Ukuqonda Ukuvela Komnye Umthetho Wamakhaya

Izixhobo zokusasaza zikhule ukusuka kubuchule bokwenza impikiswano kwintsika enkulu yokuqhelisa umthetho wamakhaya. Kunokuba kunyanzele amaqela ukuba asebenze ngokungqongqo kwinkundla yenkundla, ulawulo lunika inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo kodwa ethambileyo apho abasebenzi abangakhethiyo banceda abantu kunye neentlangano ukuba benze izisombululo zabo. Le modeli ingumzekelo oncedisanayo igalelo lobunyhadala kwiqela lomthwalo osele uzele kwidokisi elizeleyo. Isithembiso esingundoqo sokukhupha i-medistyhea sixhomekeke kubuchule bayo bokuguqula ingxabano ibe yingxoxo, iguqulela abachasi kwingxaki.

Kwimimandla emininzi, ulawulo alusekho nje olukhuthazwayo, lufuneka ngaphambi kokuba ityala liqhubekele ekuthethweni. Umzekelo, iinkundla zesithili ezininzi ze-United States ziyalela ukuba kubekho ulawulo kwimicimbi ethile yasekuhlaleni, yaye amazwe anjengeOstreliya neUnited Kingdom aye adibanisa ulawulo kwimithetho yawo yenkqubo yamakhaya. Olu tshintsho lubonisa ukuqwalaselwa okukhulayo koko, ngoxa kubalulekile kwezinye iingxabano, kusoloko kungenamali, kubangelwa ngokweemvakalelo, kwaye kuthintelwa ngokwemali.

Indlela Eyahluke ngayo Kumbhalo Odluliselweyo

Ukuze siqonde indima yesixhobo sokusebenza, kufuneka siqale siqonde iimpawu zaso zokwahlula. Umahluko ubala i-zero-sum umdlalo: omnye uphumelele, omnye ulahlekelwa. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-Mediation, injongo yokufumana inzuzo yomnye. Umlamleli akanikezi sigqibo; endaweni yoko, ukhokela amaqela kwisivumelwano esithetha intsingiselo yomntu ngamnye. Lo mahluko ungundoqo ubumba zonke iinkalo zenkqubo, ukusukela kwiindleko kunye nexesha logcino kunye noxanduva lolwalamano.

FactorLitigationMediation
Decision makerJudge or juryParties themselves
FormalityHigh (rules of evidence, procedure)Low (informal, adaptable)
ConfidentialityPublic record (with exceptions)Private and privileged
Time to resolutionMonths to yearsDays to weeks
CostVery high (attorney fees, experts)Moderate to low
Control over outcomeImposed by courtNegotiated by parties

Isiseko Sasemthethweni Sokulawula Umthetho Wamakhaya

I-media isebenza kwisakhiwo esisemthethweni esithe sahluka ngokwamagunya kodwa sabelana ngemigaqo eqhelekileyo. E-United States, u-Uniform Medition Act [UMA] inikela imodeli ye-hinte kunye ne-amentherial zifunekayo, zithathwe ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokwenxenye ngamaphondo amaninzi. I-European Union’s iMediation Direction (2008/52/EC) imisela imilinganiselo emincinci yemiqathango yokunqamleza umda wemida ne-mediam yorhwebo, kuquka ukunyanzelwa kwezivumelwano ezininzi. Le mithetho iqinisekisa ukuba izivumelwano zithwala ubunzima obusemthethweni ngexesha zikhusela ingqibelelo yenkqubo.

Amazwe angomthetho wamakhaya anjengeJamani, iFransi, neJapan anenkqubo ezidityanisiweyo zonxibelelwano. Umzekelo, iMithetho yamaFrentshi yeProcedia ivumela abagwebi ukuba bacebise ukuphendulana nakweliphi iqondo, kwaye uMthetho we-German Medition (2012) umisela iimfuno zesiqinisekiso somlamleli. Oku kubekwa komthetho kunika amaqela intembelo yokuba ukuxhawula akuyo ipropati ye-afrite kodwa kuyindlela eqwalaselwayo eneziphumo ezinyanzelekileyo.

Iimpawu Ezingundoqo zandisiwe

Ukuba Nenxaxheba Ngokuzithandela

Ukuqulunqwa okusisiseko kungokokuzithandela. Nangona ezinye iinkundla zinokuthi amaqela abekho kwintlanganiso yokuqala yombutho-ndaba, amaqela awanyanzelekanga ukuba afikelele isivumelwano. Anokuhamba nakweliphi na iqondo aze alandele igalelo endaweni yoko. Oku kulwamkelo kunciphisa ukuxhathisa nokukhuthaza ukuthengwa kokwenene. Kodwa kwakhona, kuthetha ukuba ukukhupha imiyalelo kungasilela ukuba omnye umntu akafuni ukuncokola ngokholo olulungileyo.

