Amatyala amalungelo abantu ehlabathini lonke akafane ayihlonele imida yesizwe. Ixhoba lingathuthunjiswa kwelinye ilizwe ngabameli belinye, okanye iqumrhu eliyintloko kwiphondo lesithathu lingase livumelane nokuxhatshazwa kwemida enqamlezayo. Ukuphelisa iimpikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni zifuna ubuchule obusemthethweni obungagqithi kumagunya aphezulu. Imiyalelo yamakhaya (inkqubo apho iinkundla zicombulula iinkundla ezingezolwaphulo-mthetho phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo,hlwiwayo,) ivela njengesixhobo esibalulekileyo sokusingatha amalungelo abantu xa ukuchaswa kwetyala, okungasebenzisekiyo, okanye ukungagqibekanga. Ngokunika amaxhoba ingxubusho enkcitho emali enziweyo, imiqathango, okanye ukuphelisa imiqathango engo yomthetho, ukunyanzelwa kwemiqathangowawo yonke imimandla, ukunyaniswa kwemithetho yezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe, nokukhuselwa kwemiqatha yamazwe, nokusetyenziswa kwemiqatha yamazwe ngamazwe, ukuvavanywa kwemimiselo yemimiselo yemimiselo yemithetho esemthethweni, nezigwebo yamazwe, nezigwebo, nezigwebo ezimisela

Ukuchaza ukugwetywa kwabemi kumxholo wamalungelo abantu

Isivumelwano samakhaya sibandakanya ukuququzelelwa komthetho apho iinkundla okanye iinkundla zicombulula iimpikiswano phakathi kwamaqela amalungelo, imisebenzi, kunye namatyala angengolwaphulo-mthetho. Kwimeko zamalungelo abantu, umntu ngamnye okanye iqela (_________uquluno lommangalelwa, osenokuba ngurhulumente, umbutho, okanye omnye umntu, ogunyazisa ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo akhuselwe phantsi komthetho wehlabathi okanye wasekhaya. Iindlela zokunyanga ezifunwayo zisisingxengxengxezo, ukukhulula, okanye ukurhoxa isigwebo sokurhoxaxa, okanye ukurhoxaba okuthe kwamalungelo obelwe phantsi komthetho.

Ngokungafaniyo namatyala eenkundla, afuna ukusohlwaya abophula umthetho kwaye afuna ubungqina obungenakuphikiswa, amatyala amakhaya asebenza kumgangatho osezantsi ocacileyo (ubungqina obucacileyo) kwaye ajolise ekunikezeleni intelekelelo kwixhoba. Lo mahluko ubalulekile kuba uninzi lwezenzo zenkohlakalo zabantu zenzeka ngokwemo-mo apho urhulumente engafuni okanye engakwaziyo ukumangalelwa. Amatyala amakhaya avumela abo bawalayo ukuba baphephe iinkqubo zezobulungisa zezaphuli-mthetho ezingekho semthethweni baze bafune imbuyiselo ngqo. Ngaphezu koko, izahlulelo zamakhaya zinokuthwala ubunzima obufuziselayo, ziqinisekisa ekuhleni ukuba ukuphulwa kwezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho zenkohlakalo yaye ixhoba lifanele ukuqwalalelwa.

Amatyala amalungelo abantu eenkundla zasekuhlaleni asetyenziswa kwimisebenzi esetyenziswayo yezomthetho. Imimiselo yamakhaya ingaquka izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe (umz., iNkundla yokuXhotyiswa Kokhuseleko eUnited States), okanye iinkundla zingasebenzisa umthetho wezizwe wesithethe wezizwe ngezizwe ngqo. Kwezinye iindawo, imimiselo efana neAlien Tort Spagte (28 U.S.C. . . . . 1350) inika igunya leenkundla zephondo kwizenzo zasekuhlaleni zabaphambukeli ngenxa yokwaphulwa komthetho wezizwe okanye isivumelwano somthetho weUnited States.

