Ngaphaya kweUnited Kingdom, oosodolophu bemetro baye bavela njengeenkokeli eziphambili ekutyhaleni idolophu. Igunya labo kuqingqo-mali lwezithuthi zasekuhlaleni, ubuchule bomgangatho womoya, kunye namagunya okuceba libanika amandla akhethekileyo okukhawulezisa ukutshintshela kwizithuthi zombane (EV) kwiinqanawa zikawonke wonke kunye nokusetyenziswa kweenqwelo-moya zobuqu. Eli nqaku lihlola indlela abalawuli belizwe abaguqula ngayo imozulu efuna ingcebelo ukuba ibe yinto ecacileyo, ukusuka ekunyuseni kweebhasi namabhulobhu kunye namabhulorho afuna izithuthi zorhwebo ukuze bakhe ii-IV ezifuna ukusetyenziswa kwemibutho efuna imali eluncedo kumntu wonke.

Indima ecwangcisiweyo yabachasi-metro ekukhulisweni

Oomatiloshe be-metro yeUK, abalawula amagunya adibeneyo kwizixeko ezifana neManchester, iNtshona Midwants, iNtshona yeYorkshire, kunye neNtshona Koloni laseLiverpool, baphethe amagunya ahluliweyo kwizithuthi, izindlu, kunye nenkqubela yezoqoqosho. La mazwe aquka ulawulo kuqingqo-mali lwezithuthi zasekuhlaleni, ubuchule bokumisela iimeko zokulungisa iitekisi kunye neemoto eziqeshwayo, kunye nokuphembelela ukucwangcisa izigqibo zokurhweba. Ukususela oko oomatiloshe bokuqala benqanawa baye banyulwa ngo-2017, abaninzi baye babeka izithuthi ezicocekileyo zocwangciso lwabo lwezothutho, ngokufuthi besa izisulu ezingaphaya kwemisebenzi yelizwe likarhulumente.

Imodeli yoosodolophu isebenza kakhulu kuba idibanisa isigqibo solawulo oluphezulu nokubekwa kwedemokhrasi. Abachongi bangasebenza ngokukhawuleza, bahlanganise amaqabane kawonke-wonke, baphinde balungelelanise amagunya amaninzi asekuhlaleni emva kombono omnye. Ukusetyenziswa kwemoto yombane, oku kuthetha ukuququzelelwa kweencam ezihambayo kwimida eqengqelekayo, ukuqokelelwa kweebhasi zombane, nokuthunyelwa ngokungaguqukiyo kwabahlali nakumashishini. Isiphumo sithetha into engqinelanayo neyo ngokukhawuleza kunokuba kunokwenzeka ngaphantsi kolawulo lwasekuhlaleni oluqhekekileyo.

Izakhelo zomgaqo-nkqubo wesizwe kunye namagunya eMayoral

Urhulumente we-UK ubeke ixhoba lesizwe lokuphelisa ukuthengiswa kwepetroli entsha kunye neenqwelo-mafutha zedizili kunye nee-alamu ngo-2035, kwaye ufuna ukuba zonke iibhasi ezintsha ezithengiswe eNgilani zibe zezezeqanda ukusuka ngo-2025. Noko ke, ukunikezelwa kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwintshukumo zasekuhlaleni. I-ofisi ye-Zero Eugstag Vehicles (OZEV) inika inkxaso enika imali kwizindlu ezisemgangathweni kunye nokuqesha kwemisebenzi, kodwa ngabameli abachaza iindawo eziphambili kwaye basebenzisa ucwangciso lwasekuhlaleni.

Amagnethi anamandla okuzisa iCelean Moneral zones (CAZs) kunye neLow Eugsion Zones (LEZs) phantsi koMthetho wesiXhosa. La macandelo abiza izithuthi ezindala, ezingcolisayo ezininzi ukuba zingene eziphakathini zesixeko, zidala intshukumisa enamandla kubasebenzi benqanawa kunye nabantu ngabanye ukuba batshintshele kumbane. IUltra Low Eugzignes yase London ngowona mzekelo ubalaseleyo, kodwa amadolobha afana neBirmingham, iBath, kunye nePortsmouth akwane uGenesss. IMeyirvey iyakwazi ukudibanisa ezi iintshukumo zomcelo zomgano zomgano kunye neemali zokutshintsha ukuxhasa amashishini amancinane kunye neemali ezifunyenweyo eziphantsi.