Imfihlelo Nelungelo

Okuthethwayo ngexesha lokuququzelelana kwabucala okanye iintlanganiso zamalungu azinakusetyenziswa njengobungqina ekuvavanyeni. Oku kukhuthaza ingxubusho evulekileyo, enyanisekileyo ngaphandle koloyiko lweziphumo ezingalindelekanga kamva. Kwimimandla emininzi, abameli abavumelekanga ukunikela ubungqina ngeentlanganiso zobuzwe. Iinkundla zidla ngokuphakamisa eli lungelo, nangona ngaphandle kokuba zikho ngenxa yezisongelo zogonyamelo okanye izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho eziqhubekayo.

Inkcazo esekelwe kwisiseko sonxibelelwano. Amalungelo- Asekelwe Ekujoliseni

Uhlaziyo lwesithethe lusekelwe kumalungelo: amaqela amisa izivumelwano ezisemthethweni phantsi kwemimiselo okanye iziko lesivumelwano. I-Media ithatha indlela eyahlukileyo. Yintsabelo esekelwe kwinzala, ithetha ukuba ihlola iimfuno ezisisiseko, iminqweno, kunye nenkxalabo macala onke. Umzekelo, kwisivumelwano seshishini, iqela lingafuna imali eninzi (ilungelo), kodwa inzala yawo isenokuba lulwalamano oluqhubekayo okanye ucwangciso olutsha. I-Mediation ibala le miba, ivula ucango ukuya kwizisombululo zemisebenzi engaphaya koko kunokwenziwa yinkundla.

Iingenelo Zokusasaza

Isiphumo-Endles-Isiphumo kunye nokuDiliswa kwezibonelelo

Imali yokukhupha intsimbi isebenzisa ubuncwane obukhulu. Iindleko zentengo ezithengwayo, inkcitho yoochwepheshe, iindleko zokufumana, kunye neendleko zemali yenkundla zingadityaniswa ngokukhawuleza. IMessication inciphisa kakhulu ezi zinto zifunekayo. IZiko lokhuseleko linikela ingxelo yokuba amatyala angumlamleli asombulula kwixabiso eliphakathi elingu-50-60% esezantsi kunamatyala afanayo. Kubantu abancinane kunye nabantu abahlukeneyo, oku kuxabisa indleko kungawenza umahluko phakathi kokuhamba kude nemali esemthethweni nokufumana isisombululo esifanelekileyo. Ngaphezu koko, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zolwazi ezisemthethweni ukwenzela imisebenzi ekwixabiso eliphezulu, kunceda zonke imicimbi esesikweni.

Isantya Nobuchule

Iinkundla zemathiriyeli zothulelwe phantsi. Kwimimandla emininzi, ityala labemi lingathatha iinyanga ezili-18-36 ukufikelela kwisigqibo. Ukuthunyelwa kwetyala kungacwangciswa phakathi kweeveki. Le nkqubo ngokwayo. (ukusuka kwingxelo yokuvula ukuya kwisivumelwano esityikityiweyo) /ngokufuthiswa kosuku olunye okanye uthotho lweentlanganiso zosuku lwesiqingatha. Le santya sinciphisa ukukhupha imvakalelo kunye nemali emathekweni kwaye siwavumela ukuba aphinde aqalise ubomi obuqhelekileyo aze asebenze ngaphandle komsila omde wokuphosa.

Ulawulo Neziphumo Zeqela

Kulawulo-ndaba, amaqela aneziphelo. Bangahlala kunye neziphumo ezithetha ngeengxaki ezininzi ngexesha elinye/imali eninzi, ihambo yexesha elizayo, amalungiselelo okufihla imfihlo, ukucela uxolo, okanye amalungiselelo oshishino olusebenzisanayo. Ijaji ibekelwe umda kumonakalo wemali okanye isiphumlisi esiphumayo; abameli banceda amaqela acebise izigqibo ezihambelana neemeko zawo ezikhethekileyo. Oku kwenza ukuba ulwaneliseko lunyuke. Ufundo olusuka kwi Iprojekthi ye-Negotiation project [ lubonisa ukuba izivumelwano zommeli zifumana amaqondo aphezulu okuthobela kunemiqatha yenkundla-engagwebo ngenxa yokuba amaqela aziva enziwe ngokwezi ndlela.

