-siseko, isiseko somthetho-orhulumente, kunye nesiseko solawulo-orhulumente esingurhulumente sikwimibutho engekho mthethweni. Abalawuli bezonyango, abaphathi-oomabhala-mthetho, kunye nesiluleko esisemthethweni, zisebenza njengezinto ezigxekayo, nangona zingakhuselekanga ngokupheleleyo, ukuchasana kwemali. Eli nqaku linikela uvavanyo olugunya-mthetho lwezolongo lwempilo kwimo yempilo, umgaqo-gracracrac, inggralitiograc, ing, ing elungelelal elungelelal

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko kunye nenkqubo yendaleko yokungahambelani kolawulo

Imfundiso yale mihla yokuzimela ulawulo lolawulo lombuso ilandela umnombo wayo ukuya kuMphetho-mva wesiZwe weshumi elinesithoba, ovunyiweyo ngowe-1795, onika lo mmiselo: "Amandla eeJaji eUnited States akazukuthathwa njengokwandisa nakuphi na ukufaneleka komthetho okanye ukulingana, eqaliswe okanye egwetywe ngokuchasene nomnye we-United States yi-Valaties yelinye ilizwe, okanye yi-Bami okanye iZiphelo okanye iZingalo zeLizwe lalonke. Nangona umbhalo ubonakala umxinene, iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo itolike ixesha elide itolika imigaqo yokuzinziswa kwemimiselo epheleleyo yemimiselo ngaphandle kwemvume, ikwandiswa kwabemi belizwe belinye inkundla yezomthetho wezonyango xa ingazange ivume. Isigqibo esingumthetho esingumthetho esingumthetho ogunyazwe kakhulu [FL.[FG.10]

Izigqibo ezilandelayo zicombulule umgangatho wemfundiso. USeminole Tribe yase Florida v. Florida, 517 U.S.1996), iNkundla yathi iNkundla ayinalo igunya phantsi kweGatya leSigqeba I lokukhusela urhulumente ngokungenasiphelo. Oku kulawula kulinganisela ngamandla okungalawulekiyo okungalawulekiyo kwemeko-burhulumente ukuzisa izibhengezo ze-amgada-mthetho, quka iziqinisekiso ezithile ezinxulumene nezempilo, ``````Aucet'''''', ngaphandle kokuba iBhunga-amandla ayo okulawula phantsi kweCandelo l-14, uGawula-Gampli. Isiphumo sikwimeko esemthethweni apho imo yezonyango linandipha ukulawulwa ngamandla kwemali yangasese yomonakalo, ukubeka iindleko-mali ezikhoyo kwi-ethe-ethe-ethe-

Isigqeba soLawulo lweshumi elinesi-11 asisebenzi nje kuphela ekulawuleni kodwa nakwimibutho ekufanelekelayo ukuba yi-"izikhali zikarhulumente". Ukuqinisekisa ukuba isibhedlele, isebe lempilo, okanye iziko lezonyango liyakufanelekela ukuthintelwa kufuneka kuphandwe ulwalamano phakathi kwento nemali yogcino-mali yemali. Ukuba umgwebo nxamnye nequmrhu uzakuhlawulwa ngemali karhulumente, iqumrhu lisenokuba liyathintelwa. Olu vavanyo lwemisebenzi lubangele ukuhlaziywa okukhulu kwicandelo lezonyango, apho izakhiwo zentlangano zihluka-nde khona kwiimeko ezithile.

I-"Arm of State" Ukuncitshiswa kwempilo

Kukuhlaziywa kwempilo, umbuzo womqobo usoloko usithi ngaba amalungu afunyaniswe njenge "isandla sikarhulumente" esinelungelo lokhuseleko lobukhosi. Olu kuzimisela kuyinto ecacileyo-ecacileyo, efuna iinkundla zivavanye oothunywa abaliqela: ityala lemali lesizwe lomgwebo ngokuchasene nento ekhoyo, iqondo lolawulo lorhulumente kwimisebenzi yento ethile, ukwenziwa kophawu lwento phantsi komthetho wesizwe, nokuba ngaba umntu usebenza umsebenzi karhulumente. Izixhobo zonyango zinikela umgangatho ohlukeneyo wamalungiselelo ekwakhemi, yenza olu hlalutyo lube luntsoko ngokukhethekileyo.

