Ulwahlulo lwegunya lolawulo phakathi korhulumente norhulumente wesizwe luphawu olusisiseko solawulo lwamaMelika. Olu lungelelwano luntsonkothileyo luzimo ngendlela edalwe ngayo imigaqo-nkqubo, iphunyezwe, inyanzeliswe, inyanzelisa ukwenziwa kwesizwe. Ukuqonda ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yorhulumente nolawulo lwamagunya kuyimfuneko kubenzi bemithetho, iinkokeli zezoshishino, iingcali zomthetho, kunye nabemi ababotshelelweyo abalawula imekobume entsonkothile. UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States umisela inkqubo emanyatheneyo yolawulo, kunye neSinyuso seSiphendulo seSizwe, esigcina amandla anganikwangagunya-Angqhinga kurhulumente. Kodwa, iSupremaclace iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho wesizwe umgaqo-zwe, udala uxinzelelo olunamandla oluqhubekayo oluqhubekayo ngomthetho, ngenkqubo yolawulo.

Ukuqonda Umgaqo-nkqubo Karhulumente Nomanyano

Imimiselo karhulumente neyorhulumente isebenza kwiinjongo ezahlukeneyo kwaye isebenza kwimimiselo eyahlukeneyo, kodwa ehamba-hambanayo. Imithetho yomanyano ivela kwiNgqungquthela kwaye iphunyezwa ngamasebe alawulayo, ngelixa imimiselo karhulumente imiselwa ziindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente kwaye inyanzeliswa ngamaqumrhu karhulumente. Esi sakhiwo sibonisa injongo yabasebenzi bomthetho wokwakha urhulumente onamandla ngokwaneleyo ukusingatha imicimbi yesizwe kodwa uvinjwe ngokwaneleyo ukugcina ulawulo lwelizwe.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko

ISinyuso seSihlaziyo seSishumi sichaza, "Amagunya anganikwanga iUnited States ngumGaqo-siseko, okanye angavunyelwanga yiyo eUnited States, ngokulandelelanayo, okanye ngabantu." Oku kubekwa kwegunya kuvumela amagunya asebenzisa amagunya amapolisa ./ukukwazi ukulawula impilo, ukhuseleko, intlalo-ntle, kunye nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Okwangoku, iGatya lesi- VI liqinisekisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko, imithetho karhulumente ewenzelwe ukuba ihlale ingumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, ibophelele abagwebi borhulumente ngaphandle kwemithetho okanye imithetho yorhulumente.

Umiselo lomanyano

Imigaqo yomanyano yenzelwe ukugcina imicimbi yesizwe neyokuphendula enqumla imida karhulumente.

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Ukhuseleko lweziko lendalo – Umthetho ococekileyo womoya, uMthetho wokucoca amanzi, kunye noMthetho weSizwe wenkqubo yokusingqongileyo omiselwe yi-Arhente yoKhuselo lweNtlalo-bumelo-bumeko (EPA).
  • Imithetho ye- eyi- – Imithetho yeMigangatho yeNkonzo yeNgeno imisela umvuzo ophantsi, ixesha elongeziweyo, kunye nemigangatho yokusebenza yabantwana enyanzeliswe liSebe leSebe leMisebenzi.
  • [[FOL:0] Ukhuseleko lwekommuni – iKhomishoni yezentengiselwano zokhuseleko ijonge ukhuseleko lwemveliso, ngelixa iKhomishoni yeFederal Trade ilawula urhwebo olukhohlisayo.
  • Imali ephambili – Umthetho we-Affordble Care Act kunye neMedicare/inkqubo zeMedicaid zimisela iimfuno zesizwe zenkcazo ye-inshorensi yempilo nobunjani.
  • [[Ukhuseleko:0] Ukhuseleko kunye nogcino-mali – IKhomishini yoKhuseleko noTshintshiso kunye neSigcini-mali esilawula iimarike zemali ukuqinisa uqoqosho.