Ukuphuhliswa Kwembali Yokugwetywa Kwamalungelo Abantu

Ukusetyenziswa kwale mihla kweenkundla zamakhaya ukulungisa ukuxhatshazwa kwamalungelo abantu kuneziqalelo ezinzulu kwinkqubela-phambili yasemva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Iimremberg zamisela umgaqo wokuba abantu banokubekwa ityala phantsi komthetho wezizwe ngezizwe ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho oluchaphazelekayo ebantwini, kodwa ukuphendula kuqala kujoliswe kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Iindlela zamakhaya zavela kamva, ubukhulu becala ngenxa yemiqathango yolwaphulo-mthetho.

EUnited States, ityala lonyaka ka1980 Filártita v. Peña-Irala laphawula incopho yokutshintsha. INkundla yesibini yeNtlanganiso yezibheno yaqinisekisa ukuba intsapho yaseParaguay ingamangalela umlawuli weParaguay owayesakuba ligosa lamapolisa ngenxa yokubulawa ngokuphosakeleyo ngenxa yokuthuthunjiswa, isebenzisa iAlien Tort Scyte. Inkundla yaqiqa ngelithi ukuthuthunjiswa ngemposiso phantsi kombala wegunya elisemthethweni kwaphula umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe. Esi sigqibo savula ucango kumnyango kwisambuku samalungelo abantu e-U.S. Iinkundla zezomthetho, kunye namagosa asemzini, iinkampani zezoshishino, iinkampani zezoshishino, kwanawamazwe okuxhaphaza abantu abangaphandle.

Ngokufanayo, eYurophu, iNkundla yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu (ECTR) yavelisa inkqubo eqinileyo yokuzibophelela kwabemi phantsi kweNgqungquthela yaseYurophu yaMalungelo abantu. Abantu ngabanye bangazisa izicelo ezichasene namazwe angamalungu ngenxa yokwaphulwa kwamalungelo abo, kwaye iNkundla inokufumana intabalala yolwaneliseko (intlawulo yemali). IECTHR isebenza njengenkundla yamakhaya elawula amazwe azimeleyo, kwaye imigwebo yayo ilo iguqule imithetho yamakhaya kumazwe angama-46.

Izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe ezifana ne-International Parvention on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) kunye neConvention Against Torture (CAT) zaseka iindlela zokukhalaza zomntu ngamnye ngemibutho yesivumelwano (umz., iKomiti yamaLungelo oLuntu). Ngoxa ezi ziqu zikhupha iimbono ezingadibaniyo, zinegalelo kwimimiselo yokuzibophelela yasekuhlaleni ngokuchaza imigaqo yezivumelwano nokunikela iinkcazelo ezigunyazisiweyo zemigaqo yesivumelwano.

Iimpawu ezingundoqo zokugwetywa kwabemi kumatyala aMalungelo abantu eZizwe Ngezizwe

Iinkalo ezininzi ezahlukileyo ziphawula ukungqubana kwemibutho yasekuhlaleni kwelibala lemidlalo, nganye inika amathuba kunye nocelomngeni.

Ukuzimela Nokuthenga

Ukumisela igunya lolawulo lwamalungelo abantu ehlabathini lonke kudla ngokuba ngumqobo wokuqala. Iinkundla kufuneka zibe nolawulo lobuqu kummangalelwa (ngokusisiseko kusekelwe kubukho, kwimvume, okanye kunxibelelwano oluncinane) kunye nolawulo lolawulo lwabathathi-nxaxheba kwityala. kumatyala aphesheya komhlaba wonke, abamangalelwa basenokuhlala kwelinye ilizwe, kwaye abamangalelwa basenokuzama ukufumana i-Fum enokuva ityala. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kulawulo [[FLT: 0] ukuthenga ukuthenga [[FLT]]] .[1] [oplainfoffs afuna izithuba ngemithetho entle (njengeUnited States, uBukumkani, okanye iNetherlands) evuma ukuba lithethe ngokusekelwe kulawulo lwasekuhlaleni. Amanye amazwe, njenge-Canada, njengeJamani, iye yamisela imimiselo ekhethekileyo yokusetyenziswa kwabantu ngokweentlobo zamalungelo abantu, i-Admin Actstysty, okanye i-Stylects Acts of Daw.