Inkqubo yezibhedlele zikawonke-wonke

Izibhedlele ezisebenzisana nezikhululo zikawonke-wonke nezibhedlele ezisebenzisana nephondo zisoloko ziphikisa ngelithi zingamandla karhulumente afanelwe kukuthintelwa. Noko ke, isiphumo sixhomekeke kakhulu kumthetho wesizwe nakwizakhiwo zemali. EFlorida, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele kwelokuba izibhedlele azinelungelo lodwa lokukhusela izibhedlele; endaweni yoko, kufuneka zibonise ukuba umgwebo ungayichaphazele ngqo imali karhulumente. Ngokufanayo, eTexas, isithili esithile sasezibhedlele esidalwe ngumthetho jikelele singangabi nako ukukhusela ukukhusela ngenxa yokuba zizimele kwezobupolitika kunokuba zibe ngamaziko karhulumente.

Izibhedlele zengqondo ezilawulwa yimeko-ntle nezixhobo zokunyamekela izifo zengqondo ezisetyenziswa ixesha elide zinandipha ukukhusela ukukhusela okubangelwa kukulawulwa ngurhulumente ngqo kwaye zixhaswa ngemali ngoncedo lwezonyango. Oku kuthintelwa kunokuzikhusela ekuchaphazeleni umonakalo wonyango olungakhathaliyo, kwanakwiimeko ezibandakanya umonakalo onzulu. Noko ke, amatyala asoloko enikela ezinye iindlela zokunyanga ngezenzo zokuthoba, ezivumela ukumangalelwa okulinganiselweyo ngokuchasene namaqumrhu aphantsi kwemfuno karhulumente kwiimfuno zenkqubo zesizwe ezifana nesaziso sonyango kunye neekepisi zomonakalo.

IZiko leMilingo leYunivesithi yaseStates

Amaziko amayeza asetyenziswa ziiyunivesithi zelizwe anika imibuzo ephindaphindayo yokuzikhusela. Imeko ekhokelayo ihlala ikho IRegents zeYunivesithi yaseKhalifoniya v. Doe, 519 U.S. 425 (1997), apho iNkundla Ephakamileyo ikholelwa ukuba iyunivesithi inelungelo lokukhusela ityala, ngenxa yokuba urhulumente ugcine imbopheleleko yemali epheleleyo. Le sigqibo sigxininisa ukuba imithombo yemali yesibini, njengemigaqo ye-inshorensi, ayiwuchazi ukhuseleko ngaphandle kokuba imvume engoko.

Ukwenziwa komthetho obandakanya amaziko emfundo yonyango eyunivesithi kusoloko kubhekiselele ekubeni ummiselo owenzayo weyunivesithi uquka "unyu kwaye ubekwe" icandelo. Iingxelo ezinjalo zingabumba umchasi wokhuselo, kodwa iinkundla zifikelele iziphumo ezingqubanayo. Amanye amagunya aphatha i-gente "unyuso kwaye aphehlwa" njengesixhobo sokuzikhusela esipheleleyo kuzo zonke iinjongo, ngelinye ixesha amanye alinganisela umxhasi kwimisebenzi ephezulu okanye iintlobo ezithile zobuphicociso. Isiluleko esisemthethweni esimela izibhedlele eziseyunivesithi kufuneka zihlolisise ngenyameko intelekelelo yeyunivesithi kunye nezicaciso zenkundla yenkundla yetyala.