Abameli bomanyano abafana [[FLT: 0] bemigaqo yokhuseleko kunye noLawulo lwempilo (OSA) kunye ne-Arhente yezeMfundo zezeMbali (ENK) ekhupha imigaqo ethwala amandla omthetho. Le migaqo idla ngokuquka iinkqubo zomthetho ezibandakanya amagqabaza kawonke-wonke, uhlalutyo lwezoqoqosho, kunye nohlolo lwezomthetho, ukuqinisekisa ukuphendula nokukhanyelwa.

Ulungiso lwemithetho

Imimiselo karhulumente ivumela ukuqhelaniswa kweemfuno neemeko ezithile zasekuhlaleni. I-United States inegunya elibalulekileyo kwimimandla enganikwanga ngokucacileyo urhulumente wesizwe, kuquka:

  • Imfundo[[FLT]-1] – iUnited States icwangcisa imigangatho yohlelo lokufundisa, iimfuno zokufundisa, kunye neenkqubo zenkxaso-mali yesikolo. IThe Everse Students Fueved Act ibuyisela ulawulo oluninzi kumazwe emva kwamashumi eminyaka olawulo lukarhulumente.
  • [[Ukwahlulwa korhwebo] – amasebe ezothutho kaRhulumente alawula ulwakhiwo lwendlela, imimiselo yendlela, kunye nokulungisa izithuthi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuphatha-mali – iUnited States ilawula iimarike ze-inshorensi, ukuthunyelwa kweengcali zezamayeza, kunye namanyathelo ezempilo kawonke-wonke. Ulwando lweMedicaid phantsi koMthetho wokuLala i-Affordhable Act lubonise ubhetye-bhetyebhetye.
  • Imithetho yezoshishino [[FLT:] – iUnited States ilawula ukwakhiwa kwequmrhu, ukuhlaliswa kwe-intwala ezingoonontla, ukubekwa kwesakhiwo, kunye norhwebo lwezorhwebo lwamazwe angaphandle.
  • Umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho onyanzelekileyo – uninzi lwezaphuli-mthetho lukwimithetho karhulumente, ukusuka ekuphuleni kwendlela ukuya ekungxengxeni okunzulu.

Oku kubhexexeza kunceda oorhulumente bakwazi ukusabela kwiimeko zabo ezingaqhelekanga zamanani, ezoqoqosho, kunye nokwezezwe. Njengoko iJaji uLouis Brandeis yaqatshelwa, amatyala asebenza njenge "imisebenzi yedemokhrasi," ukuzama iinkqubo ezinokuthi kamva zazise iindlela zokwazisa ungenelelo lwesizwe. Umzekelo, imigangatho engqongqo yokukhupha igesi iphembelele iimfuno zentengo yemali karhulumente.

I-Evolution yembali yolwalamano lwe-Rhulumente-Federal

Ulungelelwano phakathi korhulumente norhulumente luye lwatshintsha ngendlela ephawulekayo kwimbali yamaMelika.

IRiphabliki yangaphambili: IDual Federalism (1790-1930)

Kwinkoliso yenkulungwane yokuqala, imodeli yorhulumente edibeneyo, apho oorhulumente borhulumente borhulumente kunye noorhulumente babesebenza kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo. Igunya lomanyano lalilinganiselwe ukuba libale amagunya afana norhwebo lwangaphakathi, imicimbi yangaphandle, kunye nokhuselo lwesizwe. Amazwe ayenembopheleleko ephambili kulawulo lwezoqoqosho, ulwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nemigaqo-mthetho yentlalo. INkundla ePhakamileyo yanyanzelisa le mida kwiimeko ezifana jibbons v. Ogden [1824], echazwe kakhulu amandla oshishino lwezoshishino, kunye nenkqubo yentlalo-ntlalo. Mary v[FLT] [FLD] [FLT] [12] [19], eyaxhasa igunya lomthetho-mthetho wesizwe]

I-Dabare eNtsha: Umanyano loManyano (1930s-1960s)

Uthetho Olukhulu lwabangela ulwandiso oluphawulekayo lwamandla omthetho karhulumente. UMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Development zinkqubo ezifuna intsebenziswano yesizwe nesizwe. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaqala yabetha phantsi kwemilinganiselo emininzi ye-New Development kodwa ekugqibeleni yaxhasa igunya elibanzi lesizwe phantsi kweCommerce Claus. Ulawulo lweKhomputha lwavela, lwaphawulwa ngooxanduva lwawo, inkxaso-mali edityanisiweyo, kunye nomthetho-orhulumente wokubonela ukusungulwa kwe-Social Security, i-National Labor Revotion Board, kunye nomthetho omkhulu wezolimo.

