Ingcamango yokuvelela ingundoqo ekusebenzeni kukarhulumente wase-United States. Abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko, abawazi ngokunzulu amandla olawulo, abayila inkqubo yamagunya ahlukeneyo apho isebe ngalinye ($wwithogen, isebe elilawulayo, kunye nekomiti) lineembopheleleko ezizodwa kwaye linezixhobo ezizodwa zokuhlola ezinye. Olu vavanyo luntsonkothile lwendlela yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwaniso luqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe lilawulayo kwaye nesenzo sikarhulumente sihlala sinetyala kumGaqo-siseko nabantu. Eli nqaku linikela uhlolo olubanzi ngendlela esebenzayo yokunyamekela ezinye, ukujonga nokuhlola ezinye ezi nkqubo zangoku, nokubaluleka kwazo okuhlala kulondoloza ulawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Isebe Elilawulayo Elilawulayo

IBhunga, njengesebe lokuqala likarhulumente, linoluhlu olubanzi lwamandla okuvelela phezu kwegunya eliphetheyo. Oku kuvelela akuyonto nje eyenzeka emva kokucingwa kodwa kungumsebenzi ongundoqo oqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente omkhulu wolawulo uhlala ufanelekile kubameli abanyuliweyo. Iinkqubo ezisuka kwiimpawu ezicacileyo zomGaqo-siseko zinika inkxaso ngeezixhobo ezingacwangciswanga eziveliswe ngokuqheliselwa kwazo.

Isiqinisekiso Sedinga

Indima yeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimbi yeQela II, iCandelo 2, lilungu lokuhlola ngqo amandla kamongameli okusebenza kwisebe eliphetheyo kunye nejaji. Unobhala ngamnye wekhabhinethi, ijaji yesizwe, isalathisi, kunye namagosa amaninzi aphambili kufuneka aqinisekiswe yivoti yoninzi kwiNdlu yeNdlu. Le nkqubo iphantsi koonongelwano bokuvavanya ngokunzulu "ukuhlola okulula" i-"uphengulula ngokufanelekileyo, ukuva kwekomiti, iingxoxo zomgangatho. Umzekelo, isiqinisekiso esiphikisayo njengesoMgwebi uBre Kavaugh okanye unobhala woMkhosi uJames Mattis ibonisa indlela iNxabisi enokuthi iceliseke okanye igatya ngayo okanye i-mgatya kwe-yombolo, inyanze ulawulo lomlawuli ukuba akhethe ngokufanelekileyo okanye ahambele ngokulinganayo. Ukuqinisekisa kwakhona kusebenza kwenkqulukelo olukhoyo kwisenzo sakhe sexesha elizayo.

ULawulo lohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali

“ Amandla emali” mhlawumbi kukuxilonga okunamandla kweBhunga. Phantsi kweCandelo I, iCandelo lesiHloko lilawula yonke inkcitho karhulumente. Akukho nyathelo lolawulo lingabakho ngaphandle kwenkxaso-mali. Ngonyaka wezicelo, iKhomishini inganyuka, okanye inciphise ngokupheleleyo iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo. Ingadibanisa abakhweli abathintela ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yolawulo . Ngokunjalo, ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa kwemali yokudlulisela amabanjwa kwiGuantanamo Bay ukuya eUnited States. Isisongelo esizayo sokuvala i-odola yorhulumente, njengoko kuboniswe ngo-2013 nango-20202019, sibonakalisa iBhunga-mali lokwenene. Ngaphezu koko, i-Accostativery Office (GAO), umbutho ozimeleyo, ukusetyenziswa kwemali nokukhutshwa ngokusemthethweni kwemali esemthethweni yokusetyenziswa kwemali kunye nokukhutshwa kwemali yemali eUnited States.

Uphando Neendlebe

Iikomiti zeKhongosareyine zinegunya eliphangaleleyo lokuphanda nayiphi na into ekwigunya lazo. Eli gunya, eliqinisekisiweyo kwiimeko ezifana Mcrain v. Daughty (1877), livumela iikomiti ukuba zifake amaxwebhu amaxwebhu angaphantsi kwepona kwaye linyanzelise ubungqina obuvela kumagosa esebe aphetheyo. Uphengululo lweMandalmma iquka ukuva kweWatergate (1973/1974), okuye kwavumbulula ukuziphatha okubi komongameli kwaye kwakhokelela kuMongameli Nixon's Phon; ukuphengulula kook'uphenyo kweIran-Chont (19877), okubheje ukuthengiswa okungekho mthethweni kwezixhobo zelizwe kwimali eIran ukuya kwiNicaraguans; kunye noJanuwari ka-2010222222222), eziye zahlaselayo kuphela kodwa eziye zijonge ukugosa ulawulo lwezopolitiko.