ISebe leMicimbi yeNkcubeko neMibutho yezeMpilo yeLizwe

Amasebe ezempilo karhulumente kunye nolwahlulo lwawo oluqhelekileyo lufanelekela ukukhusela ulawulo lolawulo xa kusenziwa imisebenzi yempilo kawonke-wonke. Oku kuquka uhlolo, ukujongwa kwezifo, kunye nemisebenzi yokusabela kongxamiseko. Noko ke, ukuthintelwa komzimba akunakunwenwa kwimisebenzi yezorhwebo, efana nezorhwebo okanye ii-inshorensi ezibhaliswa ngasese. Umahluko phakathi kwemisebenzi karhulumente neproprietary uhlala ufanelekile kumazwe amaninzi, nangona uGawula-mthetho weshumi elinesi-11 ngokwawo ngokwawo ungaluchazi olu mahluko olu lwabiwo-mali-mali.

IMedicaid ephethwe yimibutho yezonyango inikela umzobo onzima. Xa izivumelwano zikarhulumente kunye nombutho olawulwa yiwodwa wenkathalo ukunikezela iinzuzo ze-Medicaid, iqumrhu labucala liqhele ukungonwabi kokhuseleko oluphezulu. Noko ke, xa urhulumente ngokwawo esebenza njengombutho olawulayo wenkathalo, njengoko amazwe amaninzi enza ngesebe lawo lempilo . Abathathi-nxaxheba bazama ukuvavanya ukungenelwa okungalunganga okanye ulawulo olungakhathaliyo lweenkqubo zokunyamekela abasebenzi kufuneka baqwalasele enoba bangaba banokukhokelwa na ngamagosa orhulumente abalindele uncedo phantsi kwe [[FLT:] Inxalenye yenkqubo yempilo yabo encinane imfundiso, kunokuba bafune ukonakaliswa ngemali ngqo kwimongombuso.

Isikhokelo esikhethekileyo ekuchaneni koMlawuli kwiiNjongo zezeMpilo

Ngoxa ukhuseleko oluzimeleyo lusithintela kakhulu, iindidi eziliqela ezimiselwe kakuhle zivumela ukuba unyango luqhubeke. Ukufumaneka kwezi zithathi-nxaxheba kusoloko kumisela ukuba imeko ingasinda kusini na xa ihamba ukuze ikhanyele okanye ikhawuleze umgwebo.

Imfundiso Ethi Epheleleyo Engumntwana

Imfundiso ye-209 ye-U.S.E. (08), ivumela iisuti ngokuchasene namagosa karhulumente kubuchule bawo obusemthethweni obulindelekileyo ukuze alungise ulwaphulo-mthetho oluqhubekayo. Le mfundiso isekelwe kwintsomi esemthethweni yokuba urhulumente owenza ngokuchasene nomthetho wesizwe uhluliwe kwigunya lakhe okanye i-odonga lakhe elisemthethweni kwaye angamangalelwa ngokomntu ngamnye. Kumongo wempilo, le mfundiso iye yasetyenziswa ukuvavanya ucelomngeni nxamnye nomlawuli welizwe leMedicaid, abaphathi-ofisi yezonyango, abaphathi-ofisi besebe lezezempilo, kunye nezikomkhulu leyunivesithi.

Ukubiza i-Ex ye-Young ukuchaswa, umchasi-mthetho kufuneka aqhubeke echasana nomthetho wesizwe kwaye afune isiqabu esiphelisa ukwaphulwa kolwaphulo-mthetho ngokulindelekileyo. Ukohlulwa kwemali yengozi edlulileyo akufumaneki phantsi kwale mfundiso. Izicelo zonyango oluqhelekileyo ziquka imingeni ethintela ukufikelela kwiinkonzo eziyimfuneko ngokwezamayeza, ukungakwazi ukunikezela iinkonzo zoluntu phantsi koMthetho we-Medicaid wolwaphulo-mthetho oludityanisiweyo. Le mfundiso ayivumeli kugwetyelwa ngokwazo ngokwazo, ngokuchasene namagosa athile, kwaye isithulelo esifunwayo kufuneka sifikelele kwindalo.