Ngokubhekele phaya, i-UK’s e-Vhicle Infrastrective Stractical epapashwe ngo-2022] imisela umbono wesizwe wezolawulo, kodwa ibiza ngokucacileyo kumagunya asekuhlaleni ukukhokela ekucebeni nasekugunyaziseni. Abameli be-Metro, ngabaphathi babo abadityanisiweyo, babekwe ngcono ukudibanisa oku ngomlinganiselo.

Iinjongo zoluHlu loMqondiso woMkhosi kunye neNkqubela-phambili

Izithuthi ezihamba ngenqwelo-mafutha zichaza ulwahlulo olugqithisileyo lwezithuthi zezithuthi zasezidolophini kunye nongcoliso lomoya kuba zidla ngokuba yimodeli endala eqhutywa kakhulu kumbindi wesixeko. Ngoko ke abakhweli baye balucinezela unyuselo lweebhasi, iiteksi, iilori zenkcitho yebhu, kunye neenqanawa zelizwe. Abaninzi baye babeka amaxhoba kawonke-wonke, kwaye ezinye sele ziwadlula.

ILondon – IUltra-Low Esakhelwayo neBus Fleet

IMayor yaseLondon, uSadiq Khan, ibinguvulindlela ekusebenziseni umgaqo kunye notyalo-mali ukuqhuba ulwamkelo lwama-EV. I-ULEZ yase-London, yandiswa ngo-2023 ukugquma zonke ii-odola, ityala lezithuthi ezingezozidibaniyo $12.50 ngemini, unyuse ngokuphawulekayo ixabiso lokuqhuba iidizili ezindala. Ngokuhambelana, umlawuli wedolophu uzimisele ukwenza lonke umkhosi webhasi ze-0-impractiod ngonyaka wama-2030. Ekuqaleni konyaka wama-2025, i-600 yeebhasi zombane ziyasebenza – umkhosi omkhulu onjalo Yurophu – kunye nesixeko sisemzileni wongeza amakhulu amakhulu enqanawa.

Izithuthi zeLondon (TfL) ikwasebenza uthungelwano olukhulayo lwezikhundla ezithengwa ngokukhawuleza zeeteksi kunye neemoto eziqeshwayo, zinamanqaku angaphezu kwama-500 emali afakwe kwisixeko. I-Gylight Vehicle Infragradure Retraublicture Plan ijolise kumaxhoba angama-40 000 ukuya kuma-60 000 eencam zolawulo ngo-2030. Impumelelo yendlela yeLondon yokufumana ulwazi oluqinileyo, intsebenziswano kawonke-wonke, kunye nokuthanda okungaguquguquki kwezobupolitika.

Usukelo Olukhulu LweBhunga Elineqhayiya Elineenjongo Ezinkulu LeManchester

IMayor yase Greater Manchester, uAndy Burnham, ijolise ukuguqula zonke iinqwelo-mafutha zebhunga lesixeko – kuquka iilori zokulahla iimoto, iipaki zokulungisa iimoto, kunye nezifuni-ndlela – kumbane ngo-2025. IGuarster Manchester Edityanisiweyo Igunya (GMCA) ikwanyusela umkhosi wayo womkhosi webhasi, izimisele ukuvelisa iibhasi ezihamba nombane eziyi-170 ngo-2026 njengenxalenye yeBee Network, inkqubo yebhasi ehambayo enika umlawuli wendlela nezithuthi.

Utyalo-mali olunomthetho lugcina isantya. Uthutho lweManchester enkulu luthumele abaxhasi abakhawulezileyo kuqhagamshelwano lwezothutho olungundoqo kwaye lusebenza nabasebenzisi bobuqu ukuseka iingongoma zolawulo lukawonke-wonke ezingama-3000 ngo-2026. Isicwangciso se-Emoyeni esicocekileyo esicocekileyo [ siquka inkxaso kubaqhubi beetheksi abatshintshela umbane, ngemali nenzala ekhululekileyo exhaswa yi-Ceclease Moyer Fund karhulumente.