Umthetho Ocacileyo Nokhetho Lomthetho

Iinkundla zamakhaya kufuneka zimisele ukuba ngowuphi umthetho olawulayo. Kwiziko ezininzi, iinkundla zisebenzisa umthetho wasekhaya (umz., itort lomthetho) kodwa zijonga imigaqo-nkqubo yamalungelo abantu yezizwe ngezizwe njengenxalenye yesiseko esifanelekileyo somthetho okanye njengezikhokelo ezichazayo. Umzekelo, xa inkundla yaseFransi iva ityala lemigodi ngenxa yokonakaliswa kwemekobume ePeru echaphazela amalungelo abomthonyama, isenokubhekisela kwi-ILO Convention 169 okanye iSindululo se-UN samalungelo abantu ukuba sazise isigqibo sayo. Imidlalo ephakathi komthetho wasekhaya nowamazwe ngamazwe ingadala ukuntsonkotha, kodwa ikwavumela iinkundla ukuba ziguqule i-jajingala imigaqo yazo ye-jinispracracdment kwimigangatho yehlabathi lonke.

Ubungqina Obuqokelelwayo ngaphaya kwemida

Ukuqokelela ubungqina obusuka kwiinkundla ezininzi kuphakamisa imingeni ebalulekileyo. AmaNgqina asenokuba mathidala ukungqina, amaxwebhu asenokuba ngeelwimi zasemzini, kwaye imiqathango engokwasemthethweni yokufunyanwa kwemida enqamlezeneyo isenokuthintela ukufunyanwa kwenyaniso. Ezinye inkundla zisebenzisa iileta ezithethayo (iiisicelo kwiinkundla zamanye amazwe ukuze zifumane uncedo) okanye zixhomekeke kwiintlangano (i-NGOS) ezingezoburhulumente ukuqokelela ubungqina. Ukuvela kobungqina bemichiza, ii-data ze-meterneral data, kwaye zikwavula imibuzo emitsha ngenyaniso kunye nobumfihlo. Iinkundla zifumana iinkcazelo ezingeyo ezingoonolwazi zevidiyo ezingoonolwazi oluntsonkothile ngenxa yobungqina obuntsonkothile.

Unyanzelo Nezicombululo

Umgwebo olungileyo ubaluleke kuphela njengoko unyanzelekile. Kwiimeko zamazwe ngamazwe, abamangalelwa basenokuba nempahla kumazwe amaninzi, kwaye abamangalelwa kufuneka bafumane baze bafake ezo zinto ukuze baqokelele umonakalo. Ukunyanzelisa kungavalwa yinkqubo yokuzikhusela ekuzimeleni, isenzo semfundiso karhulumente, okanye ukunqongophele kwezivumelwano zokunyanzelisa. Noko ke, amanye amagunya agunyaziswe ngokunyanzelisana ngoncedo olusemthethweni ngezivumelwano zomthetho (MLLAT) okanye ngokudibanisa iNkomfazelo lweNkuhlela. Ukukhululeka kweHague yeNkuhlela. Ngokuyalela umbutho ukuba uphelise imisebenzi okanye umonakalo onyiselweyo, kusenokunzima nokunyanzeleka ukuba unyanzeleke ukunqumla imida. Phezu kwazo nje ezi ngxaki, iimeko ezininzi ziyaqhubeka ngenxa yomgwebo, ukuba angazinziswanga, ukuba ukonakala, ukwenziwa ngokonakalisa noxinzelelo.

Ukubaluleka Kokugwetywa Kwamakhaya Ekuxhaseni Amalungelo Abantu Ezizwe Ngezizwe

Isivumelwano soluntu sisebenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo kwizinto eziphila ngendalo yamalungelo abantu. Okokuqala, sinika unyango kumaxhoba angangeniyo kubulungisa. Xa amazwe esilela ukumangalela ngokunxulumene, ukunganyaniseki, okanye ukuswela amandla okusebenza (isuti) zinikezela ngenye indlela. Umzekelo, emva kokuwa komzi - mveliso wengubo kaRana Plaza eBangladesh ngo-2013, amaxhoba kunye neentsapho zawo babengakwazi ukufumana imbuyiselo ngeenkundla ze-Bangladeshi. Noko ke, iisuti zamakhaya zazibekwe kwiUK nakunye ukulwa nabathelisi neK ne-ontathelisi ne-ontathess eK eK eK eK eKneequlethwayo, nto leyo ikhokelela kwimitshana neenguqu kwizenzo zoshishino.

