Imisebenzi Ephakamileyo Yedinga Lobomi

INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ihlala phezu kwejaji yesizwe, itolika umGaqo-siseko kunye nokubumba umthetho waseMelika kwizizukulwana. Ngenxa yokuba abagwebi bayo abasithoba basebenza ubomi [."Isihloko sokususa kuphela ngokungagunyaziswayo ngokumisela ngogunyaziso. Inkqubo yokukhetha nokuqinisekisa okusesikweni yenzelwe ukulinganisa igunya lomongameli kunye nolawulo lobukhosi. Ukuqonda oomatshini, imbali, kunye neempembelelo zezobupolitika zale nkqubo kunceda kucacise ukuba kutheni inkundla ephakamileyo isoloko isenza iziphumo ezinzima kurhulumente waseMerika.

Inyathelo 1: Umahluko Okhoyo

Isihlalo kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo siyafumaneka xa kusifa okusesikweni, ukuthatha umhlala-phantsi, ukurhoxa, okanye kususwa ngokungekho kumthetho (ngongonyaka wama-2024, akukho kulunga okusesikweni okukhe kwasuswa). Ngenxa yokuba ubomi bomntu bungumthetho, iindawo zokuthatha indawo azinakuchazwa kwaye zinqabile. Ngokwe-avareji, isikhalazo siyenzeka kanye kwiminyaka emibini, kodwa ubuninzi benzeka ngokubanzi. Umzekelo, phakathi ko-199 kunye no-2009, akukho zihlalo zivulweyo, ngokwahlukileyo, izihlalo ezintathu ezivulweyo ngexesha lonyaka wama-2020202020211 kuphela.

Ixesha lokunikwa kwezithuba lingayichaphazela ngokuphawulekayo inkqubo yokuqinisekisa. Ukuba kwenzeka kunyaka wonyulo lomongameli, umlo wokuba kuhlale isihlalo phambi kokuba unyulo lube sisiphelo sezopolitiko. Ngo-2016, ukufa koJaji Antonin Scalia ngoFebruwari kwakhokela iNkokeli yeQento yoBuhosa uMitch McConnell ukuba angakufuni nokucinga ukuba uMongameli Back Obama ngunonee, uMerrick Garland/a wathatha indawo eyaphinda yalungisa inkundla yaza yaphakamisa iimfazwe zale mihla.

Inyathelo lesi-2: UMongameli Ukhetha Umtyunjwa

[[NTL:0] Umongameli we-United States ukhetha umtyunjwa, kodwa ukhetho alunaso isigqibo sodwa. Uthungelwano lwabacebisi beNdlu yendlu (Icebiso Lelungu), abaphengululi bezentengiselwano, iinkokeli zamacandelo, kunye namaqela enzala. /__iii-aspoices zilinganisa oothunywa abaliqela:

  • [[FLT: 0] Amava angokwesithethe: Kutshanje abasebenzi beminenee beNkundla yezibheno zase-U.S., ebanika ingxelo yengxelo yemithetho neembono ezibhaliweyo. Umzekelo, John Roberts, Elena Kagan, noNeil Gorraw besuka kwibhedrin yengingqi yezwelonke. Abanye oomongameli bafikelele ngaphandle kwejadidiary-* ngokomzekelo, uWilliam Howard Taft ebengumongameli, kwaye uEarl Warren wayengumphathi weKhalifoni.
  • Intanda-bulumko ye-Legal: iiNkqutyana zoomongameli abanolwazi olufanayo olunolwazi olungokwabo. Oomongameli abaququzeleli bafuna iinqobo okanye abaxhasi bemibhalo; abavumi bomongameli abaxhasa abajonga umGaqo-siseko njengoxwebhu oluphilayo. Iimbono zomGaqo-siseko kwimiba yeqhosha elishushu", ukubalathisa, amalungelo empu, amandla okulawula, qhaqhaqhaqha.
  • Iimfaneleko zomsebenzi womsebenzi: I-American Bar Association nganye ilingana “ifaneleke kakuhle,””“ ayifanelekanga,” okanye “ayifanelekanga. Xa ireyithingi ingaqiniswanga, ireyithingi engabangela ukuqiniswa. Ngo-2018, i-ABA equlunqwe yi-Brett Kavavaugh “ifaneleke kakuhle, kodwa inkqubo yentlangano yavela phantsi komlilo kubagxeki ababeyijonga njengeneength ’ ephambili kwezobupolitika.
  • Oonobumba bobuzwe kunye nobemi: abasoloko beqwalasela umelo(geography, ubufana, ubuzwe, unqulo,. Turrease Marshall yayilubulungisa bokuqala bamaMelika; uSandra Day O’Connor ibhinqa lokuqala; uSonia Sotomayor i-Latina yokuqala. Olu khetho lubonisa amaxabiso kamongameli kunye nomtsalano kwintloko ye-contitue.