Inkcitho

Inqaku Indinika iNdlu yabameli igunya eliphelayo lokungagunyaziswa ngamagosa karhulumente, kuquka umongameli, kunye neCathenal ekuphela kwamandla okuzama ukuzama ukuphembelela. Ukuphengulula kulelona nyango lomthetho olupheleleyo ```ikhampasi yemithetho'', ukunyoba, okanye ezinye izenzo eziphezulu zolwaphulo-mthetho.'.” Oomongameli abathathu baye baphenjelelwa yiNdlu yeeNdlu: Andrew Johnson (1868), uBill Clinton (19989), kunye noDonald Trump (ice, 2019 kunye no-2021). Akukho nanye eyagwetywa yiNsungulo yezo, kodwa inkqubo ngokwayo, ukuhlanganisa ubungqina, kunye novoti-otho lwezopolitiko, kwaye inokwenza ugqesho oluqatha.

Ukulawula Kwesebe Elilawulayo

Ngoxa isebe elilawulayo lidla ngokubonwa njengenjongo yolongamelo, lisebenzisa izixhobo ezibalulekileyo ukuqwalasela, ukuphembelela, yaye maxa wambi ukuphelisa izigqibo ezenziwa yiBhunga. Ezi nkqubo zinceda umongameli ukukhusela amalungelo aphezulu kwaye ziqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uhambelana nomgaqo-nkqubo wolawulo kunye nolu mgaqo-siseko.

Umbane weVeto

Umongameli umongameli u-Franklin D. Roosevelt ityala elidluliswe yiKhonkxalazelo. Phantsi kweCandelo I, iCandelo 7, icandelo elizii-3 ezimbini zoninzi kuzo zombini iigumbi zifuneka ukugquma iveto, nto leyo eyenzeka rhoqo ngokwembali. Ngokunqabileyo (kuphela malunga ne 4% yeevetoes eziqhelekileyo zisoloko zingekho. Umongameli uFranklin D. Rooselt ityala 635; ngokungakumbi, uMongameli Donald Donald Trump ivetote shumi. Iveto sixhobo esinamandla sokuqulunqanda: umongameli angasongela ukunyanzela iinguqulo kumthetho, okanye asebenzise ipokopototo (ukungahambi iintsuku ezilishumi ngelixa uBhunganelo-mthetho; u-Angcellssssss anokuyifaka ingxondorvetototo.

Imiyalelo nemiyalelo yegunya

Imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo ivumela umongameli ukuba akhokele imisebenzi karhulumente wengingqi ngaphandle kwemvume yombutho. Ngelixesha bengenako ukumisela imali okanye ukutshintsha umthetho, bangamisela inkqubo ebeka phambili ebumba indlela imithetho ekhoyo enyanzeliswa ngayo. Imizekelo yequke iSigqeba esilawulayo iquka Ulungelelwaniso lwe-9066 (ukuqalisa kwamaMelika ngexesha le-WWII), uLawulo lweSigqeba 13769 (uluthintelo-mthetho” ngo-2017), kunye nemiyalelo emininzi elawulayo elawula imigaqo yemekobume. Ingqungqungquthela ingadlulisela umthetho wokuphelisa umgaqo wesigqeqesho, kodwa umongameli anganyanzela loo mthetho, unyanzelo negunya eliphezulu. Ngaphezu koko, imiyalelo yabalawuli iphantsi kocalulo lwezomthetho kuqwalandulo lwesebe lesithathu.

ISizwe Somanyano Nolawulo Loluntu

Idilesi yonyaka kamongameli yeSizwe se-Union igunyaziswe ngokwemithetho-siseko (Artle II, Icandelo 3) kodwa iye yaguqukela kwiqonga elikwixesha eliphambili lokumisela imimiselo yemithetho. Ngokubonisa okuphambili kwemithetho. /ukuhlaziywa kolawulo lobuchule, inkqubo yokufuduka, isiseko senkcitho echithwayo, umongameli ufuna ukulungiselela uluvo lukawonke-wonke kunye noxinzelelo kumalungu eBhunga. IHouse White House ikwasebenza i-ofisi eqinileyo yeMicimbi yeMicimbi yemithetho elawulayo: ukubeka iivoti, ukuzobala, nokunikezela ngokunikezela. Oku kuhlala kuvumela ukulawulwa kolawulo ukuba kuvumela iziphumo ezisuka kumaqondo okuqala enkqubo yomthetho.