Okwesibini, ukuthundeza ityala kwabemi kukhuthaza ukuphenduliswa ngaphaya kwesizwe. Abadlali abangaququzelelwayo yimibutho yezizwe ngezizwe, iinkampani zomkhosi, nemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe, banokubekwa ityala lokuxhatshazwa kwamalungelo abantu. I UN Guideng Principles on Business and Human Rights iyayiqonda ngokucacileyo imfuneko yokufumana unyango, kuquka iinkqubo zomthetho. Iisuti zamakhaya ziye zanyanzela iinkampani ukuba ziphucule iimeko zemisebenzi, zithintele ukutshatyalaliswa kwemekobume, zize zihlawule amaxhoba okusebenza okanye ukunyanzelwa kwelizwe.

Okwesithathu, iinkundla zamakhaya zifak' isandla ekuphuhlisweni komthetho wezizwe ngezizwe. Ngezimvo ezineenkcukacha, iinkundla zichaza izivumelwano kunye nomthetho wesithethe, zicacisa imilinganiselo, zize zizalise iizithuba ezishiywe ziziqumrhu zesivumelwano. Izigqibo zophawu olufana ne Kiobel v. Inkundla yama-Royal Holland Petroleum[[[FLLT:1] [UMGUMBI] [UM] (UMkhosi Ophakamileyo we-UNIT, 2013) kunye [FL:] ne-NTS] Nezibonelelo zemali ezishicilelweyo Ltd. v. Araya (Inkundla ye-Spreme yeKHT], 202020) zilonge umngeni womgangatho wetyala lemali yequmrhu lamalungelo abantu. Le mpembelelo, intwezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe, nemibutho yexesha elizayo.

Ekugqibeleni, ukuthunyelelwa kwabemi kusebenza umsebenzi wokuthintela. Ithemba lomonakalo omkhulu okanye ukubhengezwa okungathandekiyo likhuthaza amazwe kunye nemibutho ukuba ithabathe amanyathelo okukhusela, anjengenkuthalo efanelekileyo yamalungelo abantu, iinkqubo zokuthobela, kunye nezenzo zokukhalaza. Xa inkundla iyalela inkampani ukuba ihlawule izigidi ngezono ezonakaliswayo ngenxa yokungcungcuthekiswa, lo myalezo uvakala ngaphaya kwamagumbi okuhlala ehlabathini lonke.

Iingxaki Ezijamelene Nokuncitshiswa Kwabemi Kwityala Lezizwe Ngezizwe

Phezu kwako nje ukukwazi kwayo ukumelana, izivumelwano zoluntu zijongene nemiqobo emikhulu ethintela ukusebenza nokufikelela kwayo.

Imfazwe yelifa lemveli kunye nokungahambelani

Omnye wemiqobo ebalulekileyo yimfundiso yokhuseleko lolawulo, ekhusela amaphondo kunye namaqumrhu awo ekumangalelweni kwiinkundla zangaphandle. Ngoxa ingeyoyayo imisebenzi yezorhwebo (“ingcamango yokuthintelwa” okanye yokwaphulwa kwe jus comgens[ izithethe ezisesikweni (izithethe zokucinezelwa okunjengokwalelwa kwentuthumbo), iinkundla bezimathisela ukukhusela ukukhusela. Inkundla yehlabathi lonke yeJaji, Jeurigiants Immunity Is Unionts (vGrentshine.)) i-Itali ithetha ukuba ukuxhamka kweWWI-Ia, inyaniseka ngokuneyo kwisigqibo sangaphandle, kodwa amaxhoba asoloko egwetywa ngokungeniswa.

