Abameli babumba umva wolawulo lwedemokhrasi, usebenza njengonxulumano olungqalileyo phakathi kwabemi abaqhelekileyo kunye nenkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Enoba kwindlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe, kwingqungquthela yorhulumente, okanye kwibhunga lasekuhlaleni, la magosa anyuliweyo anikwe imbopheleleko enzima yokuguqulela uluntu ngokubanzi kwinkqubo enokwenziwa. Ukuqonda indlela abameli abanyulwa ngayo kunye noko bakwenzayo kwakanye kwisikhundla kunika abemi amandla okuthabatha inxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwinkqubo yezobupolitika, agcine iinkokeli zabo zinokuphendula, kwaye athethele ngokunempumelelo kwibutho labo.

Indlela Abameli Abachazwa Ngayo

Inkqubo yokukhetha ummeli luhambo oluneentetho ezininzi oluqala kude phambi kokuba abavoti baqale intloko kwimivoti. Ngelixesha iinkqubo ezithile zohluka-hlukeneyo ngokwelizwe, urhulumente, okanye idemokhrasi, uninzi lwenkqubo zedemokhrasi zisabelana ngesakhiwo esifanayo esimisela ukuba ngubani onokuthi asebenze, indlela amaphulo aqhutywa ngayo, nendlela amavoti abalwa ngayo.

Iimfuno Zokonwaba

Phambi kokuba umntu abe ngummeli, kufuneka afikelele imilinganiselo esisiseko yokungalingani. EUnited States, umzekelo, umlandeli weNdlu yabameli kufuneka abe neminyaka engama-25 ubuncinane, ebengummi wase-U.S. ubuncinane iminyaka esixhenxe, kwaye abe ngummi welizwe abafuna ukumela. Iminyaka efanayo kunye neemfuno zokuhlala zikho kwizindlu ezininzi zecawa. Le miqobo yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa abatshakazi ukuba banomgangatho osisiseko wokukhula, ulwazi loluntu, kunye nonxulumano lwengingqi yengingqi abazimisele ukuyisebenzela.

Isalathisi somsebenzi

Kwiinkqubo ezininzi zezobupolitika, indlela yokukhetha jikelele iqala ngenkqubo engundoqo okanye yokutyumba. Amaqela ezobupolitika akhetha abaza kukhetha ngonyulo lwangaphakathi, ngonyulo, okanye ngeendibano. EUnited States, amagumbi anokuvuleka (evumela ukuzimela okanye icandelo elinqumlayo ukuba lithathe inxaxheba) okanye avala (engamele amalungu abhalisiweyo). Umnqolobi ophambili uba ngumphathi-mgaqo weqela elingomnye ujongene nabanye amaqela kunyulo jikelele.

Inkqubo yokutyunjwa ngokwayo liphulo elincinane. Abaqulunqi kufuneka baqokelele utyikityo, baphakamise imali, bakhe uthungelwano lwamatsha - ntliziyo, kwaye bachaze iqonga elibhenela kwiqela labaxhasi abanyanisekileyo. Ukhuphiswano lwamaprimel ludla ngokunyanzela abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba bakhuphe iimbono ezicacileyo, ezinokubumba indlela abalawula ngayo kamva.

Iphulo Eliqhelekileyo Lokhetho

Xa lithe lachongwa, iphulo lonyulo jikelele lilelona nyathelo libonakalayo. Amalungu achitha iinyanga ezithile — ngezinye amaxesha — ezama ukucenga abavoti ngokufaka iintambo zendlu ukuya kwindlu, iintlanganiso zedolophu, izibhengezo, ukukhupha ulawulo lwezentlalo-ntle, kunye neengxoxo. Eli phulo libhekisa kwimiqathango yenkqubo yomvoteli, amava, namandla okucombulula iingxaki zasekuhlaleni okanye zesizwe.