Iinkundla ziye zavuma imiqathango emibini ebalulekileyo ku Ex yeye2 ngaphandle. Okokuqala, le mfundiso ayinyukeli kwimpahla ngokuchasene namagosa karhulumente ngenxa yokwaphulwa komthetho karhulumente, ngenxa yokuba ingcamango yokurhoxa kwegunya elisemthethweni isebenza kuphela ekuphulweni komthetho karhulumente. Okwesibini, le mfundiso ayinakusetyenziswa ukufumana isiqabuko esinokuba nesiphumo esisebenzayo somonakalo ovela kuqoqosho ukuba uncedo lwemali luxhomekeke kulawulo lwelizwe ukuba ukukhululeka lubhacelwe ngokulinganayo kunoko lulindelekileyo kwindalo.

Ukuhlaziywa kweNkcubeko ngaphantsi kweCandelo 5 loMphetho-mda we-14

Nangona iKhomishini ingenakusingela ukhuseleko oluphezulu lwesizwe phantsi kweGatya I, ingenza njalo phantsi kweCandelo 5 loMphetho-Mda-mda weshumi elinesine, enika iNgqungquthela amandla okunyanzelisa amalungiselelo okulungisa isiphene. INkundla ePhakamileyo iseke uvavanyo lokufumana ukuba ukhuseleko lomthetho olusemthethweni olusebenzayo kusini na. Imimiselo enxulumene nezempilo eye yavavanywa phantsi kwesi siseko iquka amaMelika anoMthetho wokukhubazeka, uMthetho weRehabilita, kunye nemimiselo ethile ye-Afford Care Care Act.

iBoard of Trust of the Trust of Alabama v. Garrett, 531 U.S. 356 (2001), iNkundla yabambelela kwiSihlomelo I (ucalulo lwemisebenzi) esisemthethweni asizange sigunyaziswe ngokusemthethweni kuba ingxelo yemithetho yezomthetho ayizange ibonise ucalucalulo olungekhoyo ngokuchasene noluntu olunemiqobo. Noko ke, [[FLT:] Trensse. Lane, 541.U-204, iSigqeba se-mthetho sokulawula i-AD (inkonzo yoluntu) njengendlela esebenzayo yokuzinzisa ezinye iimeko ezibandakanya namalungelo amanani angundoqo.[5]

Icandelo 504 loMthetho weRehabilitation Act ka-1973, olwalela ucalucalulo ngokusekelwe kwiziseko zesiphene kwiinkqubo zokwamkela uncedo lwemali karhulumente, litolikwa njengemeko esebenzayo ekufumaneni imali karhulumente kunokukhutshwa kwemali ekhuselekileyo. Phantsi kwesi sakhiwo, lichaza ukuba ukwamkela imali karhulumente ```iMedicare ne-Medicaid inkokhelo-ukuzikhusela kwimiqathango yeCandelo lama-504. Le ngcamango yokungathomalali ingqinelwa kokungalawuleki kwemiqathango yezezamayeza, iindawo zokuhlala zonxibelelwano, kunye nokungafunwa kwenkonzo.

Imithetho Yolawulo NesiVumo seSkrini

Amazwe asenokuphazamisa ukukhusela kwawo ulawulo ngolwimi olucacileyo, kwaye amazwe amaninzi aye enza izenzo zokuzithethelela ezivumela ukumangalelwa koorhulumente abaphantsi kweemeko ezichaziweyo. Umlinganiselo kunye neemfuno zale mimiselo zahluka-hluka ngokubanzi. Amanye amazwe, njengeKhalifoniya neNew York, anezenzo ezibanzi ezivumela ukuba abasebenzi abanyamekela impilo bangabi nankathalo bangenelwe, ngoxa amanye, njengoVirginia noAlabama, anemiqathango engqongqo ngakumbi egcina ukhuseleko olubanzi lwemibutho yonyango.