IXesha lamaLungelo aBantwana kunye noMbutho Omkhulu (60s-1970)

Amandla omanyano athe akhula ngokubhekele phaya ukunyanzelisa amalungelo abantu kunye nentlalo-ntle. UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964 kunye noMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1965 wasebenzisa igunya lorhulumente ukuphelisa imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho. Iinkqubo zoMbutho Omkhulu zasungula iMedicaid, iMedicare, kunye nenkxaso-mali yemfundo karhulumente. Imithetho yokukhusela indalo neyokuthenga imisele imigangatho yesizwe, ngokufuthi echaphazela iziphumo. Eli xesha labona ukunyuka kwemali echithwe kwimibandela yemali eqingqiweyo .

I-New Federalism ne-Devolution (1980s-Presente)

Ukuqala ngoMongameli Ronald Reagan, umbutho wokubuyisa amandla eemeko ezifunyenweyo. I-New Federalism yagxininisa izibonelelo zezithintelo, izithintelo ezincitshisiweyo zikarhulumente, kunye nolwandiso lwezolawulo. INkundla ePhakamileyo phantsi kweJaji enkulu uWilliam Rehnquist ethintele amandla orhwebo kumatyala anjengo United States v. Lopez [195] [FLT] [FLT]] United States v.Montery [2]) ayikwazanga ukuphinda i-phinda i-phinda i-phinda i-phindaphinde ibe ngu-2010). I-MFRAD, i-MFRAC, iqhubeke ingumthetho wokwandiswano nempilo, iqhubeke ithetha ukuba i-Cercediary, iqhubeke i-modentiart, ithetha ngolwalamano lobugrome.

Imigaqo engundoqo engokwasemthethweni elawula uRhulumente-ederal Interaction

Iimfundiso eziliqela zomgaqo-siseko zibumba indlela imithetho karhulumente nemithetho karhulumente edibana ngayo. Ukuqonda le migaqo kubalulekile ekuphunyezweni kwemigaqo esebenzayo.

Ukhukuliso

Ukukhulula kwenzeka xa umthetho wesizwe uthatha indawo yomthetho wesizwe. ISupremacy Claus inika isiseko somgaqo-siseko sokukhulula, kodwa umlinganiselo wokukhulula uxhomekeke kwinjongo yokuququzelela. Kukho iintlobo ezintathu ezingundoqo:

  • Ukucinezelwa - iNgqungquthela ichaza ngokucacileyo kummiselo wokuba ikhulula umthetho karhulumente. Umzekelo, i-Umvulo-mhlala-phantsi we-Infoive Security Act (ERIS) ichaza ngokucacileyo imithetho karhulumente enxulumene neenjongo zoncedo lomqeshwa.
  • Isetyenziswa ukukhulula [ - umthetho woManyano uxhaphakile okanye umdla olawulayo karhulumente kangangokuba awusikeli thuba kumgaqo karhulumente. Oku kusoloko kwenzeka kwiindawo ezifana nokhuseleko lwenyukliya okanye ukufuduka.
  • Intlabathi yokukhulula - ummiselo woManyano ungena kumhlaba wonke, ngaphandle kwesenzo sombuso. INkundla ePhakamileyo ifumene ukhukuliso kumthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni nakwimicimbi yangaphandle.
  • Ukukhululwa [ - umthetho weRhulumente ungqubana ngqo nomthetho wezwe, wenza ukuthobela kokubini okungenakwenzeka, okanye umthetho karhulumente ume njengomqobo kwiinjongo zolawulo.

Ukuqonda ukucinywa kubalulekile kubenzi benkqubo kunye nabaxhasi bomgaqo-nkqubo ukuze bahambe kakuhle kwilizwe elinolawulo. Iinkundla zisoloko zibuza imibuzo yokukhulula, kwaye amashishini kufuneka ahlole ukuba imithetho karhulumente iyasinda kusini na xa iqwalaselwa ngurhulumente.