Ingxelo Zokusayina

Abalawuli baye basebenzisa ngokuqhubekayo iingxelo zokutyikityana ````````IiNjongo'''' ezikhutshwe ngokutyikitywayo' xa kusatyolwa uxwebhu-magama oluchaza ilizwi lomthetho okanye bevakalisa ukuba izahlulo zisenokuba azivumelani nomthetho. Ngoxa kuthandatyuzwa, ezi ngxelo zisebenza njengohlobo lobuveleli besebe elilawulayo lentshukumo yombutho. Umzekelo, uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wakhupha iingxelo zokutyikitywa kwentetho ezithiyeza ukugxele amagunya omongameli, njengemiqathango yokuchasa unyango lomkhosi. Ingqungqungquthela ingaphendula ngokulungisa imithetho yexesha elizayo, kodwa le ngxelo isebenza njengovavanyo olukhawulezi, ichaza indlela isigcuntyo ekuphumeleliseni umthetho (okanye ukungawuzalisekisi).

Ukulawula Kwesebe Eligwebayo Kokubini Amagosa Asemthethweni Nanemigaqo

Ijaji, ekhokelwa yiNkundla Ephakamileyo, isebenza njengomxhasi opheleleyo wenkcazelo yomGaqo-siseko. Ubukhulu becala ukujonga kwayo kusebenza ngokuchanekileyo, qha xa kuziswa ityala okanye impikiswano phambi kwayo, kodwa imithetho yayo iyabotshwa kwaye iyagqibela. Eli gunya liqinisekisa ukuba akukho Komiti okanye umongameli onokuthi adlule imida emiselwe ngumGaqo-siseko.

Impinda yezeejaji

Amandla okuhlola okulawula, ngokusukela ngoko, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibethe imithetho okanye izenzo zesebe elilawulayo ezingekho mthethweni, zamiselwa kuMarbury v. Madison [1895]. Ukususela ngoko, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibethe imithetho yorhulumente engaphezu kwe-170 kunye nemithetho yephondo engenakubalwa. Umzekelo, kwi [[FLT:] United States v. Lopez[FLT][FLT] [195], iNkulawula ukuba iSikolo seSikhulu seSikolo sidlulise amandla entengiselwano yeBhunga, i-Rhosa imida yemithetho yezoshishino, i-Reastiveriverives kwigunya lolawulo lorhulumente lorhulumente. [[FLD] iinguevicev.[9] [195], iNt.ieupt]

Ukutolikwa Kwemithetho

Iinkundla zichaza intsingiselo yemimiselo njengemiswa yiBhunga. Xa i-ethe ngqiqweni, ukucaciswa kwenkundla kungawuguqula ngokuphawulekayo umphumo womthetho. Umzekelo, IChevron U.S.A., Inc. v. IZibonelelo zendalo zeLizwe lokhuselo [19984], iNkundla yaseka inkqubo yokuzibamba kwimigaqo ecacileyo, igcina omabini amasebe enyanisekile ngenjongo yolawulo olunemithetho efuna imigaqo-mthetho ecacileyo.

Ukukhuselwa Kwamalungelo Omntu Ngamnye

IBhili yamaLungelo kunye nokupheliswa okulandelayo kuqinisekisa inkululeko yomntu ngamnye nxamnye nesenzo sikarhulumente. Ijaji inyanzelisa le mida nxamnye namasebe owiso-mthetho kunye namagunya aphetheyo. Umzekelo, iNkundla yalawula Brown v. iBrooev. Ibhodi yemfundo[[ [1954]] [ukuthiwe-197]) ukuba ucalulo lobuhlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke lwalungamelani, ngokunempumelelo ukunyanzeleka kwemithetho-siseko, ngokugqithileyo ukuvunywa kwangaphambili nokugcinwa kwayo. [[FLT.2] Roevv v. [12] [7]), iNkuhla kwemeko kunye nemiqatha yomthetho yomthetho wolawulo oluphezulu], isenza umgaqo-mthetho-mthetho-siseko somthetho-siseko somthetho, kwanokwenza ulawulo lwangaphambili, kwanelwa noluvo lwamalungelo amaqela amaqela amaqela amaqela asekuhlaleni.