Iziphakamisi-mthetho zisoloko ziquka iimfuno ezibalulekileyo ezithi abalawuli banelise njengeemfuneko zokuvumelana nazo. Eyona nto ifunekayo iqhelekileyo kukugcinwa kwesaziso esifike ngexesha elililo, okuqheleke phakathi kweentsuku ezingama-90 ukuya kwi-180 zomonakalo. Ukungaphumeleli ukuthobela iziphumo zesaziso ezibangela ukulahlekelwa kwamalungelo esu. Iinkqubo ezininzi zokuthoba imilinganiselo engafanelekanga, imida echaphazelekayo kwiziphumo zomonakalo ongekho qoqosho, kunye nokususwa kwemisebenzi ecacileyo.

Imfundiso i-Latpides, ibonelela ukuba ukhuselo lweziphene lwe-PGP lumiselwe [i-Lapides] v. ibhodi yeRegents yeYunivesithi yeGeorgia, 535 U.S.63 [2002], inikezela ukuba urhulumente uphelise ukunqanda ukugqibeka kwayo kwePhinda okukhoyo xa isusa ngokuzithandela ityala kwinkundla yetyala yelizwe ukuya kwinkundla yorhulumente. Le mfundiso isebenza ekuchazeni ukuba umthetho uthelekelelo lwetyala lomthetho. Iimfuno zentelekelelo zetyala [[FLT.FLT: 4.] [2002] [2002] [2002] zibalulekile [ukuthiwakungakhutshwa kwemeko yokhuseleko, ayinakuyichaphaza ityala lomthetho olawulayo.

Iindlela Eziluncedo Zonyango

Impumelelo ekuhlolweni kwempilo okubandakanya ukukhusela ukhuseleko lwezobungangamsha kufuna uphando olucokisekileyo ngaphambi kokuba ulwenze, ukuncenga, nokuqonda ngokucokisekileyo indawo ekwindawo engaphandle. Oku kuqwalaselwa kuyimfuneko kubalawuli nabamangalelwa abafuna ukuqhuba le ndawo intsonkothileyo yomthetho.

Uphando lwangaphambili lwemeko yento

Phambi kokuba kubekwe ityala ngokuchasene nequmrhu lolawulo lwezonyango elisenokuba ngumdlali wezoburhulumente, abaququzelelayo kufuneka baqwalasele ngenkuthalo ubume bomthetho kunye nolwalamano lwequmrhu norhulumente. Amaxwebhu angundoqo okuhlola aquka umthetho wento ekwaziyo, iinkqubo zokuququzelela, iirhafu zentlangano, kunye nenkxaso-mali yemimiselo yezonyango. Imibuzo ebalulekileyo ukuqukwa yile ngxaki iquke: Ingaba lento ikhoyo inamandla okukhokelwa nokukhokelwa ngegama layo? Ingaba ixhaswa ngokuyintloko yimirhumo-ombutho okanye ngemirhumo yemali ye-appropsries?

Izicelo zoluntu ezibhaliweyo zinokunika ulwazi olubalulekileyo ngemithombo yenkxaso-mali, intlawulo ye-inshorensi, kunye namalungiselelo okukhutshwa kwemali. Kwamanye amazwe, igqwetha jikelele kufuneka likhusele abameli bakarhulumente, ngelixa amanye amaqumrhu kufuneka agcine isiluleko sawo sobuqu. Uhlobo lokhuseleko olunikezelweyo lunganika ukuqonda kwimeko esemthethweni yento. Abachasi-mthetho kufuneka bahlolisise ukuba urhulumente useke ulungiso okanye ingxowa-mali yolawulo lomngcipheko enikela imigwebo ngokuchasene nento, njengoko oku kungabonisa ukuba iqumrhu liphathwa njengengalo lemeko yezokhuseleko.

