Indima Yoncedo Olusemthethweni Ekulungiseni Iimvavanyo Ezifanelekileyo

Uncedo olusemthethweni lusisiseko sayo nayiphina inkqubo yokusesikweni efuna ukuba sesikweni ngokwenene. Iqinisekisa ukuba ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni alingomcimbi ophezulu nje kodwa yinto yokwenene kumntu ngamnye, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ziziphi na izinto zemali. Ngaphandle kwalo, isikali sokusesikweni sijongene kakhulu namahlwempu nabenziwe phantsi, sicutha isiseko somthetho. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa umsebenzi obalulekileyo woncedo olusemthethweni, impembelelo yaso kwiimvavanyo ezifanelekileyo, imiqobo ebhekene nayo, nendlela engaphambili yenkqubo elungileyo.

Ukuqonda Uncedo Lwasemthethweni: Isiseko Sokusesikweni

Uncedo lwasemthethweni lubhekisela kwilungiselelo lamacebiso asemthethweni, ukumelisa, kunye noncedo kubantu abangakwaziyo ukuhlawula igqwetha okanye ukufikelela kwiinkundla ngokwabo. Yinkonzo esisiseko elungiselelwe ukuvala umsantsa phakathi komthetho nomntu oswele imali. Uncedo olusemthethweni lungagquma imibandela emininzi engokwasemthethweni, kuquka ukukhusela imicimbi yakwamatyala, iimpikiswano zentsapho (njengokugxothwa kwelokulifa okanye uqhawulo-mtshato), ukuqeshwa kwezindlu, ucalucalulo-calulo lwemisebenzi, iinkqubo zokhuseleko, kunye namatyala amalungelo abantu. Umsebenzi ongundoqo uqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu unethuba elifanelekileyo lokuviwa nokusetyenziswa kwenkqubo enzima esemthethweni.

Uncedo olusemthethweni asilulo nje ucwangciso olunye kodwa luyingqokelela yeenkonzo enokunikelwa ngemizekelo eyahlukeneyo: ii-ofisi zoncedo olusemthethweni ezixhaswayo ngokusemthethweni, umsebenzi we-bono owenziwe ngamagqwetha azimeleyo, iikliniki zemfundo zomthetho, nemibutho esekelwe kuluntu. I-American Bar Association iyakugqala kudala uncedo olusemthethweni njengelungu eliyimfuneko lenkqubo yokusesikweni, isithi iyanceda ekuthinteleni ukuchanabeka okuphosakeleyo, inciphisa ukulibazisa kwenkundla, kwaye ikhuthaza ukuthembeka kwabantu kumthetho.

Umlinganiselo weenkonzo zoncedo ezisemthethweni

Iinkonzo zoncedo ezisemthethweni aziphelelanga kwijaji yenkundla.

  • [[UMTL:0] Icebiso lomthetho kunye nolwazi: Ukunceda abantu baqonde amalungelo abo kunye neembopheleleko zabo.
  • Ulungiselelo loxwebhu: Lunceda ngokuzalisa iifomu, ukubhala iileta, nokulungisa amaxwebhu enkundleni.
  • [[UMTL.0] Uququzelo kunye nenkxaso-mali: olumela abaxhasi kwizahlulo ezingaphandle kwenkundla kunye nesinye isisombululo sempikiswano.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izahlulo:[ ezidibanisa abaxhasi nezinye iinkonzo zentlalo, ezifana noncedo lwezindlu okanye inkxaso yempilo yengqondo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Imfundo kunye nophumo: ushishino loluntu lokwazisa abantu ngamalungelo abo asemthethweni.

Le ndlela ibanzi iqinisekisa ukuba uncedo olusemthethweni alucombululeki nje kuphela ingxaki engokomthetho kodwa kwanemibandela esisiseko yentlalo nezoqoqosho edla ngokufak ’ isandla ekuchaneni ngokusemthethweni.