Birmingham – Ummandla Ococekileyo Womoya Nezorhwebo

Birmingham wasungula iCooc Moneral Zone ngo-2021 efuna ooduladula, abaqeqeshi, iiteksi, kunye neempahla ezinzima ezingena kumbindi wesixeko. IMayor yeNtshona Midwands, Richard Parker (owaphumelela i-Andy Street ngo-2024), uqhubekeka nokutyalwa kwezinye iindawo zedizili. INtshona Middlands Explaned Agued Aguement (WKA) ikhusele inkxaso yemali yeebhasi zombane ezingaphezulu kwewaka, kwaye iqengqeleke ngaphandle kothungelwano lwabaqeshi abahlala kwimizi eninzi nge [[FLT:] Plug-in West Midwalands[FLD].[FLD]

Iinqanawa zezithuthi zentengiso zeBirmingham, kuquka iimoto zokuthutha iipasile kunye neelori ezihamba evenkileni, zikwajoliswe kuzo. IWMCA ibonelela ngemali yamashishini ukuba athabathe indawo yeenqwelo-mafutha zedizili ngemifuziselo yombane, kwaye isebenza neenkampani zezixhobo zombane ukufaka irejista. Amava esixeko abalaselisa ukubaluleka kokusingatha iimfuno ezithile zezithuthi ezinkulu zentengiso, ezifuna abalawuli abanamandla kakhulu kunye namandla angaphezulu.

Glasgow – Imenywa Ebizwa ngokuba yiCOP26 Nekhokela Ngomzekelo

Glasgow, njengomkhosi we-COP26 ngo-2021, wamisela amaxhoba anomdla wolawulo kwanangaphambi kokuba kufike ukujongwa kwezizwe ngezizwe. Ibhunga lesixeko lazibophelele ekwenzeni umbane walo ngokupheleleyo ngo-2025, kwaye liguqulele kude ngoku ngaphezu kwe 60% yeenqwelo-mafutha zalo. Esi sixeko sikwanenjongo yokuba neebhasi ezihamba ngombane ezinqamleza uthungelwano lonke ekupheleni konyaka wama-2025, ixhoba elixhaswe yimali evela kuRhulumente wase-Scotland oshiwe On Fleats.

Usibonda (inkokeli yesixeko sikaGlasgow, inkokeli yebhunga, esebenzela kwisakhiwo eside seSkotlani) uye waxhasa ukusetyenziswa kwemali ekufikeleleni ekuhleni, kuquka umbutho wabaphathi-mikhosi abakhawulezayo kwindlela ezinkulu ze-artal nakwiipaki zenqwelo-mafutha. Indlela eyenziwa nguGlasgow ibonisa ukuba kwanezixeko ezinegunya elilinganiselweyo elinamandla alinganiselweyo zinokwenza inkqubela ephawulekayo ngokuzinikela kwezobupolitika nokusebenzisana namaziko esizwe.

Ulwahlulo loMgaqo-nkqubo: Iinethwekhi zokuThintela kunye noHlomelo lweGridi

Ngelixesha oosodolophu benokubeka amaxhoba ololongo lomkhosi, impumelelo yala mabhongo ixhomekeke kwisiseko esifanelekileyo sokuhlawula. Ukwakha uthungelwano lukawonke-wonke olufuna imali eninzi yezona zinto zintsonkothileyo nezibizayo zotshintsho lwe-EV, ezifuna ucwangciso olubalulekileyo, utyalo-mali olubalulekileyo, kunye nokunxibelelana kwangaphakathi nabasebenzi benethwekhi (DNO).

Abacebisi baye basebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokoyisa iibhotile zezibonelelo. Abaninzi baye baseka iziqu zokuhambisa ezinikezelweyo – njengeqela le-Lick Point Microns okanye i-Transport ye-EV Instorapublicale Unit ye-Manchester enkulu – ukuphatha ukuqokelelwa, ucwangciso, kunye nokugunyaziswa. La maqela asebenzisa inkcazelo ekuhambeni kweenqwelo-moya, kwiipatroli, kunye nobuchule bokuphawula iindawo eziphambili zabaqeshiweyo.