Inxalenye ephambili yephulo lale mihla iquka:

  • Ukunika intlawulo: Imali ijongene nokubhengeza, imivuzo yabasebenzi, uhambo, kunye nokufumana ingeniso. Imithetho yemali yeCampei yeCandelo ilawula iminikelo nenkcitho ukuthintela ukonakala nokuqinisekisa ukuba mhlophe.
  • Uqhagamshelwano lwendawo emileyo: Ibhanki yemfono- mfono, ukuthumela umyalezo, kunye neposi engqalileyo ziyasebenza, nangona izixhobo zamanani zinyusiwe zifikelela kwizibhengezo zencoko yababini ezijoliswe kunxibelelwano kunye noluhlu lwe-imeyili.
  • Phuma- ngaphandle kweVote (GOTV): kwiiveki zokugqibela, amaphulo ajolise ekuqinisekiseni abaxhasi ngenene baphosa iibhola, ngokufuthi benika uncedo lwezithuthi okanye lwebhola engekhoyo.

Impembelelo yangaphandle njengeekomiti zezenzo zobupolitika (ii-PAC), amaqela abantu abanomdla, kunye namajelo eendaba anokuphembelela uhlanga. Abathathi-nxaxheba kufuneka basebenzise le mpembelelo ngoxa besoloko bengqinelana nesigidimi sabo okanye bebeka ubomi babo esichengeni sokukhetha abantu abangekho semthethweni.

Iindlela zokudlulisela kunye neenkqubo

Indlela apho amavoti ejulwa khona kwaye ebalelwa khona iyahluka-hluka. Eyona nkqubo iqhelekileyo eUnited States kunye nezinye ezininzi ezithetha amaNgesi zidemokhrasi zi udidi lokuqala-mva (FTP), apho umvoti onenkoliso yamavoti uphumelela, nokuba aphumezanga uninzi olupheleleyo. Oku kutyekele ekuveliseni icandelo elinye lorhulumente abaninzi kodwa kungashiya indawo ebalulekileyo yabavoti abangangeni ndawo.

Ezinye iinkqubo ziquka:

  • Uvotelo olunemibhobho ejikelezayo (RCV): Abavota-macandelwana abakwindawo ekhethekileyo. Ukuba akukho mntu wamkela uninzi lwevoti yokuqala, oyena ubalulekileyo usezantsi ulandelayo uyasuswa kwaye amavoti abo akhutshwa de kuvele umfumani. Le nkqubo ikhuthaza umanyano olubanzi kwaye inciphisa iphulo elingalunganga.
  • [[FLT: 0]] unyulo oluphumayo: ukuba akukho mngeni ofunekayo (amaxesha amaninzi 50%), unyulo lwesibini lubanjwe phakathi kwemigqibelo emibini ephezulu. Oku kuqinisekisa umvuzo woninzi kodwa ukwandisa ikhalenda yonyulo.
  • Umelo lwePROTIONALL (PR): olusetyenziswa kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu, iPR inikezela izihlalo ezisekelwe kwipesenti yevoti efunyanwa lilizwe lonke okanye kwimimandla emikhulu enamalungu amaninzi. Ngexa iPR ngokuchane ngakumbi ibonisa ukhetho lomvoti, ingakhokelela kurhulumente abahlangeneyo kunye neengxoxo ezintsonkothileyo.

Kuxhomekeke kwinkqubo, ukuvota ngokwako kungenziwa ngokobuqu ngoSuku lokhetho, ngokuvota kwangethuba okanye ngeposi. Ukhuseleko lwebhola, ukufumaneka, kunye nobugcisa------kuquka oomatshini bokuvota be-electronic kunye nogcino-lwazi lwephepha, zizinto eziqhutyelwa phambili kwingxoxo kawonke-wonke.

Ukuphinda-phinda uhlaziyo

Kwimida yesithili enye, ukuzoba kwemida yenyuselo kunomphumo onzulu ekumelweni. Inkqubo ebizwa ngokuba ivela ngokuqhelekileyo kwishumi leminyaka emva kobalo lokulungisa imimandla kutshintsho lwabemi. Iqela elinamandla lingalawula imida ukuze lizibonelele ngokwalo okanye lisebenze ngokunzulu. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba iyakwazi ukuqhuba i-gergerdering[[. Oku kungenza iziphumo ezibizwa ngokuba ngu "zihlalo ezikhuselekileyo" apho iziphumo zonyulo zimiselwe kwangaphambili, ukunciphisa uxinzelelo kunye nomelo olutsala udidi lwendawo yonke. i-Nonparatis i-reddiactiesties kwink ethile yenjongo ethile, kodwa ihlala ikho ikho i-'empepho yoklo.