Ukuyalela Ulawulo OlunguMongami

Xa ukhuseleko oluzimeleyo lubonakala lunento yokwenza nento ethethwa ngokuthe ngqo nento echasene nequmrhu lonyango lwezorhulumente, abamangalelwa kufuneka baqwalasele ezinye iingcamango zobugxwayiba nabaxhasi bonyango ngabanye kubuchule babo bobuqu basenokuphepha ibhari yokuzikhusela, ukuba izityholo zinxulumene nehambo enxulumene nezenzo zobuqu zomnikezeli kunokuba zibekwe kwimigaqo-nkqubo yezoburhulumente. Inkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko ivuma ukuba amagosa karhulumente athe acelwa ukuba angenelwe kwizonobangela wokongamela ulawulo lobuqu, kwanokuba ihambo ithetha ngemisebenzi yawo karhulumente.

Enye into echasene nokusetyenziswa kwemithetho-siseko karhulumente okanye yomthetho-mthetho wephondo, ifuna isiqabu phantsi kwama-42 e-U.S.C. . . . Nangona iCandelo lokhuselo lolawulo loburhulumente lowe-1901 lifuna umonakalo kumazwe, alibaleli abamangalelwa ngabanye kubuchule babo obusemthethweni bokukhulula abantu abatsha. Icandelo 1983 likwanokujongwa lichasene namaqumrhu karhulumente asekuhlaleni, anjengezibhedlele okanye amasebe ezonyango esizwe, adla ngokungawunandi umkhuseli wePhinda-Primethsite nangona enokuthi akhuselwe ziimfundiso zokhuseleko eziqhelekileyo zomthetho.

Isenzo somngeniselo sinika enye indlela phambili kwiimeko ezifanelekileyo. Ngokufuna ukukhululeka kodidi ngokubanzi phantsi Ex prope Young, amanyala angaluvavanya ukungabikho kwenkqubo yenkqubo kwinkqubo yezonyango lwemeko ngaphandle kokuqhuba umngenisi wesibonelelo seshumi elinesixhenxe semiqathango yemali ehlawulwa yimali. Izenzo zodidi eziphumeleleyo zithethe ngexabiso elingafanelekanga le-Medicaid, iinkonzo zempilo yengqondo ezaneleyo, kunye nolawulo lwemiqathango yezonyango yoluntu. Ukufumaneka kwemiqathango yemiqathango yezonyango phantsi kwemiqathango ehamba phambili yemali enjengo 42. U.C. 1988 zinganikezela izikhuthazo zemali zemali ezingenanto yokusukela kwinkcicio-onzibo yemali xa kungena nkxaso lwemali.

Izenzo Ezibangela Iingxwelerha Ezingaqondakaliyo Ngaphantsi Kwezitoti

Ngenxa yokuba bathi baqhubeka phantsi kwezenzo ezisetyenziswa ngurhulumente, ukuthobela ngokungqongqo iimfuno zesithethe kubalulekile. Ezi mfuneko ziquka ukuqokelelwa kwesaziso esibhaliweyo ngexesha elifanelekileyo esichaza isiseko esiyinyaniso setyala, indalo kunye nobungakanani bomonakalo ofunwayo. Imimiselo emininzi ifuna ukuba isaziso siqinisekiswe ngesifungo kwaye sisetyenziswe kumagosa amiselweyo amiselwe ngokwesifungo kwixesha elifutshane emva kokwenzakala.

Abachazi-mthetho kufuneka baqonde ukuba izenzo zikarhulumente zidla ngokuquka imimiselo emifutshane yemiqathango kunemimiselo yokwenzakala komntu ngamnye. Ukungasilandeli isibhengezo ngosuku olunye kungaphumela ekugxothweni ngekhethe. Amanye amaphondo avumela iinkundla ukuba zithethelele ukugcinwa kwetyala lamva ngenxa yezizathu ezilungileyo ezibonisiweyo, kodwa la malungiselelo anokuqondwa ngokufutshane. Abaphathi-maqumrhu abasengozini kunye nesiluleko sokuzikhusela kufuneka babhale ngenyameko umhla wesaziso kunye nemida yexesha elifanelekileyo kwingxelo nganye, njengokuba ukusilela ukuphakamisa kwesaziso ngexesha elifanelekileyo kungaphumela ekumlahlisweni kwempendulo yokuzikhusela.