Ukwahluka Kwasemthethweni Neemeko Ezingezozamdla

Ukwahluka kwiinkqubo zomthetho kungenza kube nzima ukuqhubana. Ezinye iindawo aziwaqondi ngokwamaqela amatyala (izenzo zamaqela), anemimiselo emifutshane yemiqathango, okanye ifuna iimali eziphezulu zokufaka ityala. Imfundiso ye- engeyoyantlukwano ivumela iinkundla ukuba zigxothe ityala ukuba enye i-FLT:1 ifanelekile, isoloko ishiya abasebenzi abangeyomfuneko ngaphandle kwe-yo nayiphi na i-ask forum. U.S.

Iimpembelelo Neempembelelo Zezobupolitika

Amatyala amalungelo abantu angenakunqandwa adibana nezobupolitika. Oorhulumente bangafaka ulawulo olufutshane oluchaseneyo, basongele izigwebo ngokuchasene namagqwetha aqhelekileyo, okanye bamise umthetho wokulinganisela iisuti zamalungelo abantu. EUnited States, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ka-2013 i-Kiobel isigqibo sithintele ngokupheleleyo ukusetyenziswa kwe-alritien Tort Scyste, ukushwankathela inkxalabo ngokuphazamisana nemithetho yamanye amazwe. Ngokufanayo, i-Corporative Camp Relatery Relationsting Relation Relation Relationsting [[Flactive Dirediveriveriverivery] ijove yoous. Iipolitiko zinokuphelisa ukuqhaqhaqhatha nokurhomba kwendima yabo.

Imida yokunyanzelisa nokukhulula

Kwanaxa abalawuli bephumelela kwisigwebo, umonakalo wokuqokelela udla ngokunzima. Abakhuseli basenokufihla izinto, bangabaqhubela kwimimandla ephezulu ngokunyanzelisa abasebenzi ababuthathaka, okanye bangafuni nje ukuhlawula. Amaxhoba asenokuswela ubuncwane bokulandela inkxaso elungileyo nokuqinisekisa ukutyhubela amazwe amaninzi. Iindlela zentsebenziswano zezizwe ngezizwe, njengeNdibano yeNkonzo yeHague neConvention on the Breactigistrance and in Forxictment of Foreign Arbitral Awards (New York Convention), zenzelwe ukuphelisa iimbambano zenteko-maliseko, zisenokungagubunziswa imigwebo yamalungelo abantu. Uphuhliso lolawulo olunikezelweyo lwamalungelo abantu luhlala luyilungelo.

Uhlolisiso Oluphathelele Ukugwetywa Kwamalungelo Abantu

Ukuze ubone indlela anamandla ngayo amadlala, khawuqwalasele iziganeko ezimbini eziphawulekayo ezibonisa imigibe enokwenzeka nenokuvela kuyo.

IFilártiga v. iPeña-Irala (1980, U.S.)

Njengoko kuphawulwe ngaphambili, eli tyala laliquka ukuthuthunjiswa nokufa kukaJoelito Filártga eParaguay. Udade wabo noyise bammangalela lowo utyholwa ngokuba ngumthuthumbisi, u-Americo Peña-Irala, owayehlala eUnited States. Isekesi sesibini sathi ukuthuthunjiswa ngamabomu kuchasene nomthetho wezizwe ngezizwe nokuba iinkundla zelizwe zinokunikezela igunya. Ngobundlobongela, inkundla yesithili yafumana umgwebo ongagqibekanga wama-10 ezigidi, nangona iqokelela loo mali yangqinela ulucelomngeni. Noko ke, ityala laseka umgaqo wokumisela ukunikezelwa kwamalungelo abantu kulo mhla. Kwabonisa ukuba iinkundla zasekuhlaleni ziyakwazi ukunikezela ulawulo lwamaxhoba esizwe xa iinkqubo zogonyamelo zasekhaya zingaphumeleli.

Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum (203, U.S.)