Ucelomngeni olungundoqo kukunyuswa kwemibutho yombane yasekuhlaleni. Abahlohli, ingakumbi abo banokukwazi ukuhambisa 150 kwW okanye ngaphezulu, bafuna igridi ephezulu enokuthatha iinyanga okanye iminyaka ukugqiba. Abachwethezi ngoku basebenza ngqo nge DNOS neNational Grid ukwenza iinkqubo zonxibelelwano olulula nokuphawula iindawo apho amandla egridi sele ekhona khona. Abanye bahlola ugcino lwebhetri kunye neemicrogridi zasekuhlaleni zokunciphisa uxinzelelo kuthungelwano.

Enye indlela entsha kukusetyenziswa koomatiloshe abakhanyisayo, abasebenzisa imihlathi ekhoyo yezibane ezisesitratweni ukunikezela ngocotho kodwa elungele ukubotshelelwa abahlali ngaphandle kophako lomthwalo. Izixeko eziquka iLondon, iOxford, kunye neeLeeds ziqhubele phambili lobubugcisa, kunye noomatiloshe abaxhasayo unyuso kwimijelo yemali enikezelweyo. Kumakhaya ahlalayo ahlala ngokungenayo i-40% ye-UK abangenayo indlela yokuqhuba.

Ukoyisa Iengxaki: Iindleko, Ukuxhalaba Nokufumana Ibhetri

Ngaphandle kwenkqubela, imiqobo emininzi iyaqhubeka ithoba utshintsho lwe-EV kwinqanawa zesixeko kunye nezibonelelo. Ixabiso elingaphambili lezithuthi zombane lihlala liphezulu kunemodeli elinganayo yedizili, nangona ixabiso lemali le-oyile lidla ngokuncitshiswa ngenxa yexabiso lamafutha nogcino. Kubaphathi-mali bengingqi bengingqi, inkcitho yokuqala yemali ingaba ngumqobo obalulekileyo. Abasebenzi bemayela bathe ngokusebenzisa inkxaso karhulumente esembindini yemali-i-i-i-i Carrant (ngoku iphela kwiinqwelo-mafutha kodwa isafumaneka kwii-vhani kunye ne-ZEBRA (Ingingqi Zee-e-e-etraiseeactive Bus) kunye nemali yemali yezoshishino)

Uludwe lwexhala – uloyiko lokuphuma kuxanduva – luhlala luyinkxalabo kubasebenzi bomkhosi, ingakumbi kwiilori kunye neenqwelo-mafutha zenkonzo zongxamiseko ezifuna umjikelo womsebenzi. Ubugcisa bebhetri bujikeleza ngokukhawuleza, kunye nee-EV ezintsha ezinika uluhlu lweemayile ezingama-50 ukuya kumakhulu amane, kodwa iimfuno ezithile zomkhosi zisenokufuna ucwangciso lobuchule. Abakhweli bale nqanawa bathetha ngokuqesha abasebenzi benqanawa ezindaweni zokugcina iimpahla kunye nokubeka abasebenzi bemali kulawulo kumasipala ngendlela eqhelekileyo.

Ucelomngeni lokunikezela ngetsheyina lebhetri kunye nokufumaneka kwamagcisa anobuchule ekulungiseni nasekulungiseni nokulungisa kuyaqulunqwa. Abaphathi abadityanisiweyo bafaka utyalo kwiinkqubo zoqeqesho kwiikholeji zasekuhlaleni kwaye basebenza nabenzi ukukhusela ukufikelela kokubaluleka kwimodeli. Umzekelo, [[FLT: 0] i-Energy Saving Trust[ inika ukhokelo kubaphathi basekuhlaleni lokwenza okungcono kotshintsho lwenqanawa.

Iingenelo Entlalweni Nemeko - bume Zokungamkeli Ezixekoni

Ukutyhalela izithuthi zombane akungokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekharbon kuphela; kukwayimfuneko kuluntu ngokubanzi. Ungcoliso lomoya, ngokuyintloko kwizithuthi zedizili, lubekek'ityala lokufa kwamaxesha aqikelelwayo angama-40 000 ngonyaka eUK, okuchaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto abantu abasweleyo abasoloko befumaneka kufuphi nezindlela ezinkulu. Ngoodula-ndlela, iiteksi, kunye nomkhosi wamabhunga, oomatiloshe bahamba ngqo kumthombo wongcoliso.