Urhwebo Olunamandla UCelas

I-Claus yezorhwebo ichaza ukuba ithintela ukucalucalula okanye ukuyekelela umthwalo ongaphaya komthetho wezorhwebo. Utheko lwezorhwebo olungakwaziyo u-Claus luyalela ukuba lumisele umthetho wokukhusela ovumela izilangazelelo zezoqoqosho ezisemgaqweni ngaphandle kokhuphiswano lwamazwe. Lo mgaqo uqinisekisa ukuba ishishini liyakwazi ukurhwebisa ishishini ngaphandle komkhamo worhulumente.

Umanyano lwamaPhondo

Isivumelwano solawulo loluntu sibhekisela kwintsebenziswano phakathi korhulumente norhulumente wesizwe ukuze kufikelelwe iinjongo ezidibeneyo zomgaqo-nkqubo. Le ndlela iyabonakala kwimimandla enje:

  • Iinkqubo ze-Medicaid – i-United States inika iMedicaid kukhokelo lwezwe, ngokuxhasana kunye nokuphathana.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Inyathelo elingundoqo lokukhusela [ – Umthetho woMeya Ococekileyo ufuna iimeko ukungenisa izicwangciso zokuphumeza uRhulumente (IIP) ezichaza indlela abaza kuhlangabezana ngayo nemigangatho yomgangatho womgangatho womoya wezwe.
  • [[UMTL:0] Inkxaso-mali kunye nemigangatho – umanyano lwemali yeSihloko Ndifuna ulawulo lokwamkela imigangatho yemfundo nohlolo.
  • Imisebenzi yorhwebo – Ulawulo loMbutho oPhakamisa iNkxaso lunika inkxaso-mali ngexesha ukwakhiwa nokwakhiwa kweeprojekthi.

Urhulumente norhulumente wesebe banokusebenzisana ekuqulunqeni imigaqo-nkqubo enceda abemi ngoxa behlonela amalungelo karhulumente. Noko ke, olu manyano ludla ngokubandakanya amalungiselelo anzima olawulo neempikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni malunga neemeko zemali karhulumente.

Ucelomngeni Lokusetyenziswa Kwenkqubo

Ngeli xesha unxulumano phakathi kwemimiselo karhulumente neyamagunya lunganceda, lukwanika iingxaki ezibalulekileyo. Le miqobo inokuthintela ukuphunyezwa kwemigaqo esebenzayo kwaye ibangele ukudideka kwabangenisi.

  • Imimiselo ekhohlo-mthetho -Xa imithetho karhulumente kunye norhulumente imisela iimfuno eziphikisanayo, imigaqo elawulayo ejongene neengxaki zokuthobela. Umzekelo, ukwenziwa komsayini kungqubana nomthetho owiswe yiSubstances Act eLawulwe yiRhulumente, edala ukungaqiniseki okusemthethweni kumashishini nabaqeshwa.
  • [[NTL:0] Imiyalelo engabhaliswanga-imithetho yoManyano] idla ngokufuna ukuba kubekho amazwe okwenza imisebenzi ethile ngaphandle kokunikezela ngemali eyaneleyo. UMthetho weNguqu eHlaziyiweyo ka-1995 wafuna ukulinganisela loo mthwalo, kodwa uthetha ukuxakeka kwamaxabiso okuthobela imeko-bume, ulwandiso lwezempilo, kunye nemigangatho yemfundo.
  • Imiqathango yemvelaphi kumgangatho wombuso - Iimeko ezincinci ezinobuchule obulinganiselweyo zolawulo zingazama ukuzalisekisa imimiselo entsonkothileyo yesebe. Ukunqongophala kwemisebenzi, ubugcisa obuphelelwe lixesha, kunye nezinto eziphambili ezikhuphisanayo zingalibazisela ukwenziwa komsebenzi kwaye zinciphise ukusebenza.
  • Ukufumaneka kuqheliselo lokusebenza --E States zinokubaluleka kunye nezibonelelo ezahlukeneyo, ezikhokelela ekusetyenzisweni okungalinganiyo kwemigangatho karhulumente. Umzekelo, i-OSSA ivumela amazwe asebenzise izicwangciso zawo zokhuseleko lomsebenzi, okuphumela kumgangatho owahlukeneyo wokhuseleko lwabasebenzi.
  • Ukwenziwa ncam kunye nocelomngeni lomthetho – izahlulo zingakhokelela kwiimeko zokucel ’ umngeni iinkqubo zesizwe enkundleni, ukulibaziseka nokungaqiniseki kwenkqubo. UMthetho we-Affordible Care Act kunye nemithetho yokusingqongileyo ijongene nokuphindwa kwelishwa kumagqwetha jikelele esizwe.
  • [[Umthetho:0] uphatho lomgaqo kunye noxinzelelo lweqela lenzala - omabini ulawulo lungaphenjelelwa yimizi-mveliso enamandla, ikhokelela kwimithetho enceda izilangazelelo zobuqu ngaphezu koluntu. Oku kwenza kube nzima ukuphunyezwa kwemigaqo yokungakhethi buso.