Ngokungakumbi kwimpembelelo yokusebenzisa i-gerrymander kumelo, bona iBrennan Center yeJaji yezobulungisa.

Indima Yommeli Kurhulumente

Xa benyulwe, umsebenzi wommeli unzima kakhulu kunokuvota nje amatyala. Kufuneka balungelelanise iimfuno ezikhuphisanayo zeqela labo, abo basebenza nabo, amaqela abo anomdla, kunye nezazela zabo. Imisebenzi engundoqo inokuhlelwa ekwenzeni umthetho, ukumela, ukuvelela, kunye neenkonzo ezibandakanya abantu.

Umthetho Nomthetho

Umsebenzi oyintloko womGaqo-siseko wommisi-mthetho kukuqulunqa, ukuphikisana, nokuvota imithetho ecetywayo. KwiNdlu yabameli yase-United States, oku kuqala xa ilungu lingenisa ityala. Lo mthetho ke ubhekiswa kwikomiti ukuze kuhlolwe iinkcukacha. Iindlebe zekomiti zivumela iingcali, abameli, okanye abachasi ukuba bangqine. Ikomiti ingawulungisa lo mthetho ngaphambi kokuba ivote ukuba ingawuthumela kusini na kwigumbi elipheleleyo.

Ingxoxo ye-floor kunye nokuvota ilandela imithetho engqongqo. Abameli bangathembisa ukulungisa, ukuphikisa okanye ukuchasa ityala, baze ekugqibeleni bavote irekhodi. Ukuba ivunyiwe, ityala lisiya kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zeMalanga ukuze ifumane unyango olufanayo okanye, kwiinkqubo ze-bamaral, kufuneka kuxoxwe kwinguqulelo enye. Le nkqubo entsonkothileyo ingathabatha iinyanga okanye kwaneminyaka, kwaye uninzi lwamatyala asungulweyo aluze lube ngumthetho.

Umsebenzi weKomiti

Kulapho kunokwenzeka khona umsebenzi wokwenene wokuqesha. Abameli babelwa ukumisa iikomiti ezisebenza kwiindawo ezifana nezicelo, ezolimo, ezokhuselo, imfundo, okanye imicimbi yamanye amazwe. Ngeekomiti, amalungu aphuhlisa ubuchule, ukuva iindlebe ukuze ahlole izenzo zesebe eliphetheyo, kunye nomthetho omiswe ngaphambi kokuba lifikelele kumgangatho.

Ukuhlala kwikomiti enamandla `njenge Komiti yeNdlela zeNdlu neMathere''. Inika impembelelo epheleleyo kumgaqo-nkqubo werhafu, worhwebo, kunye neenkqubo zentlalo. Ngokuchasene noko, ilungu lekomiti ehloniphekileyo ingakufumanisa kunzima ukuqhubela phambili ucwangciso lwabo.

ISebe leMicimbi yeNkcubeko neMidlalo

Enye yezona ndlela zibonakalayo abameli abanceda ngazo abantu ziinkonzo eziququzelelweyo, ezidla ngokubizwa ngokuba umsebenzi wesicatshulwa . Xa ummi exabana nesebe lesizwe `njengeenzuzo zokhuseleko loluntu''. Njengeengenelo zeso sicelo zentlalo zize zibambeke, ipassport engakhutshwanga, okanye isaziso sommeli singangenelela ekupheliseni inkqubo. Abasebenzi abaqhubi be-bureaucratic tepe kwaye banxibelelana ngqo nabameli abakwi-acres.

Umsebenzi osetyenziswayo uthatha ixesha elininzi kodwa wakha ububele obukhulu. Abameli abasabela ngokukhawuleza kwiimfuno zodidi badla ngokuphinda bakhethwe, njengoko abavoti beva unxibelelwano lwabo lobuqu kwiofisi yommeli.

Umelo noMthetho

Ngaphandle kokubekwa kwamatyala, abameli bavakalisa inkxalabo yesithili sabo ngexesha lengxoxo yowiso-mthetho kunye neevoti. Kufuneka baqwalasele indlela isiko eliza kuyichaphazela ngayo imisebenzi yasekuhlaleni, izikolo, izibonelelo, kunye nemekobume. Oku kusoloko kubandakanya ukudibana noosodolophu, iinkokeli zamashishini, imibutho engafumani ngeniso, namaqela eengingqi aqonda ezona zibalulekileyo kummandla.