Umonakalo wemibhobho ye-steps kwi-tort ye-operas yelizwe ubangela omnye umqathango obalulekileyo ekuchacheni. Ii-keps eziqhelekileyo zisuka kwii-R10,000 ukuya kuma-R350 000 000 kwi-anding, ezinye iimeko zimisela imida yokuthengwa kwe-aggreade ngokuvela kwisiganeko esinye. Ezi zigqubu zingasebenza kuyo yonke umonakalo okanye kuphela kwilahleko engeyoyo yezoqoqosho efana neentlungu. Izenzo zonyango eziqhelekileyo zidla ngokwahlula umonakalo owenziwe kwiimeko zikarhulumente jikelele. Ukuqonda igalelo oluphakathi kwezi zithintelwayo luyimfuneko ekuboneleni ngokuchanileyo nokuncitshiswa.

Imikhwa Yakutshanje Neengxaki Ezimandundu

Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokuzikhusela kwimpilo kuyaqhubeka kusenziwa ngokuguqula ukuhambelana nenkqubela-phambili yemithetho, iingozi zempilo yoluntu, kunye nokutshintsha kobugcisa.

Ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, amaphondo amaninzi amiselwe umthetho onika abasebenzi bonyango ukhuseleko oluphangaleleyo kunye nezibonelelo zomonakalo ovela kuxilongo, unyango, okanye ulawulo lwentsholongwane. Amanye la macebiso okuzikhusela anwebela kwizibonelelo zezonyango zelizwe kwaye angaphakamisa imibuzo malunga nobungakanani besixhobo sokuwa phantsi kwe-tort yezenzo. Iinkundla ngoku ziyangqubana nokuba ngaba imimiselo enxulumene nezifo ezinxulumene nezifo iyazibeka endaweni yemimiselo ekhoyo kwizenzo ezithethsaba, nokuba ukusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kwemimiselo enjalo kuchasene noncedo lomgaqo-mthetho okhusela iziphumo zesenzo.

Ukwaphuka kogcino-lwazi kwiinkqubo zonyango loluntu luluntu kuye kwabangela igalelo lokuchasana nemikhosi yezonyango. Xa ulwazi lomguli luphoswa kwisibhedlele seyunivesithi okanye kwisebe lonyango lwesizwe, abantu abachaphazelekayo basenokufuna umonakalo ngenxa yokubawa kolwazi, ukudandatheka ngokweemvakalelo, kunye nezinye izinto ezonakeleyo. Ukuzikhusela kolawulo oluphezulu kusoloko kuvala ezi zibhengezo zomonakalo lwemali, ingakumbi kwimithetho engakhange imisele imimiselo ethile yokwaphula imithetho ebangela isenzo sokuchasene norhulumente. Noko ke, ezinye iinkundla ziye zavumela ukutyeshela ukulwa kwemithetho echasene nemigaqo yokhuseleko eyaneleyo yokhuseleko phantsi kolawulo lwezibonelelo lwelizwe lorhulumente ukuba ichaze izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ngokukodwa apho ukuchasana okubangelwa zizenzo zokungakhathali zabaqeshwa ngabanye abaqeshwa kunokuba kungenxa yemithetho.

Uqikelelo olulucelomngeni kurhulumente olufuna ukumiselwa kokuqhomfa luye lwanyusa imiqathango yezokhuseleko oluphezulu. Imfundiso ye- Ex Young iye yaba yeyona iphambili yezithuthi ezilucelomngeni kwimithetho yokuqhomfa, ithe yavela amagosa esizwe akwigunya lawo asemthethweni anyanzelekile ukunyanzelisa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho wokuthintelwa kokungatshatiswa kwemimiselo. Ukufumaneka Ukwahlulwa kwe-eYoung [ [umthetho] [okanye] okuphambili kwetyala] kwaphinda kwaphinda kwaqinisekiswa kumthetho okhutshwa phantsi kwemfundiso ephambili yezolwazi, ngexesha lokuncitshiswa kwemithetho efuna ukusetyenziswa kwezonyango.[FLT] [Foct:5], u-2], u-C.[2], owenziwe kwiNkuqwalamthetho lwezo-mthetho ofanelekileyo, umele uluvavanyaniso olufanelekileyo lokuqinisekisa ukuba agunyaza i-Geneso.