Uphando lwetyala lombuso ngemiqathango. Umiselo

Uhlolisiso lwetyala elithile lunika ingqiqo kulawulo lombuso nololawulo lwezwe kunye neziphumo zalo zokwenene.

UMthetho Womoya Ococekileyo Nezicwangciso Zokuzalisekisa

I-EPA imisela i-National Ambentient Moyer Service Act ingumzekelo womanyano lwamazwe asebenzisanayo. I-EPA imisela imigangatho ye-AMANDLA yoBulunga bemo-moya yesizwe (NAAQS) ukwenzela izinto ezingcolisayo ezinjenge-ozone kunye ne-ozone. Amazwe kufuneka aphuhlise iZicwangciso zoHluliso lweMkhosi (SIP) ezichaza indlela aza kuyifikelela ngayo kwaye agcine le migaqo. Ukuba urhulumente akakwazi ukunikezela i-SIP, i-EPA inganyanzela iPPPPPPPP elungelelayekileyo (FIP). Le ndlela ilungelelanisa umanyano yesizwe ngobuchule besizwe ngolungelelwano lwe-NaAQS kunye nexesha lokuthobela kwayo. I-Klifolot, nemithombo yayo ekhethekileyo yezobugcisa, enokuthi ifumane igunya elikhethekileyo lokumisela imilinganiselo engqongqo, amanye amazwe aphucule, kodwa amaqela oshishinoshishino olunee, amaqela amaqela acutyikayo.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wonyango ngaphantsi koMthetho

UMthetho we-Affordicure Care (ACA) olungiswe ngokuphawulekayo ngokutsha

  • [[FLT: 0] Unyuko lwe-Medicaid--A i-ACA ngaphambili ifuna iimeko zokwandisa iMedicaid edigial ukuya ku 138% yomgangatho wobuhlwempu obungurhulumente. NFIB v. Sebelius, iNkumbuso ePhakamileyo yagqiba ukuba amajelo anokukhetha ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yimali ekhoyo yezwe. Njengo 2025, amazwe angamashumi amane namazwe eThafathi yeColumbia aye andisa uMdid, ngexa iimeko azinanto, zidala imitya engekho ncam.
  • [[NTLA:0] Imisitho ye-inshorensi ye-inshorensi ye-arensi – i-United States ingayila eyayo imitshintshiselo okanye ixhomekeke kwintengiso yengingqi (i-HealthCare.gov). Amanye amazwe akhetha iintengiso zombutho karhulumente ukwenzela ukunikezela kwiimarike zasekuhlaleni.
  • Umgaqo wobuNciphisi---I-A ingummiselo wemigangatho encinci karhulumente yokugquma, kuquka iinzuzo zempilo eziyimfuneko kunye nemiyalelo efunekayo ekwahlukanisweni kweemeko ezikhoyo. Ama- States afumana igunya lokunyanzelisa le migangatho kunye nolawulo lwexabiso lemali.