Indima Ephambili Yoncedo Olusemthethweni Kwizilingo Zokwaphula Umthetho

Kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho, izibonda zibubomi. Umntu ojamelene nezityholo angalahlekelwa yinkululeko yakhe, indlela yokuziphilisa, okanye kwanobomi bakhe. UMthetho-siseko weSithandathu uqinisekisa ilungelo lokucebisa, kunye netyala lephawu lembali Gideon v. Wainright [1963] wamisela ukuba amatyala kufuneka anikezele igqwetha kubamangali-mthetho abangenamali. Uncedo olusemthethweni lungumatshini oyintloko oku kuzalisekiswa ngawo eli lungelo.

Ngaphandle koncedo olusemthethweni, ummangalelwa anganyanzeleka ukuba aqhube i-triptical yemithetho ebhaliweyo, imigangatho ecacileyo, kunye neempikiswano zomthetho ezintsonkothileyo kuphela. Oku kusoloko kukhokelela kwiziphumo ezingalunganga. Uphando lubonise ukuba abamangalelwa basenokuba bafumana kakhulu [ izigwebo ezilula okanye bahlaliswe izityholo kunabo abangaxelelwanga. Amagqwetha oncedo lwasemthethweni angafumana:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuqinisekisa ukuqonda amalungelo: chaza izityholo, iziphumo ezinokwenzeka, kunye nokhuselo olukhoyo.
  • Ubungqina obungavumelekanga: intshukumo zefayile ukucinezela ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokuphengulula okungekho mthethweni okanye ukuncinwa okungagunyaziswanga.
  • [[[UMTL:0] Isibongozo esingunovelwano: qinisekisa ukuba nasiphi na isibongozo silungile kwaye asibangelwa kukunyanzelwa okanye ukungazi.
  • Uphando olucokisekileyo: luhlanganisa iingxelo zamapolisa, luhlole iingxelo, kwaye lutyhile ubungqina bokukhuthuza.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iprojekthi elungileyo yokwahlula amatyala: amangqina e-examine, anikela ubungqina, kwaye enza iimpikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni.

Impembelelo enzulu kakhulu kubemi abasengozini, abafana nabancinane, abantu abanesifo sengqondo, nabangengobantu basesiNgesini. Kwaba maqela, uncedo olusemthethweni aluncedi nje kuphela; isoloko ikuphela kwento ekhoyo phakathi kwabo neziphumo ezingekho sesikweni. I-American Civil Liberties Union iphawula ukuba amatyala axhonywa ngokwenxenye ngenxa yokungabi nako komelo olusemthethweni lwamahlwempu.

Uncedo Lwasemthethweni Namalungelo Okuvavanywa Okufanelekileyo: Imbono Yomhlaba Wonke

Ilungelo lokuchophela ityala elifanelekileyo limiselwe kumthetho wezizwe ngezizwe, kuquka iGatya 10 leSindululo soMhlaba saMalungelo abantu neQumrhu lesi-6 leNgqungquthela yaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu. Ezi zixhobo ziyaqonda ukuba ityala alinakuba sesikweni ukuba iqela elinye lithintelwa ngokunempumelelo bubuhlwempu. Uncedo olungokwasemthethweni asiyontsebenziswano; liyimbopheleleko yamalungelo abantu.

Kumazwe amaninzi asehlabathini lonke, amkele iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuphumeza le mbopheleleko. KuManyano, i-Gadial Agency yemali yokhuselo kunye noncedo lwasemthethweni lwasemthethweni, nangona ukuhla kwezicwangciso zakutshanje kuncitshisiwe. EKhanada, izicwangciso zoncedo olusemthethweni lwephondo zinikela iinkonzo kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho neentsapho. Kumazwe amaninzi asakhasayo, uncedo olusemthethweni luphantsi kakhulu, lushiya izigidi ezingenawo nawuphi na umqobo. United Nations Ofest Office on Drugs and Crime[FLTY[F:1]] lubalase okokuba uncedo olusemthethweni lungundoqo kwiNkqululo loPhuhliso loPhuliso, ingakumbi injongo 16 efuna ukukhuthaza uxolo noluququlukileyo, lungenawo naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi nalulo.