Umoya ococekileyo ukhokelela kwiimeko ezimbalwa zoxinzelelo loxinzelelo lomoya, isifo semiphunga, kunye neemeko zentliziyo, ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lwe-NHS kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wobomi. Le nguqulelo inciphisa ungcoliso lwengxolo kwimimandla exineneyo yasedolophini, ingakumbi kwiibhasi nakwizikhuseli zebhini, ezisebenza kusasa. Izitrato ezithuleyo zineengenelo kwimpilo yengqondo nomgangatho wokulala.

Ukufumana izithuthi zombane kunakho ukuxhasa ukusetyenziswa kwemibutho yoluntu ukuba ilawulwa ngobuchule. Abakhandi bahlola ii-atrula zezithuthi zoluntu ngezithuthi zombane, benika ungenelo kwizithuthi eziphantsi, ezicocekileyo kwizindlu ezingenayo imoto yazo. Ngaphezu koko, ukufakwa kwezixhobo zokuhlawula izakhiwo zentlalo-ntle kunye neebloko zokuhlala kuqinisekisa ukuba abahlali abasebenzi abangekho semthethweni abashiywe ngasemva. Umsebenzi woomatiloshe kulo mmandla ubalulekile ukuqinisekisa iinzuzo zotshintsho lwasemzimbeni ozinzileyo.

Indlela phambili: IMayoral Colcantiation kunye nokubuyiselwa

Akukho sixeko sinye sinokwenza iinguqulelo ze-EV sodwa. Abavumisi basebenzisana ngakumbi ngeenkqubo ezinjengeqela leMetro Metro Metrors neqela leZixeko ze-Core, basebenzisane ngobuchule, bafumane izakhiwo kunye nogcino-lwazi. Umzekelo, amagunya amaninzi adibeneyo asebenzisa ooduladula bombane, aqhuba iindleko eziphantsi nakukhusela izigunyaziso ezingcono kubenzi-mali.

Ukubuyiselwa kwakhona kuqhutywa ngeeprojekthi zomqhubi wenqwelo-moya. Kummandla wesiXhosa saseLiverpool, usodolophu usungule ukuvavanywa kwemibhobho ye-hydrogen enamandla ecaleni kwemiboniso yombane ukuhlola ukuba bubuphi ubugcisa obulungele izicelo eziphezulu ezingekho mthethweni. EWest Yorkshire, usodolophu unguvulindlela “oooomatshini abasebenzisa iinkqubo ezihamba ngelanetha lasekhaya kwaye asebenzise iintambo zombane zokunciphisa iindleko zabaphathi be-EV.

Ukukhangela phambili, oomatiloshe baceba ukudibanisa iinqwelo-mafutha zombane kwigridi ezikrelekrele, ukuvumela iibhetri zenqwelo-mafutha ukuba zigcine amandla agqithisileyo kwaye ziwondle ngexesha lenkcochoyi (ivehicle ukuya kwigrid, V2G). Amatyala okuqala eLondon neManchester abonise iziphumo ezinika ithemba, kwaye abalawuli benqanawa ngoku batyhalela phambili utshintsho oluza kuvumela abasemagunyeni ukuba balawule iinkqubo ze-V2G.

Ulawulo lukarhulumente we-UK lokukhupha umphunga omdaka ngo-2050, edityaniswe nesikali esiphezulu sezibonelelo esifunekayo, kuthetha ukuba indima yoosodolophu iza kukhula kuphela. Abaninzi ngoku babiza amagunya amakhulu angaphezulu, kuquka ukukwazi ukukhupha irhafu yemoto yasekuhlaleni okanye ukugcina intlawulo yemali eninzi ye-EV. Ukuba igunya ligunyazisiwe, la mandla anokunyusa iinguqulelo ngokubhekele phambili.

Oomatiloshe be-UK bangqina ukuba ukhokelo olomeleleyo, oluqwalaselweyo lungasoyisa i-ertry yemiqathango emikhulu. Ngodityaniso yomthetho, utyalo-mali, umanyano, kunye nolunyamezelo, baguqula iinqanawa zesixeko, ukwandisa ii-internet ezikhongozeli, kwaye bebonisa ukuba izithuthi zombane aziyomfuneko yokusingqongileyo nje kuphela kodwa zithuba lokuphucula, izixeko ezisempilweni. Umzekelo wabo unika iplani yemimandla yasedolophini ehlabathini lonke, ibonisa ukuba ngokuthanda okuzinzileyo kwezobupolitika, ikamva elinobuchule bokusebenza.