Iintlola kwiMedicalid Ligigation ziyaqhubeka zicombulula umlinganiselo wokhuseleko lwezikhundla zolawulo kwizonyango. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi rmhend v. ISiko loMntwana , 575 U.S. 32020, silinganiselwe amandla eMdicaid abanikezeli bezinto zokukhusela amaphondo phantsi kweSupremacy Claus ukuze banyanzelise intengo yeMédicaid. Inkundla yabamba ukuba abanikezeli abanako ukufumana isiqabuliso esithengisiweyo sokunyanzelisa unikezelo olulinganayo lweMetecad Acts ngenxa yokuba umthetho awukhange ulwenze inyathelo labucala lokusebenza. [FLT][2]

Isiphelo

Ukhuseleko olulawulayo lwemeko-bume luhlala lungenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu nezintsonkothileyo ezikhoyo kumaziko onyango lukawonke-wonke ajongene nokudityaniswa kwemiqathango. Isekelwe kumbhalo womGaqo-siseko nakwienkulungwane zesithethe, imfundiso ikhusela oovimba belizwe kwimiqathango yemali ngeli xesha isithintela amandla abaguli okufumana iingozi ezibangelwa zinkqubo zonyango olusebenzisanayo. Uxinezeleko oluphakathi kwala maxabiso akhuphisanayo kunye noxanduva lomntu ngamnye, kuza kuqhubeka kuvelisa ukuhlaziywa njengeenko zokukhusela, i-waterraver, kunye nokurhoxaxa kwimilongo lwempilo.

Kubantu abachaphazelekayo, impumelelo ifuna indlela edityaniswe ngokungqongqo yokuphanda phambi kokuba uphando, ukuncenga, nokuqonda ngokucokisekileyo iimfundiso zomgaqo-siseko wezwe kunye nemimiselo ecacileyo karhulumente. Kubamangalelwa, ukunqanda ulawulo lomntu unika izixhobo ezinamandla zeprocessical, kodwa enokulahlwa ngempazamo esebenzayo efana nokususwa kwenkundla yesizwe okanye ukungavumelani neemfuno zemfundo. Ukuntsonkotha okukhulayo kwenkqubo yokuhambisa ezonyango, kudityaniswe neesiseko somthetho wemithetho yezomthetho, kuqinisekisa ukuba indima yokuzikhusela kwimpilo ephakamileyo kwimicimbi yempilo iya kuhlala ingummandla osebenzayo nokhuphiswayo woqheliselo olunempumelelo nolukhuphiswayo kangangeminyaka emininzi.

Imibutho yokhuseleko lwempilo esebenza phantsi kwegunya likarhulumente kufuneka isebenze ngokusondeleyo ngesiluleko somthetho sokuqonda umgangatho wokhuseleko lwayo, iimfuno ezingokwesithethe ezilawula ukumangalelwa kwayo, kunye neemeko apho ukuthintelwa komngcipheko kusenokususwa khona. Ulawulo olunempembelelo kumngcipheko, kuquka ugcino-lwazi olufanelekileyo, abasebenzi, kunye nokugcinwa kwe-inshorensi yetyala, kunganciphisa amathuba okuthelekisa nokukhusela ukukhusela ukukhusela ukukhusela ukudleka xa kuvela. Kwimeko esemthethweni apho imiqobo yesombululo isenokususwa, ukuqondwa ngokunzulu komthetho wezokhuselo lwenkosi kungulungu elibalulekileyo lokulawula nokumela okusebenzayo.