Ukulondolozwa Kolwalamano

Ukuchanabeka kuyingozi. Umonakalo wokonakele wokuthembana, ukwandisa ingxabano, kunye noqhawulo-qhawulo. Ngokwahlukileyo, ukukhuthaza unxibelelwano kunye nentlonelo. Kwiimpikiswano zentsapho. "ezifana noqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, okanye inkathalo yabadala"ukukhupha imiyalelo-miyalelo) kuyanceda ekulondolozeni ulwalamano phakathi kwabazali okanye amalungu aphezulu. Kwimimiselo yezentengiso, inokusindisa ulwalamano, ulwalamano lomthengisi, kunye nonxulumano lwemisebenzi oluza kutshatyalaliswa lityala likawonke-wonke. Le ngxoxo ifundisa amaqela indlela yokunxibelelana ngokunelisa kakuhle, ubuchule obuwancedayo emva kokuba ekupheleni konxibelelwano.

Inkqubo Yolawulo: Indlela Ecokisekileyo Yokuhamba

Isitishi sokulungiselela

Ulawulo-lwazi olusebenzayo luqala ixesha elide phambi kokuba amatheko ahlale phantsi kunye. Icala ngalinye kufuneka liqokelele amaxwebhu afanelekileyo (amaxwebhu, ii-imeyili, iirekhodi zemali) kwaye lazi ezinye iindlela ezingcono zokusebenzisa isivumelwano esiphicothiweyo (BATNA). Ukwazi i BATTNA yakho inikeza isixhakamfulo kunye nokucaca. Abaxhasi basoloko benceda abaxhasi balungiselele isishwankathelo esibhaliweyo sempikiswano kunye noluhlu lwezisombululo ezinokwenzeka. Umlamkeli angacela kwakhona iingxelo zangaphambi kokukhupha imiyalelo yolwazi. Bambi babamba iingqungquthela zoqobo ukuze baqonde ingqungquthela ezingundoqo.

Ukuvulwa Kwengxelo Nokumiswa KwesiCwangciso

Umlamli uqala ngokuchaza inkqubo, ukugxininisa imfihlo, nokuseka imithetho yesiseko (ukungaphazanyiswa, ukuhlonelwa kwawo onke amazwi). Emva koko umbutho ngamnye unika ingxelo yokuvula ``````imizuzu engu-5-10'') ngokunjalo unika intetho eyakhayo kwaye uyakwazi ukuveza ulwazi olungenazo iimbono zabo ngaphambili. Lo mlamkeli uphulaphula, ucaphula iingongoma ezingundoqo, kwaye uqinisekisa iimvakalelo ngaphandle kokuthatha icala.

Incoko edityanisiweyo kunye nohlolo lwezilangazelelo

Emva kweentetho zokuvula, umlamleli unceda incoko yamalungu. Bangabuza imibuzo evulwayo: “Iyintoni isiphumo esilungileyo esikhangeleka kuwe?” okanye“ Yintoni eyona nto ibalulekileyo ixhalaphayo onayo?” Le ngxoxo inceda ukutshintsha incoko kwizikhundla (“Ndifuna ii-$100 000”) kwimiba efunekayo (ndifuna ukugquma ingeniso elahlekileyo kwaye ndiqinisekise ukuba oku akwenzeki kwakhona”. Umlamleli angaphinda achaze iintetho ezingalunganga, aphelise uxinzelele, kwaye akhuthaze unxibelelwano olungqalileyo phakathi kwamaqela.

Iicaucus zabucala (Shuttle Diplomacy)

Mhlawumbi esona sixhobo sibalulekileyo kwi-mediation sisixhobo sokulungisa i-caucus yabucala. Umlamleli udibana ngokwahlukeneyo neqela ngalinye (negqwetha labo) ukuze ahlole imixholo evakalayo, izicelo zovavanyo, kunye nokukhetha iingcebiso ezithenjiswayo. Kwi-caucus, amaqela angathetha ngokukhululekileyo ngobuthathaka kwimeko yawo, indlela asabela ngayo ngokweemvakalelo, okanye akulungeleyo ukulalanisa. Umbane uthungelwano olusuka emva naphambili, ngokufuthi uhlengahlengahlengahlengiso de kube lithuba lokudibana okunokwenzeka (ZoPA) luvela. Ucus uyakwazi ukufihla okungqongqo; umlamleli akabhexeli ulwazi olwabelanayo ngaphandle kwemvume.