Ukukhangela Kwinkqubo Yombutho

INkundla ikwahlola ukuba iNkundla yeNkqutyana ngokwayo iye yaphula umthetho-siseko. Umzekelo, kwi S v. Chadha (19983), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa phantsi iNkundla yemithetho-siseko yemithetho yeKhomishini esetyenziselwa ukuphelisa izigqibo zolawulo lweziko-gratya-mali. Ngokunjalo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yasebenzisana nomthetho onyanzelisayo ukunyanzela ukurhoxa kwemithetho yempatho, ngokunjalo iqinisa ukuthambeka kwemithetho yempatho yempathiso. [[FFLT:2] Clinton. [4] Isixelo sesiXeko saseNew York, u-19983, iNkuphelo lweNkupho ye-Alls, eyayiniwayinikwe ngumongameli ukuba irhoxiswe yimali ehlawulweni; iNkumo yeNkundla ekwaphula umthetho oPhaka uMthetho ka-Clayikisayo.

Idinga neNkqutyana yokuQinisekisa

Abagwebi bomanyano bamiselwa ngumongameli kwaye baqinisekiswe yiNkundla yeNkundla, kodwa xa ihleli, isebenza ubomi, iqinisekisa inkululeko. Le nkqubo ngokwayo isebenza njengenkqubo yobuveleli: oomongameli bangabumba inkundla yejaji kangangamashumi eminyaka, ngelixa iNdlu yeNdlu inokuthintela abanobuchule obusemthethweni obugqithisileyo. Ukuqulunqwa kwale Nkundla , kunye nezigwebo ezithandathu ezithe ngxi zimiselwe ngumongameli waseRiphabliki kunye neeJaji ezintathu ezivunyiwe nguDemocrates-_refs. Ubomi beshumi buvumela abagwebi ukuba baphikise iingcamango zabo eziqhelekileyo namasebe ezobupolitika, baqinise indima yabo njenge-check.

Ukuxinezeleka Kwendlela Yokusebenzisana Nemizekelo Yanamhlanje

Inkqubo yokuvelela ayikhawulezi; ivela kwiimfazwe ezivavanya imida yomGaqo-siseko. Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje kuye kwakho ungquzulwano oluphawulekayo:

  • Impikiswano ekwisiphene se-parenas vs. Ilungelo eliphezulu: Ngexesha lolawulo lweTrump, iNdlu yakhupha iipenasi ukuze kunikelwe ubungqina namaxwebhu, kodwa uMongameli walathise amagosa ukuba angasebenzisani, acaphule ilungelo eliphezulu. Impikiswano yafikelela kwiinkundla, ngesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi [FLT:]Trump v. Mazars [20] ukuba amandla eCrestudease Congress angeypoena awana akaphelelanga kwaye amele avavanywe ngokuchasene nezilangazelelo zikamongameli. Le meko icaciswe kodwa ayicombulula uxanduva.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isenzo esisebenzayo sokufuduka: uMongameli we-Obama's Defection forfictions of denfo (DACA) wacelw'elwa njengonochuku. INkundla ePhakamileyo kwi Isenzo sokhuseleko lwasekhaya v. IRegets yeYunivesithi yaseCalifornia[[FLT][FLT]] [20]) yalawula ukuba ulawulo aluzange lulandele inkqubo efanelekileyo ukuphelisa i-DACA(*) kodwa lwashiya ucango luvulekile ukwenzela isenzo sexesha elizayo. Umongameli uTrump's's' waluvalela uhlolo olufanayo olugwetyiweyo kwaye ekugqibeleni lwaxhaswa kwi-[FLTY:] HTML. v[FLD5]
  • Ukungagqibeki nokungagwetywa: uMongameli uTrump wokuqala (ukungagunyaziswa kwamandla kunye nokuthintelwa kweBhunga) kunye nokungagunyaziswa kwesibini (ukuvukelwa kwemvukelo) kwabalaselisa imida yamandla okungagunyazi xa iBhunga lingasileli. Ukugwebiswa kwagxininiswa ukuba ukungaququzi kuyinto yezobupolitika njengenkqubo esemthethweni, kwaye uvavanyo lomthetho lungasilela ukuba amaqela e-Roce.
  • Imithetho yokuvala: Imali enikezelwayo kumda wodonga i-2018-2019 ibonise iziphumo zokwenene zehlabathi zamandla oqingqo-mali: 800 000 abasebenzi belizwe basongiweyo okanye abasebenza ngaphandle komvuzo, ukuphazamiseka kweenkonzo ezibalulekileyo, kwaye ekugqibeleni balalanisa. Yabonisa ukuba omabini amasebe angenza iintlungu kwelinye nelinye, kwaye kuwonke-wonke ngokusebenzisa izixhobo zolawulo.