Umongameli uzama ukulindela ulwamkelo lweBhunga. Umntu ogqalwa njengonolwazi olugqithiseleyo okanye ophikiswayo angajamelana nokuthethwa kakubi. Abaququzeleli bangaqhuba “iibhodi ezixhobisayo”/_iindlebe zokuvavanya ubungozi bukamnenga. Amaqela anomdla kumacala omabini ahlanganisana ngokukhawuleza ukuze ahlasele okanye akhusele ukuchola. Isiphumo sisekuthatheni iphulo eliphezulu lokubhenela nangaphambi kokuba kuvakaliswe i-minee.

Ixesha Elibalulekileyo Lokhetho

Ukufa komtyumbo ngo-2016 kwakungazange kubonwe ngaphambili: ijaji efanelekayo enodumo olulinganiselweyo yathintelwa ekufumaneni ityala. Xa uMongameli uDonald Trump wathatha isikhundla, wabiza uNeil Gormoth ngokuthi yindawo enye. Ngo-2020, ngokufa kukaJaji Ruth Bader Ginsburg kwiiveki ezimbalwa nje ngaphambi konyulo, iiRiphabliki zeCanteneral zaphula umzekelo wazo 2016 zaza zaqinisekisa uAmy Coney Barrett kwinkqubo yokungxama. Ezi ziganeko zibonisa ukuba xa ifika kwinkundla ePhakamileyo, izibalo zezobupolitika zidla ngokuthetha ukuba imigaqo yemithetho.

Inyathelo 3: INgxelo yeKomiti yoMbutho

Xa umongameli ethumela utyumbo kwiBhunga leNtlanganiso, lo mbandela uya kwiKomiti yeSigqibo ye-. Ikomiti, ngoku eyilwe ngama- 22 (isuka kwiqela ngalinye eliphantsi komlinganiselo osezantsi), ithatha isikhokelo ekuphengululeni i-enminee.

Uphando Olungasemva Nezicelo Zoxwebhu

Abasebenzi bekomiti bacela uludwe oluninzi lwamaxwebhu asuka kwi-minee: amaxwebhu, iintetho, ii-imeyili, imisebenzi, kunye neefayile zamatyala. I-FBI ikwaqhuba uphando lwemvelaphi, nangona ububanzi bayo busikelwe umda kwiminyaka yakutshanje (ifayile epheleleyo yabelana ngasese namalungu ekomiti). Ii-Controverseversies zisoloko zivela kulo mzila wephepha. Ngethuba lokufumana isiqinisekiso sikaKavaugh, iimbekiselo zakhe zonyaka ophezulu wencwadi yesikolo kunye neengxelo zakhe zangaphambili ezingowona mandla olawulo oluphezulu zaba ngumbangowona mbandela omkhulu.

Uqinisekiso

Imo yoluntu ngokubanzi yi- yokuqinisekisa ukuva , umdyarho weentsuku ezininzi woluvo oluvulekileyo kunye nemibuzo evela kwi-senator nganye. Ukuva kusebenza iinjongo ezininzi: kuvumela abaququzeleli ukuba bahlolisise iimbono zika-nominee, inika uluntu iwindow kwintanda-bulumko esemthethweni, kwaye ivumela iziphathi ukuba zifake amaplanga ngaphandle kwezithuba zezobupolitika. Kodwa ke, akukho mfinekazi ufunde ukubhala, iphendula ngokuphanda ngetyala elingu "Ingathetha ngetyala" okanye “ndizinikele ekulawuleni umthetho." I-Senterters zidla ngokushicilela iimbono ezithile kwimithetho edlulileyo, kodwa azikhangeli ukuphepha nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi na iziphumo.