Ukubhatala kukwathetha ukukhusela iiphawuli okanye ingeniso ejoliswe ngqo (ekwayaziwa ngokuba ziiprojekthi zehashe-bhari yesithili) kwimisebenzi yesithili efana nokulungiswa kohola wohola-ndlela, uphando lunika inkxaso, okanye unyuselo lwesiseko somkhosi. Ngelixesha ingxubusho, inkxaso enjalo yemali ingaphucula ngokuthe ngqo uqoqosho lwesithili.

Ukulawula kwesebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu

Imithetho ayingokwenziwa kwamaqumrhu omthetho kuphela; kwakhona ihlola amandla e-ofisi ephetheyo. Abameli basebenza kwiikomiti ezinamava ukuphengulula amaqumrhu karhulumente, oonobhala bobucukubhede, namaxwebhu angaphantsi kwe-odokisi. Ukulawula kutyhila inkunkuma, ubuqhetseba, kunye nokungafezeki kwemigaqo . Ukungagunyazi kwemithetho kumiselwe ngendlela enenjongo. Amandla esipaji-/ukulawula phezu koqingqo-mali /further womeleza ukuvelela, njengoko abameli benokukhanyela ukuxhaswa kwemali ngenxa yeenkqubo abazichasayo.

I-' I-Conrer.gov webh inikezela ngoovimba bomthetho okhoyo kunye nokuchongwa kweekomiti kwabo banomdla wokufumana umsebenzi wommeli.

UMthetho: Uluntu nolawulo

Ubomi bommeli abuphelelanga kumagumbi ekomiti nakumgangatho. Kufuneka abekho kwisithili sabo, abonakale kwaye afikeleleke kubantu abakhonzayo. Olu hlobo "lokuhlala" luquka iintlanganiso ezithe rhoqo zedolophu, iziganeko zasekuhlaleni, iintlanganiso zesikolo, iintlanganiso zesikolo, kunye neengqungquthela zomsebenzi. Oku kudibana kunceda abameli babonise iimvakalelo zikawonke-wonke kwaye banxibelelane ngqo.

Ukuseka kwiprojekthi zasekuhlaleni

Abameli basoloko besebenza njengamaqonga enkqubela yezoqoqosho yengingqi. Basebenza ukutsala inkxaso yeenkqubo zoqeqesho lomsebenzi, ukuxhasa iibhulorho kunye neeprojekthi ezibanzi ezisetyenziswa kwinqanawa, nokuxhasa uncedo lwentlekele emva kweemeko zemvelo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, bayanxulumana norhulumente namagosa asekuhlaleni kwimida yeqela ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkxaso yemali. Umzekelo, abameli kunye nomphathi-sinxulumanisi beze kungenelwa kwisixhobo esingundoqo sezithuthi ezinceda imimandla yabo yombini.

Unxibelelwano Oluluvo

Abameli bale mihla bagcina amajelo onxibelelwano aqinileyo: amaphetshana, iingxelo zezentlalo-ntle, iiwebhsayithi ezisemthethweni, nee-ofisi zesithili zasekuhlaleni. Babamba iiholo zedolophu zefowuni okanye iintlanganiso ze-Q&A ezidibeneyo ukuba bafikelele abantu abangakwaziyo ukuya equmrhu. Ukuphendula iileta nee-imeyili----email ezisoloko zinikwa abasebenzi, ngumlinganiselo ongundoqo wokufikelela. Unxibelelwano olulungileyo luqinisekisa ukuba abemi baziva beviwe, kwanaxa bengavumelani novo lwabameli.

Ukusebenzisana Namaqela Anomdla

Abameli badibana rhoqo namaqumrhu orhwebo, amaqela enkcubeko, amaqumrhu abasebenzi, kunye neenzuzo ezingeyonzuzo. La maqela afuna ukuphembelela amavoti ommisi-mthetho aze abelane ngobuchule kwimibandela entsonkothileyo enjengemali yemali ehlawulwayo yezonyango, inkqubo yemozulu, okanye umgaqo wemali. Ulwalamano oluqinileyo namaqela enza inzala lunganika ingqiqo yenkqubo, kodwa abameli kufuneka bazilumkele impembelelo engafanelekanga kubaxhasi abalungelelanisi abalungileyo.