Olu hlolisiso lubalaselisa iingenelo zobubhetyebhetye bemeko kunye nocelomngeni lwemigangatho encinci karhulumente. Amazwe awandisa uMedicaid abona unciphiso olubalulekileyo kumlinganiselo ongenakukhangelwa kunye neziphumo zempilo eziphucukileyo, ngelixesha amazwe angenayo imiqathango axhomekeke kwezinye iindlela zokufikelela.

Ukwenziwa komthetho koMgaqo-nkqubo woMgaqo-siseko

Ungquzulwano phakathi komthetho karhulumente nokarhulumente ngomsayini lungumzekelo ophawulekayo okhoyo. Ukususela ngo-2012, amaphondo amaninzi aye agunyazisa unyango nokuzonwabisa kwecannabis, nangona umya ushiye iShedyuli Ndilawula iprojekthi phantsi komthetho karhulumente. Oku kubangela uxanduva olusemthethweni kumashishini, abasebenzi, nabathengi.

  • Ukubhaka kunye neenkonzo zemali – umthetho woManyano woManyano wothintela iibhanki kumashishini e-cannabis, enyanzelisa abaninzi ukuba basebenze ngemali, ukwandisa ukhuseleko kunye nemithwalo yerhafu.
  • Ukuzimela kunye nokhuseleko lwasemsebenzini - Izindlu zoManyano nabaqeshi kumazwe nomya wezomthetho kufuneka balungelelanise imithetho yemeko echasene nocalucalulo kunye neemfuno zemisebenzi engenaziyobisi zengingqi.
  • Urhwebo lweInterstate --'ol''''''''', kuba umya awuvumelekanga kurhulumente, uyihambisa kwiintambo zikarhulumente ihlala ingulwaphulo-mthetho lwaseluntwini, ilinganisela ukukhula kwentengiso yesizwe.
  • Umthetho wesizwe kunye nerhafu yesizwe – iStates zivelise iinkqubo zolawulo ezintsonkothileyo zokulungisa i-intwala, ukuvavanya, ukulandelela, kunye nerhafu ye-cannabis, zivelisa ingeniso ebalulekileyo.

IBhunga lithathe amanyathelo olwandiso ukucombulula ungquzulwano, njengeRohrach-Moserver Intenxa-mali yeSebe leJaji enqanda ukusetyenziswa kokuphazamisa iinkqubo zezonyango ze-mon. Noko ke, ukuxinezeleka okungundoqo kuyaqhubeka, kwaye intelekelelo ecetyisiweyo njenge-ORE Act ne-SAFE Branking Act ayimiswanga. Olu hlolisiso lubonisa imida yentsebenziswano xa urhulumente nemigaqo yesizwe ingquzulwano, inyanzelisa iinkundla, abameli, amashishini, kunye nokuhamba kwindawo engaqinisekanga.

Isiphelo

Umsebenzi wolawulo nomthetho ochasene nomthetho wolawulo lwamazwe okuzalisekisa ummandla obalulekileyo wokuhlola. Inkqubo yorhulumente wase-United States, esekelwe kumgaqo-siseko kunye nenkqubela-phambili yembali, ifuna unxibelelwano oluqhubekayo phakathi kwemigangatho karhulumente. Ukuqonda amandla nocelomngeni lwazo zombini urhulumente kunye nolawulo lwesizwe kwenza ukuba abenzi benkqubo, abafundisi, kunye nabemi bafumane ulwamkelo olungcono lokuphuhlisa inkqubo kunye nokubulala. Intsebenziswano olusebenzayo kunye nonxibelelwano olucacileyo phakathi komgaqo-siseko worhulumente kunye nemigaqo-siseko sorhulumente, lubalulekile kwiziphumo eziphumelelayo zenkqubo. Njengoko imingeni emitsha ivela /ukutshintsha kwemozulu ukuze kusetyenziswe ubuchule bezobugcisa bokulungisa imigaqo-mthetho, imigaqo yembali, esemthethweni, kunye nokuhlola ukulungiselela inkxa kusebenza inkxa kusetyenziswa inkxasalelo loluntu ngolawulo loluntu olululo lawulo lolawulo lwemeko lwelizwe.