Isizathu Sokuba Uncedo Olusemthethweni Lungamkeleki

Ngaphandle koncedo olusemthethweni, umgaqo wokulingana phambi komthetho uba lidinga elingenanto. Umtshutshisi, oxhaswa zibonelelo zikarhulumente, ufumana uncedo olukhulu kunommangalelwa ongachazwanga. Ityala lingukhuphiswano lwezibonelelo kunokuba lifune inyaniso. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, ukungalingani kusenokuba nzima ngakumbi: umnini-ndlu negqwetha angamgqitha lula umntu ofumana imali ephantsi. Isiphumo yinkqubo ephelisa ubuhlwempu, hayi ukwenza okubi.

  • [[UMTL:0]] Umngcipheko owengeziweyo wokholoso oluphosakeleyo: Abamangalelwa abangachazwanga basengozini yokumangalelana ngetyala, naxa bemsulwa, ngenxa yoloyiko okanye ukudideka.
  • Ukuvalelwa ixesha elide ngaphambi kovavanyo: Ngaphandle kwegqwetha ukuphikisana ngebheyile, abamangalelwa abaninzi abangamahlwempu batyhafile entolongweni kangangeenyanga phambi kokuba ibali letyala labo liviwe.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukhuseleko olungenamono-mfanele: Ilitigans ze-pro kunqabile ukuba ziqonde imithetho ecacileyo okanye amaxesha okucwangcisa, akhokelela ekugwetyweni kogwebo okanye kwimithetho engalunganga.
  • Ithemba loluntu eliyekisiweyo: Xa inkqubo yokusesikweni ibonakala ixhasa izityebi, intembelo kawonke-wonke ihla, kwaye uzinzo lwentlalo lusongelwa.

Iingxaki Ezijamelene Neenkqubo Zokunceda Esemthethweni

Nangona kubalulekile, uncedo lomthetho lusoloko lukwimeko yamanqam. Imfuneko yeenkonzo ingaphezulu lee kunee-asethi ezikhoyo, inyanzelisa imibutho ukuba ijike abaxhasi okanye inike uncedo olukhawulezileyo kuphela. Ucelomngeni olungundoqo luquka:

Ukungoneli kwemali

Eyona mqobo inkulu kukungafezeki okunganyangekiyo. Uncedo lomthetho luxhaswa ngemali ngokudityaniswa kwezibonelelo zikarhulumente, iimali zenkundla, kunye neminikelo. Kumazwe amaninzi, inkxaso-mali iye yanqunyulwa kwiminyaka elishumi edluleyo, ngelixa inani labantu abafanelekele iinkonzo linyuke ngenxa yokungalingani kwezoqoqosho kunye nokungalungelelani kolwaphulo-mthetho. Umzekelo, eUnited States, iSebe lezezimali ezingokwasemthethweni [ linikela ingxelo yokuba ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-50 afumana uncedo lwamakhaya, ukanti iLSC-fundiections ezamkelekileyo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ukanti iinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho zifumana ngokwaneleyo ukudibana kuphela malunga nama-20% eemfuneko. Lo msantsalwano usoloko ubizwa ngokuba nguMdanga we-"Rightl."

Ukuthwalwa Kwetyala Elikhulu Nokudinwa

Amagqwetha asemthethweni aphakathi kwezona zigcisa zisebenza kakhulu kwicandelo elisemthethweni. Amatyala amaninzi athwala abaxhasi abali-100 okanye ngaphezulu, ashiya ixesha elincinane lokuphanda ngokunzulu okanye ingqalelo yobuqu. Lo mqulu uphezulu ungakhokelela ekudimazekeni, ekujikeni okuphezulu, nomgangatho osezantsi. IZiko leMelika Bar libeke imilinganiselo yokugawulwa kwemali, kodwa oku kusoloko kutyeshelwa ngenxa yokungahlawulwa kwemali.