Eli tyala lixhalabileyo lityholwa ukuba iRoyal Dutch Shell ixhase urhulumente waseNigeria ekusebenziseni kakubi amalungelo abantu, kuquka ukuthuthumbisa nokubulala okugqithisileyo, kummandla wase-Ogoni ebudeni boo-1990. Abalawuli babesindi okanye izizalwana zabaxhasi ababulawayo. INkundla ePhakamileyo ekugqibeleni yalawula u 5-4 ukuba iAlien Tort Scyte ayisebenzisi mithetho engaphaya kwemithetho yokuphatha kakubi amalungelo abantu, efana ne-Canada, i-UK, kunye ne-Netherlands, apho iye yahambela phambili khona kwisigqibo sokuphendula kwequmrhutha kwe-mali phantsi kwe-mali phantsi kwe-U.

Nevsun Imithombo Ltd v. Araya (2020, Canada)

Ngokwahlukileyo [[FLT: 0] , i-KIObel, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseCanada . Nevsun yavumela iqela labasebenzi base-Etrethonia ukuba lifake inkampani yemigodi yaseKhanada ngenxa yokunyanzelelwa kwemisebenzi, ubukhoboka, kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho oluchasene nomthetho wesizwe. Inkundla yakholelwa ukuba imithetho yezizwe ngezizwe inyanzelekile kwiinkundla zamakhaya eKhanada. Esi sigqibo savula ucango lwetyala lemali esebenzela iKhanada kwaye sakhuthaza iisuti ezifanayo ngokuchasene nezinye inkampani zemigodi yaseKhanada. Ibonisa ukuba iinkundla zesizwe zinokusebenza kumthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe, ngaphandle kogunyaziso lwe-omthetho we-opluthothor.

Indima yeeNkundla neSivumelwano seZizwe ngezizwe

Ngaphaya kweenkundla zasekhaya, iinkundla zamazwe ngamazwe zidlala indima encedisana ekuwiseni amalungelo abantu. INkundla yezizwe ngezizwe yeJaji (ICJ) ithetha amatyala aphikisanayo phakathi kwamazwe ```njenge ''' kubosnia v. Inkundla yesizwe [ ityala lokutshatyalaliswa kwesizwe] kodwa ayiziva izityholo zabantu ngabanye. Noko ke, iimbono zayo kunye nemigwebo icacisa iimbopheleleko eziphantsi kwezivumelwano ezifana neConvention eGenecocide.

INkundla yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu yeyona nkundla yamalungelo abantu iphucukileyo, iphethe izicelo ezingaphezu kwama-50 000 ngonyaka. Abantu ngabanye bangazisa iingxelo ezithe ngqo, kwaye iNkundla ingawahlawula amatyala (ulwaneliseko). Inkundla yayo igubungela uludwe olubanzi lwamalungelo kwaye iye yanyanzela amalungu ukuba atshintshe imithetho nezenzo. Inkundla yamalungelo abantu yaseMerika kunye neNkundla yaseAfrika engoluntu namalungelo abantu isebenza ngokufanayo kwimimandla yabo, nangona isebenzisa oovimba abambalwa namandla okuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho.

Amaqumrhu eSivumelwano njengeKomiti yamaLungelo abantu yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, iKomiti eChasana nokuTshitsha uLuntu, neKomiti eLawulayo kwimbambano yoHlulo-lwaluko loLuhlanga “inika izimvo” kunxibelelwano lwabantu ngabanye. Ezi azibopheleleli ngokusemthethweni kodwa ziphethe igunya elibalulekileyo. Amaqela ase-Romes alindeleke ukuba azizalisekise, yaye maxa wambi iinkundla zamakhaya ziyazikhankanya kwimigwebo yazo. Zonke ezi nkqubo zisebenza zizwe ngezizwe zidala inkqubo yokuziphendulela ngokweziko zasekuhlaleni ezizinzileyo.