Ezinye iindlebe ziye zaba yimbali. Ityala likaRobert Bork ka1992 laba sisiphendu sezobupolitika kwintandabulumko yakhe yantlandlolo neembono zamalungelo abantu; iNdlu yeeNdlu yemikhosi yakwalatha ukuva kwakhe kwangonyaka ka-1995. UClarence Thomas waqalisa ukuva xa uAnita Hill wamtyhola ngokukhathazwa ngokwesini, nto leyo eyakhokelela kwintlanganiso ebangel ’ umdla, nechukumiseke ngokweemvakalelo. Ityala lonyaka wama-2018 lalibonisa uChristine Blasey Ford ingqina lokuhlaselwa ngokwesini okutyholwa, liphelisa uhlanga.

Ikomiti imema abameli beAmerican Bar Association, imibutho elwela amalungelo abantu, amaqela ezoshishino nabaphengululi abangokwasemthethweni.

Inyathelo lesi-4: Ulwandiso lweKomiti

Emva kokuqukunjelwa, amavoti eKomiti yoMdibanisi ukuba ingathumela unyulo kwiNdlu yeNdlu yeMali epheleleyo elungileyo, engalunganga, okanye enganconyelwanga. Uninzi oluqhelekileyo lwamalungu ekomiti lugqiba ngokomcimbi. Kwimbali, icebiso elilungileyo (ngokufuthi kwimigca yeqela kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje) likwenza kube lula ukuba uninzi lwenkokeli lucwangcise uvotelo lomgangatho. Ukuba ikomiti ivota ngokuchasene okanye amaqhina, uninzi lweNtsimbingelelo lungasaya ephantsi, kodwa luthwala amandla aphantsi.

Kwezinye iimeko, ikomiti ibambezele ukuvota ngokungenasiphelo, ngokusebenza okungakhange kusetyenziswe ngokungqalileyo. Oku kwenzeka kumagnethi aliqela kwinkulungwane ye-19 kwaye, kutshanje, kwinqaba yaseMerrick Garland. Ikomiti iyakwazi ukukhupha amangqina angaphantsi okanye amaxwebhu awongezelelekileyo, anokuyandisa le nkqubo.

Inyathelo 5: Ingxoxo nentetho yeNtlanganiso eGqityiweyo

Ukunyuswa kwemitshato kudlulela kumgangatho weNdlu yeNtlanganiso, apho zonke iingxoxo zegumbi. Phantsi kwemithetho yangoku, ingxoxo ekwiNkundla ePhakamileyo ilinganiselwe kwiiyure ezingama-30 emva kokuvota kweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso ukucela ukuhlaliswa. Utshintsho olungundoqo lwenkqubo yegumbi le-enjini lwavela ngo-2017.

“ Indlela Yenyukliya” Neyona Ilula

Ngaphambi konyaka ka-2017, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ingafumana i-moninedes, efuna amavoti angama-60 ukuze kupheliswe ingxoxo. Kodwa ngoApril 2017, iSenate Republicans − Ukutshintsha inkcaso yedemokhrasi kuNeil Gormoth . Ngokutshintsha imithetho yokuqinisekisa iNkundla ePhakamileyo. Ngomvoti-mninzi (ngokunjalo okubizwa “ukhetho lwezinyuko), bawuphelisa umqobo wama-60-votate"), bevumela ukuba umva ukhutshelwe ngeminxeba yama-5549,54), oku kuthetha ukuba ixesha elide xa iqela lomongameli elibambe ama-50 (ngokunjalo umongameli uqhawulo lwezibopho), umnenga angaqinisekiswa ngokungena nkxaso kwi-birpartarian. Ukususela ngoko, ukuqinisekiswa kweqela ngalinye i-Gorn (54444), Khaviett, (444), kunye no-044444).

Ukhetho lwenyukliya lwayitshintsha ngokusisiseko inkqubo yokuqinisekisa. Yasusa intshukumisa yoomongameli ukuba bakhethe ngokufanelekileyo, ivumelane nabaqhubi kwaye ibanike amandla okukhetha abathathi-nxaxheba abathe ngqo. Kwakhona kwathi phantse kwaphelisa ukunokwenzeka kokulibaziseka okanye ukoyisa ubumfama. Okungcono okanye okubi ngakumbi, inkqubo yokuqinisekiswa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo ngoku kukuzilolonga.