Imbono Ephosakeleyo Kawonke - wonke

Kukho inkolelo exhaphakileyo yokuba uncedo olusemthethweni lusetyenziselwa "ukuxhasa" kuphela okanye ukuba luluhlobo lwentlalo-ntle. Enyanisweni, inkoliso yabaxhasi boncedo olusemthethweni ngabantu abasebenzayo ngamaxesha anzima, amaxhoba olwaphulo-mthetho, okanye abantu abajamelene nobunzima obungokomthetho. Ama-Misformation angakhokelela kwinkcaso yezopolitiko, ekwandiseni ukunqongophala koovimba.

Ukuntsonkotha Nokuzichaza Okukhethekileyo

Imiba engokwasemthethweni iya isiba entsonkothile ngakumbi, ifuna ulwazi olukhethekileyo kwiindawo ezifana nomthetho wokufuduka, umthetho werhafu, okanye ubudlelane bezonyango. Imibutho emininzi yoncedo olusemthethweni ayinako ukuqesha iingcali, ithintele amandla azo okusingatha amatyala athile ngokunempumelelo. Ngaphezu koko, ukwahluka kolawulo kunokwenza kube nzima ukunikezelwa kweenkonzo kumazwe ngamazwe okanye kwimida yesizwe.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Umphumo Obonakalayo Woncedo Olusemthethweni

Amanani namanani anokuvakala engekho ngqiqweni, kodwa amabali ngamanye athetha ukubaluleka koncedo olusemthethweni. Nantsi imizekelo emithathu ebonisa indlela uncedo olusemthethweni olunokubuguqula ngayo ubomi.

Ukuhlawuliswa Komntu Onetyala Ngokuphosakeleyo

Ngo- 1991, uDavid Johnson (ogama litshintshile) wagwetywa ngokuphangwa kwakhe angazange akwenze. Akazange akwazi ukuhlawula igqwetha labucala kwaye wabelwa umkhuseli kawonke-wonke othwele ityala elityunyuzayo. Nangona wayenobungqina obungenamandla, wagwetywa iminyaka eli-15. Emva kokusebenza iminyaka emithandathu, iqumrhu elingokwasemthethweni lathabatha ityala lakhe i-probono, laphanda kwakhona, laza lafumana umenzi wobugxoba. UJohnson wakhululwa waza wakhululwa. Ngaphandle koncedo lwasemthethweni, ngelichithe elinye ishumi leminyaka emva kokuba likho, ityala lakhe lathathwa nguprobono, laza, lafumana uphando olutsha, yaye wafumana umenzi-ntsha. UJohnson wakhululwa waza wakhululwa.

Amaxhoba Ogonyamelo Akhuselekile

UMaria Torres wabaleka umyeni wakhe oxhaphazayo nabantwana bakhe ababini. Wayengenangeniso yaye engenalo nesiNgesi esincinane. Igqwetha lomthetho lamnceda ukuba afumane umgaqo wokukhusela, afumane ilungelo lokugcina umntwana okwexeshana, ahambe ngemvume yenkundla yenkundla. Igqwetha lakwamdibanisa nekhusi kunye nomncedi wezentlalo. Umthetho wanika uMaria ukhuseleko ukuze akhe ubomi bakhe kwakhona. Uncedo lwasemthethweni lwamlungiselela igqwetha, kodwa indlela yokuzikhusela.

Ithumba Liphepha Ixesha Elininzi Eliyingozi

UJamal oneminyaka eli-15 ubudala wabanjwa ngenxa yetyala leziyobisi ezingekho mkhosi. Wayengenazo iingxelo zetyala langaphambili kodwa wayenokufumana isigwebo esinzima esinyanzelisayo esasiza kumthumela kwintolongo esele ikhulile. Igqwetha elisemthethweni elinobuchule kumthetho wabantwana laphikisa ngempumelelo ukuba uJamal ufanele agwetywe kwinkundla yabantwana apho afumana iinkonzo zokubuyisela umva kunokuba afakwe entolongweni. Namhlanje, uJamal usekholeji. Uncedo lwasemthethweni lwamnika ithuba lesibini.

Ikamva Loncedo Lwasemthethweni: Ukubuyiselwa Nokulawulwa

Ukuze kuhlangatyezwane nemfuno ekhulayo, uncedo lwasemthethweni kufuneka luzenzeke. Ikamva liza kufuna umxube wobuchule obuqinileyo, ubugcisa obuntsha kunye nomanyano olusebenzayo.