Ukuququzelela kunye nokucombulula iingxaki

Xa izilangazelelo zithe zaqondwa, umlamleli unceda amaqumrhu ukuba aphuhlise aze avavanye iinketho. Eli nyathelo linentsingiselo: izindululo zenziwa, zihlaziywa, zihlaziywa, ziphuculwe. Umlamli ugcina iingxubusho zijoliswe kwizisombululo ezisebenzisekayo kunokuba zidlule izikhalazo. Bangasebenzisa ubuchule obukhankanyiweyo, iimeko, okanye imilinganiselo ebhaliweyo (ixabiso lentengiso, imigangatho yeshishini) ukuqhubela phambili incoko yababini. Umonde nokuzingisa kuyimfuneko; unyamezelo oluninzi luzinzisayo ngokucinga ngezinto ezidlulileyo.

Ukuphosa Ityala Lesivumelwano

Xa amaqela efikelela ekuvumelaneni, umlamleli (okanye amagqwetha awo) wenza isivumelwano sokuhlala. Olu xwebhu kufuneka lube lucacile, lungqale, luquke onke amagama aphathekayo: iimali zemali, iilayini zexesha, izenzo zexesha elizayo, amalungiselelo emfihlelo, kunye nezigqibo zesigqibo sexesha elizayo. Isivumelwano sityikitywa ngamaqela omabini kwaye sibotshelelwa ngokusemthethweni. Kwimimandla emininzi, sinyanzeleka enkundleni njengayo nayiphi na enye izivumelwano. Ezinye ii-medipos zenza iinkcam zengqiqo ezinokusetyenziswa ngokusesikweni kamva.

Iingxaki Nokungaqiniseki

Imilinganiselo Ephakamileyo Yamandla Nenkxalabo Ngogonyamelo Lwasekhaya

Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zorhwebo kusebenza kakuhle xa amaqela elingana phantse namandla. Xa elinye icala linezinto ezinkulu zemali, ubuchule obungokwasemthethweni, okanye ukuxhathisa ngokweemvakalelo, le nkqubo ingadityaniswa. Kwiimeko ezibandakanya ugonyamelo lwasekhaya, ukungalingani kwamandla okunzima, okanye ukungasebenzi kwengqondo, ulawulo lwezikhuseli zezixhobo zekhompyutha lungaba lungafanelekanga. Iinkqubo ezininzi zokulungisa le miba zifuna ukukhuselwa njengamagumbi ahlukeneyo, abameli abaxhasayo, okanye ukukhuselwa kwedesikiselwa kwemi ethile yediski ukuba ukungalungisi okungalungisiyo.

Ukungabikho kokufunyaniswa kwakudala kunye nomgangatho osemthethweni

Ukudityaniswa, amaqela anganyanzelana ukuba enze amaxwebhu kunye neempendulo. Ukungavumelani nokufunyanwa okusemthethweni. Ngelixesha amaqela enokuthi anikene ulwazi ngokuzithandela, iqela lingazigodlela izibakala ezibalulekileyo. Oku kungakhokelela kwizivumelwano ezisekelwe kulwazi olungaphelelanga. Noko ke, abameli abanobuchule bakhuthaza ukubonakala kwelinye icala, kwaye amaqela afumana iintsilelo zezinto kamva asenokukucel ’ umngeni isivumelwano ngezizathu zokuqhatha okanye iimpazamo. Ngaphezu koko, ukuchaza akuyilanga imizekelo esemthethweni; ityala ngalinye linokusombululwa ngokwalo, nto leyo esenokuba ngumqobo kwabo bafuna ukuseka umgaqo womthetho.

Akufanelekanga Kuzo Zonke Iingxabano

Ezinye iimpikiswano zifuna igunya lenkundla (ngomzekelo, izigwebo zokukhupha ityala, imibuzo engokomGaqo-siseko, okanye amatyala apho iqela lifuna isiqabu esikhawulezileyo. Ingxoxo ikwasilela xa elinye iqela lingazimisele ukunxibelelana ngokholo olulungileyo okanye lisebenzisa inkqubo ukuze lilibazise. Iimbambano zobugcisa okanye amatyala abandakanya izigwebo zomthetho anokuba ngcono ekufumaneni isigwebo. Noko ke, iinkundla ezininzi ngoku zinikela izindlu zenkundla zenkundla ezihlala kwindlu eninzi apho ulawulo lusingisele kuqala khona, ngokusetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokugcina ulwazi.