Umgangatho

Emva kokuqukunjelwa, iNdlu yeeNtsimbi iyavota ekuchongeni. Uninzi lwabo bakhoyo novoti luyafuneka. Ukuba uvoti ibotshelelwe (50/50), uMongameli onguMongameli ongumongameli angaphosa ivoti yokwaphula iqhina. Oko kwenzeka ngo-2020 ukuqinisekisa ngoMphathiswa Barrett . .Vice uMongameli uMike Pence’s vhoti, kodwa unokuba ukhona. Ukuba umtyunjwa akaphumeleli ukufumana uninzi, umongameli makaqale ngentsha echola.

Ukuchaswa kweminxeba kunqabile kwimbali yale mihla. IBhunga lokugqibela lokuchasa iNkundla ePhakamileyo yayinguRobert Bork ngo1970. Ngo-1970, iNdlu yeeNtsimbi yachasa uClement Haynsworth noG. Harrold Carssell (bobabini banconywa nguMongameli Nixon). Kutshanje, oomongameli baye barhoxaba oomongameli ababengenankxaso eyaneleyo − umzekelo, Judge Douglas Ginsburg (1987) kunye noHarriter Miers (2005).

Inyathelo 6: Idinga Nendawo ye-ofisi

Emva kokuqinisekiswa kweNdlu yeeNtsimbi, umongameli ubonisa ukuba ugunyazisa ngokusemthethweni okusesikweni. Ukhomishini iquka umhla wokutyunjwa okusemthethweni kwaye isayinwe nguNjengele-mikhosi we-Attorney. Ngoko iJaji entsha ithatha izifungo ezibini kumsitho osoloko usenziwa kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo:

  1. UmGaqo-siseko i-Oath (ekwabizwa ngokuba siSifungo seQumrhu VI): “Ndiyawuxhasa ndiwukhusela umGaqo-siseko we-United States kuzo zonke iintshaba, ezolunye uhlanga kunye nezomhlaba; ukuba ndinokholo lokwenyaniso nokunyaniseka kwilungu elifanayo; ukuba ndiyithabathe ngokukhululekileyo le mbopheleleko, ngaphandle kwesizathu okanye injongo yengqondo yokubhadula; nokuba ndiza kuphumelela ndize ndiphumeze ngokuthembeka imisebenzi yeofisi endiza kungena kuyo. Ngoko ndincede uThixo."
  2. I-Oath yezogwebo : “Ndifunga ngokunzulu (okanye ndiqinisekisa) ukuba ndiza kusebenzisa okusesikweni ngaphandle kokuhlonela abantu, ndize ndilinganise amahlwempu nezityebi, kwaye ndiya kukhulula ngokuthembeka nangokungakhethi buso kwaye ndiphumeze zonke iimisebenzi endiziphathisiweyo njengeNkundla ePhakamileyo yeUnited States phantsi komGaqo-siseko kunye nemithetho yeUnited States. Ngoko ndincede uThixo."

IJaji Enkulu idla ngokukhupha izifungo, nangona kwezinye iimeko (njengeJaji elikwiNdlela yokuQokelela uKagan) iJaji ethathe umhlala-phantsi iphethe. Emva kwesifungo, isigwebo esitsha sihlala kwisihlalo kwaye siqalisa amatyala okuva. Akukho mboniso uqhelekileyo . "Izigwebo" zifundwa ngokwenza, nangona zifumana inkxaso koomabhala-mthetho kunye neeofisi zeNkundla.

Isizathu Sokuba Le Ntlekele Ibaluleke

Ukumiswa nokuqinisekiswa kubandakanya izikhangeli kunye nolwahlulo olwakhiwe kumGaqo-siseko wase-U. umongameli, okhokela isebe eliphetheyo, ukhetha i-amunee. IBhunga, elimela amaphondo kwisebe lemithetho, linika icebiso nemvume. Eli candelo lamandla lithintela naliphi na isebe elisuka kwisebe elinye eliphembelela ijaji. Kodwa inkqubo iye yaya isiba ye-dentilikitha, kwaye abagxeki bayiphikisa ngokuphelisa inkululeko eqwalaselweyo.