Ukubonelela ngeNkcubeko

Imali edibeneyo, elungiselwe ukunyuka kwamaxabiso ibalulekile. Imibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni ifuna ukusebenza kunye nemibutho yebhari, amaqela oluntu, kunye nabamisi-mthetho ukuze benze ityala lokuba uncedo olusemthethweni longa imali esetyenziswayo ekuhambeni kwexesha ngokunciphisa iindleko zokuvalelwa, ukukhusela ukungabi namakhaya, kunye nokuzinzisa iintsapho. Idola nganye efakwe kuncedo lwasemthethweni ingabuyisela ii-dola eziliqela kwimali egciniweyo kwiphondo. Amaphulo okunika ulwazi ngoluntu ayimfuneko ekuchaseni iingcamango ezingalunganga.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nezibonelelo zekhompyutha

[[NTL:0] Izixhobo ze-Digital zinganceda kwibrorho yesithuba sobulungisa. i-Online ii-portal ezinika izikhokelo zoncedo lobuqu, amaxwebhu, kunye neesikhokelo ze-IIP ezinamandla asemthethweni zinganceda abantu ngeengxaki ezilula zomthetho. Iikliniki-nyani zinganikezela ukhangelo lwakude, ingakumbi kwiindawo zasemaphandleni ezinezigqeba ezimbalwa. Noko ke, ubugcisa kufuneka busetyenziswe ngobuchule ukunqanda ukwenza inkqubo ekwindlela emibini apho abaxhasi abazizityebi basafumana khona kumagqwetha angoomthetho xa abasweleyo bethotyelwa kwiinkqubo ezihamba ngeenqwelo-moya.

IPro Bono Nezikolo Zomthetho

Ukunyusa izibophelelo eziphambili ezisuka kumashishini omthetho wabucala nezikolo zomthetho kungadibanisa uncedo lomthetho. Iingingqi ezininzi zifuna amagqwetha ukuba enze iiyure ezithile zeprobono, kodwa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kubuthathaka. Izikolo zemithetho zinokusebenzisana nezibonelelo ezisemthethweni zokunikela uncedo kwiindawo zonyango apho abafundi abajongelweyo basingatha amatyala okwenene, bafumana amava ngoxa bekhonza ingingqi.

Iinkonzo zoMgaqo-siseko zobuHlalu

Imizekelo esebenzayo yoncedo lwasemthethweni idibanisa iinkonzo ezisemthethweni neenkonzo zentlalo-ntle. Umzekelo, umanyano lwabezamayeza lubeka amagqwetha ezibhedlele ukuze aphendule iingxaki ezifana nezindlu okanye i-inshorensi echaphazela impilo. Igqwetha elisebenza nge-mente elinobuchule lingadibanisa umxhasi noncedo lokuqesha okanye uqeqesho lomsebenzi. Le nkqubo yezobupolitika iyaqonda ukuba iingxaki ezingokwasemthethweni azifane zibekho xa uthe wahlukaniswa nempilo.

Isiphelo

Uncedo olusemthethweni asingobunewunewu; luyimfuneko kulo naliphi na ibutho labantu elixabisa okusesikweni, ukulingana, kunye nomthetho. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ingeniso, ufikeleleka kumelo olusemthethweni olufanelekileyo, siphakamisa idinga lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni kubo bonke. Le ngxaki yoyikekayo ``````Ityala eliphantsi kwemali, ukuthwalisa umthwalo omkhulu,' nokungakhathaleli kukawonke-wonke') kodwa inkqubo ekhabayo kumahlwempu ayisiso isixokelelwano sokusesikweni konke konke. Njengoko sikhangela kwixesha elizayo, kufuneka sinikele ukuqinisa uncedo olusemthethweni ngenkxaso-mali, ukuhlaziya, kunye nokuzinikezela ngokutsha kumgaqo wokuba okusesikweni kungamele kuthengiswe kwi-mali ephezulu.