Iimfaneleko zoMlamleli neMigangatho

Ubuchule bomlamleli buchaphazela iziphumo ezibalulekileyo. Nangona iimfaneleko zobuchule zingafani, inkoliso yabalamleli abaqeqeshiweyo bagqibe iinkqubo zoqeqesho (umz., 40 iiyure ezisisiseko zoqeqesho lonxibelelwano) kwaye inamathele kwimigaqo yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha enjenge Imigangatho yeNdlela yeNdlela yoNdlela yeeNtlalo yaBameli [ (evunyiweyo ngu-AAA, kunye nohlobo lwe-ACRCR). Le milinganiselo igqumathelela ubundiba, imfihlelo, imvume, imvume, nokungakhethi. Amaphondo amaninzi afuna ukuba abalamkeli baphathe amatyala abuyiselwe enkundla avusiweyo. Iipartes kufuneka zibe ngabalamkeli bemeko kumbandela wobuchule (g., intsapho, umsebenzi wezoshishino-owe-oxterna.)

Ukuchasana kweNdlela yeQhinga

Ukudityaniswa kusoloko kuthelekiswa ne-arbitration, enye indlela ethandwayo ye-ADR. Kumququzeleli ongathathi-nxaxheba uva ubungqina kwaye unikezela ngesigqibo sesidibanisi. I-Mediation ayibopheleli ngaphandle kokuba kufikelelwe isivumelwano. Udityaniso luninzi olufana novavanyo lwabucala. Ezinye iindlela ziquka umthetho osebenzisanayo (iiqela namagqwetha asebenza ukuhlalisa ngaphandle kokuphosa inte), uvavanyo lobundilele, kunye novavanyo lobundilele obuncinci.

MethodTypeOutcomeControl
MediationFacilitativeNegotiated agreementHigh (parties)
ArbitrationAdjudicativeBinding awardLow (arbitrator)
Collaborative lawInterest-basedSettlement contractHigh (parties with counsel)
LitigationAdversarialCourt judgmentNone (judge/jury)

Amacebiso Aluncedo Ekufumaneni Inkcazelo Ephumelelayo

  • [[UMTLL:0] Lungiselela ngokucokisekileyo. Ukuqonda izilangazelelo zakho, iBATNA yakho, kunye nezibakala zetyala. Yabelana ngamaxwebhu anxulumeneyo kusengaphambili.
  • [[UMTL:0] Khetha umlamli olungileyo. Jonga umntu onobuchule bokuyila imixholo kunye nesimbo esihambelana neemfuno zakho (ii-vs. i-canfication).
  • Yiza ngengqondo evulekileyo. Ukuqukumbela kumalunga nengxaki esuswayo, hayi ukuphumelela. Yiba nomdla wokuphulaphula nokuhlola iinketho zokudala.
  • Abenzi besigqibo esibandakanyayo. qinisekisa ukuba umntu onegunya lokuzinzisa ukhona okanye ukhona ngomnxeba.
  • Iimvakalelo zomntu. ukuqukumbelana kunganeemvakalelo. Ukwamkela iimvakalelo kodwa jolise kwizisombululo ezijongwa phambili.
  • [[FLT: 0] Yifumane ngokubhaliweyo. Qinisekisa ukuba nasiphi na isivumelwano sincitshiselwe kwisayini, uxwebhu olunyanzeliswayo phambi kokushiya intlanganiso.

Ikamva Lokungavisisani Nomthetho Wamakhaya

Intsingiselo yesixhobo sokulawula iyaqhubeka. Izikolo ezininzi zomthetho ngoku zinika amakliniki olwazi ngezixhobo zonxibelelwano olufuna uqeqesho lweziqu ezitsha zamagqwetha amatsha. Njengoko iinkundla ziba zizibonelelo zexabiso eliphantsi kunye neempikiswano ezinqamlezayo. Ubukrelekrele obusebenzayo ngoku bunceda abalamkeli ngokuqwalasela iipakethi zengxoxo kunye nokucebisa amabinzana anokwenzeka. Izikolo ezininzi ngoku zinika amakliniki olwazi oluphathekayo, kwaye inani elandayo lemithetho efuna uqeqesho lwezolwazi lwezolwazi kumagqwetha. Njengoko iinkundla ziba zizibonelelo eziphezulu ezithelekisa i-actractivess-menti ezifumana umgangatho ophantsi koMgaqo-mendo-media. [[FLT] [FLT] ]

Isiphelo

I-media iphethe indawo ebalulekileyo kumthetho wasekuhlaleni, inika indlela engalwiyo, enamandla, kwaye ekugqibeleni eluncedo kakhulu kunento engokwesithethe. Ngokubhekisa phambili kwizilangazelelo kunamalungelo, ugcino lolwalamano, kunye namandla amaqela ukuze enze izisombululo zawo, ukuchaza izinto eziziziphumo eziphambili zemfazwe kunokusohlwaya nje icala elinye. Nangona ingafanelekanga kumthetho wonke, iingenelo zayo ezikhoyo, isantya, imfihlelo, kunye nolawulo.