Ixesha Lobomi Linciphisa Iingcinga

Ngenxa yokuba amatyala asebenza ubomi bonke, ukumiswa komthetho ngamnye ubumba umthetho waseMerika iminyaka engamashumi amathathu okanye ngaphezulu. Ityala elinye lingachaphazela imithetho ekuqhomfeni, kwigunya eliphetheyo, kwizemali yephulo, kumalungelo okuvota, uvulo, imvume, nokungaphezulu. Ukwenziwa kwengqiqo yeNkundla kutshintsha kuphela xa kuvela umthetho osesikweni, ukwenza ithuba lokuthatha izithuba ukwenzela oomongameli ukuba banike ilifa labo. Umzekelo, ukutyunjwa kukaMongameli Clarence Thomas ngo19959 wadala uninzi oluqinileyo kwimicimbi emininzi de kuthathe umhlala phantsi komhlala-phantsi weJaji uAn Anthony Kennedy ngo-20181818, kwabeka ulungelelaniso oluthe ngaphaya.

Impembelelo Yendlela Yokulawula Ixesha Nezobupolitika

Isiganeko seGarland ngo-2016 sabonisa ukuba le nkqubo ingatshintshwa ngokusetyenziswa kwabalawuli. Ukwala kukaMcCConnell ukuba aqulunqa amatyala okanye ukuvota kuMongameli Oma kwakungazange kubonwe ngaphambili.Nkundla ePhakamileyo engaphambili ngexesha lonyulo yayingakhange igqityelwe ukuphinda ifumaneke phantse unyaka wonke. Oku kuthoba intsimbi ngenxa yoko kwamkelekileyo kwezobupolitika, kwaye kwaphembelela ubuchule obufanayo kumgangatho osezantsi wenkundla. Ngokuchasene noko, ukungxamiseka kokuqinisekisa uBarrett ngo-202020 utshintsho lwezopolitiko, imithetho yezopolitiki, isenokubhalwa kwakhona kwinqwelo - moya. Ukuthemba kukawonke wonke njengenkundla engeyongangeni ndawo.

Ubungqina Bendlebe Njengendawo Yokushukuma Kwabantu

Iindlebe ezichongiweyo zinika abemi uluvo olunqabileyo, oluluhlaza ngendlela abasebenzi bejaji abasebenza ngayo nendlela abacinga ngayo (okanye abathi baphephe ukucinga) ngemibuzo yomGaqo-siseko. Bakwatyhila iintambo zempazamo kwibutho lamaMelika (uhlobo, ubufana, unqulo, ubumfihlo, igunya lorhulumente. Ngoxa abanye abahlalutyi belugatya olu tyala njengeholo yemidlalo yezopolitiko, benza umsebenzi obalulekileyo. Abanyanzeli bamele ukukhusela iirekhodi zabo baze bavumele abantu ukuba bagwebe ityala elingapheleli likamongameli okhetha zona kuphela.

Iingcinga Zokugqibela

Isivumelwano seNkundla ePhakamileyo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo sinye sezona nkqubo zilandelayo kurhulumente waseMelika. Iqinisekisa ukuba ngabantu abaxhasa umongameli kunye neSentenet kuphela abanokuhlala kwinkundla ephakamileyo yelizwe. Okwangoku inkqubo iguqukile ukusuka kwisimilo somgaqo-mkhwa somzitho wesigebe-mpumlo ukuya kumboniso ophezulu. Ukuba oomongameli bexesha elizayo baza kubuyela ekuvumeni ukuba bachase okanye baqhubele phambili ukunyanzela i-groografi kuxhomekeke kwimiba yezobupolitika eshicinezelayo ngonyulo ngalunye. Oko kuhlala kungumandla amakhulu abantu abalithoba ababumba ukutolika komgaqo-siseko (*, kwaye, ukutyhubela ubomi bemihla ngemihla yemiminye yamaMelika.

Ukufunda ngokubhekele phaya, bona [[FLT: 0] Inkcazo esemthethweni yenkqubo yoqinisekiso kunye nengxelo yeNkonzo yophando lonikezelo lobuKhosi malunga nembali yamatyala eNkundla ePhakamileyo. Ukuntywilisela nzulu kwimposiso ephikisayo, funda [[FLT:]] iNew York Times orftified the transky the Robert Borks mes .