Ukubaluleka Kokulawula Kwibutho Ledemokhrasi

Ulawulo phakathi kwamasebe amathathu asiyonto ethethwayo kodwa yimfuno esebenzayo. Ukubaluleka kwalo kungabekwa kwimimandla emininzi engundoqo:

Umbuzo

Igosa ngalinye, ukusuka kumongameli ukuya kutsho kwintloko yesebe elilawulayo, kufuneka liphendule kwelinye isebe. Iingcamango zowiso-mthetho, uhlolo logwebo, kwanabenzi besigqibo somkhosi wamandla abathethelela izenzo zabo ekuhleni nakumgaqo-siseko. Ngaphandle kolawulo, amagosa angasebenza ekusithekeni kwaye angasohlwaywa.

Ukuthintela Ukusetyenziswa Kakubi Kwegunya

Abaphathi befashoni babesoyika naliphi na unyulo lwamandla. Unyulo olungenakuxengaxengiswa, ubomi obunengcebiso kubagwebi, kunye nendlu yowiso-mthetho esetyenziswa nge-bimaral zayilwa ukucotha inyathelo likarhulumente. Iinkqubo zokulawula zisebenza njengeziqhoboshi, zithintela ukuhamba ngokukhawuleza okanye ngokungakhathaleli kwesebe elinye. Umzekelo, umongameli akanakuvakalisa imfazwe ngaphandle kweBhunga loMbutho; iBhunga alinakumgweba umntu ngolwaphulo-mthetho ngaphandle kokuchotshelwa kwetyala; iNkundla ayinakuqalisa inkqubo ngaphandle kwetyala. Oku kuthintela kusebenza ngokukhawulezi ndlela kusebenza kwesebe.

Ukukhusela Ukukhululeka Kwamakhaya

Amalungelo omntu ngamnye abuthathaka kakhulu xa urhulumente esebenza njengomkhosi onamandla ombane. Ukuxilonga nokulungelelana kuqinisekisa ukuba ukuba elinye isebe lingenelela kwinkululeko / kwelo, ngokumisela umthetho othintela ukuthetha, /ukungenelela amasebe athile. Ijaji, ngokukodwa, abalondolozi nxamnye nengcinezelo yobundlobongela ngokubetha imithetho echasene neBhili yamaLungelo, kwanaxa loo mithetho ixhaphakile.

Ubuchule Babemi Nokukhanya

Imisebenzi engaphezulu / ukuchongwa kwamacala eendlebe, iingxelo zenkundla, izimvo zenkundla ```ijikeleze inkcazelo kawonke-wonke'. Okukhona ivula le nkqubo, kokukhona abemi benokubeka abameli babo esweni. URhulumente kuMthetho weSunshine noMthethweni woLwazi Act wokwanela ezi zingqiniso ngokunikezela ufikelelo lukawonke-wonke kumaxwebhu esebe alawulayo. Umvumisi onolwazi ngoyena uphando luphezulu kuwo onke amasebe.

Ukujikeleza kweModemokhrasi

Ukulawula kukwayila impucuko yezobupolitika. Ulindelo lokuba amasebe azakukhuthaza intlonelo kwiinkqubo zomthetho kwaye ludimaza isenzo somthetho othe kratya. Kwanaxa ulawulo lusilela ukusebenza .Njengokuba iqela lilawula zombini iWhite House ne Congress (ubukho bugcina imigangatho yokuziphatha. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, izithethe ezifana “nomthetho” utyhalwa kwinkqubo yezobupolitika, ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokuphethuka kwe-athom.

Isiphelo

Iindlela zolawulo ezintsonkothileyo eziqaliswe kwi-U.S. zininzi kuneenkcubeko zembali; ziphila, iinkqubo ezinamandla ezichaza ukusebenza kwemini ukuya kwemini yorhulumente. Isebe lowiso-mthetho libamba amandla engxowa yemali kunye nesoyikiso sokungaqeshwa; umphathi olawulayo usebenzisa imida ye-veto kunye neqonga lengxwabangxwaba; umgwebi utolika umthetho kunye nokuhlola izenzo zombini. Ukuqonda indlela amasebe ngalinye ajonga ngayo ezinye iinkqubo zemfundo azimeleyo kodwa alungelelanisa nezonyango lwezempilo yaseMerika.

ukwenzela ukufunda okubhekele phaya, bona i-Cunitution Anutity, i-Ofisi yeGovernment Office[, kunye nendima yeNkundla ePhakamileyo ekwindima yenkonzo.]