Ulwalathiso Namathuba Azayo

Iziganeko ezininzi zikhombisa ikamva lesivumelwano sabemi kwimicimbi yamalungelo abantu yamazwe ngamazwe. Okokuqala, ingcamango yolawulo lwabemi jikelele iyafumaneka. Amanye amazwe, njengeSpeyin neBelgium, sele emisele imithetho evumela iisuti zolwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu lwamazwe ngamazwe kungakhathaliseki ukuba zenzeka phi na. Ngelixesha inkcaso yezopolitiko ihlala ikhona, ingcamango yokuba amalungelo abantu aphulwe yindawo naphi na.

Okwesibini, ukunyuka kobungqina bomvo kunye nomthombo ovulekileyo wobukrelekrele (OSINT) kuguqula indlela iinkundla ezisingatha ngayo amatyala omda onqamlezileyo. Itellite, iividiyo zezentlalo-ntle yonxibelelwano, kunye ne-metadata yeselula yefowuni ingaveza izibakala ebezingenakungqinela ngaphambili. Iinkundla zilungisa imithetho ecacileyo ukuhlangabezana nale nyaniso intsha, nangona zinenkxalabo ngokusetyenziswa kwerhintyela kunye nomxokelelwano welolongo ziyaqhubeka.

Okwesithathu, utshintsho olumanyeneyo kunye namalungelo abantu okusingqongileyo zivela njengomda wesifungo sabemi. IiNkundla eNetherlands, eJamani, naseFransi ziye zakhupha izigqibo ezinika izithuba eziyalela oorhulumente ukuba banqumle umphunga. Ngoku iNkundla yezizwe ngezizwe ijonge uluvo oluchanekileyo kutshintsho lwemozulu. Amaxhoba engozi yemekobume asebenzisa iimpikiswano zamalungelo abantu kwimibutho ekwakheniseni noorhulumente kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni.

Okwesine, [[QUT:0] ishishini kunye namalungelo abantu afunekayo emithetho yenkuthalo iyasasazeka. ICorporate Sunancy Survatiation (Ulawulo Lokuziphatha Okuhle, Wakuba wamkelwe, kuza kufuna iinkampani ziqonde, zithintele, zinciphise amalungelo abantu kunye nengozi yemekobume kwimixokelelwano yazo. Amaxhoba aza kufumana amathuba amatsha asemthethweni okufaka ityala lokwaphula imisebenzi yenkuthalo, ukususa umthwalo wobungqina kunye nokwenza umzekelo wokugcina impumelelo.

Ekugqibeleni, uhlaziyo kunye nezixhobo ezintsha ezinokuqinisa ukushwankathelwa kwabemi. Isivumelwano esisisibophelelo kushishino namalungelo abantu siphantsi kwengxoxo kwiZizwe Ezimanyeneyo. Ukuba sigqibele, singavisisanisa imithetho yegunya, ulawulo, ulawulo, kunye nemigangatho. Ngokufanayo, ukwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwamalungelo abantu okujongwa kwamalungelo omntu kunye nokunika ingxelo eyimfuneko kungadala ubungqina obunokusetyenziswa ekuchazeni.

Isiphelo

Isivumelwano soluntu asiyonto ibangela ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke. Ithe chu, ixabisa, kwaye iphantsi kwemiqobo yezobupolitika neyomthetho. Kodwa isasoloko iyilungu elibalulekileyo lezakhiwo zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke. Ngokunika amaxhoba indlela yokulawula xa iziphumo zolwaphulo-mthetho zingekho, ngokubeka abadlali abanamandla exanduva, nangokucacisa nangokuqhubekisela phambili imigaqo-mthetho yezizwe ngezizwe, iinkundla zamakhaya zisenza imisebenzi engenakuphinda idibane. Ukuqinisa intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe, ukukhuthaza ukumiswa komthetho wasekhaya ovumela iisuti, nokuxhasa umsebenzi wamalungelo abantu, zonke ezi zinto zingamanyathelo abalulekileyo ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kwemithetho e-ontath , kunye ne-NGOs zingamanyathelo angundoqo okukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yezomthetho-ontathe-ntle. Njengoko amalungelo abantu ekhula ngokwandayo imidabini, imidanganiso, imidanganiso, kunye nee-techtechnomenti yemithetho yamakhaya enika ukusetyenziswa kweminquluvo yoluntu.