I [[NTL:0] Isiseko solawulo solawulo olukwiNqanawa inikela ngophando olunzulu kumsebenzi ongcono wokulungelelanisa ezi mbopheleleko zininzi.

Indlela Abameli Abahluke Ngayo Kwiinkqubo Zezobupolitika

Ibinzana elithi “elimelayo” lingathetha izinto ezahlukeneyo ezixhomekeke kwisakhiwo sikarhulumente. Kwindlu yase-U.S., amalungu asebenzisa amabinzana aneminyaka emibini kwaye kulindeleke ukuba aphendule iimfuno zesithili sawo ezikhawulezileyo. KwiNdlu yeZizwe yoMbutho weUnited Kingdom, Amalungu ePalamente akhonza iminyaka emihlanu kwaye ngokufuthi anengqeqesho eyomelele ngakumbi, oko kuthetha ukuba abophelele ngakumbi ekuvoteleni amaqela. Kwiinkqubo zepalamente, abameli basebenza njengabalungiseleli okanye abakhuseli besithunzi, befinyeza umgca phakathi kwemisebenzi yowiso-mthetho kunye neyolawulo.

EJamani iBundestag, isiqingatha samalungu anyulwa ngqo kwisithili esinye, kwaye isiqingatha sisuka kumelo oluphakathi oluthe lwabekwa kuluhlu, sidala inkqubo exubeneyo elungelelanisa ulwalamano lwasekuhlaleni nolwahlulo lwesizwe. Ngokufanayo, kwiLok Sabhaha yaseIndiya, amalungu amaninzi anyulwa kwisithili, kodwa agcinelwe ukuthotyelwa kweentlanga kunye nezizwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba zimele indidi encinane.

Ukuqonda ezi zahlukano kunceda ukwenzela ukuba umenzi omnye unempembelelo engakanani ngokwenene. Kwicandelo elidibeneyo lorhulumente, abameli bangafuna ukulalanisa ngakumbi; kwinkqubo eqinileyo, ukuphambuka kwabantu ngabanye kunqabile. Kwimbono yomhlaba wonke kwiinkqubo zokukhetha, jonga i-IDEA Indlela yokuyila Isiseko somsebenzi wehlabathi [[FLT:]

Isizathu Sokuba Siziqonde Ezi Zinto

Unyulo nomsebenzi wabameli uchaphazela zonke iinkalo zobomi bemihla ngemihla — ukusuka kumgangatho weendlela nemfundo kawonke-wonke ukuya kukhuseleko lwesizwe kunye ne-inshorensi yempilo. Xa abemi besazi indlela abakhethwa ngayo abameli noko bakwenzayo, banokuvavanya kakuhle abathathi-nxaxheba phakathi konyulo, baze babe nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngokuqhagamshelana okanye ngokunikela ubungqina kwityala.

Ngaphezu koko, unyulo lomntu olunolwazi luyeyona ndlela ingcono yokuzikhusela kulawulo olungelulo. Ukuqonda imiqobo yokulawula, inkxaso yezehlo, kunye nemisebenzi ephambili kutyhila isizathu sokuba amanye amazwi anyuswe ngexa amanye engasebenzi. Abemi ababotshelelweyo bangaxhasa utshintsho olubangela ukumela intelekelelo efana nemisebenzi ezimeleyo yokukhetha i-redicece, ukuvota kwe-cocece, okanye inkxaso yentyekiso kawonke-wonke.

Ngamnye ummeli wayekhe waba ngummi wabucala owagqiba ekubeni ahambe. Uhambo lwabo ukusuka kumntu oza kuthabatha umthetho ukuya kubonakalisa iinjongo zedemokhrasi zokuzilawula. Ngokuqonda umlinganiselo opheleleyo wenkqubo yokukhetha nokufakwa komthetho, abavoti bangenza ukhetho olufundisayo baze babe ngamaqabane akhutheleyo ekuxoliseni ikamva lengingqi yabo. Okukhona siyiqonda kakuhle inkqubo, okukhona isebenza kakuhle kuye wonke umntu.