Ukuziswa kweMithetho yeRhulumente

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ziseka isiseko sokwenza inkqubo eUnited States, zisenza imithetho echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi bemihla ngemihla babemi .ukusuka kwinkxaso-mali yemfundo kunye nezibonelelo zezothutho ukuya kwimiyalelo yempilo yoluntu kunye nezakhiwo zerhafu. Ngokungafaniyo neBhunga loMbutho wase-U.S. ngalinye lama-50 ligcina iqumrhu lowiso-mthetho, lisebenza phantsi kwemithetho eyahlukeneyo, ucwangciso, kunye nesiseko somgaqo-siseko. Ukuqonda indlela abatyunjwa bemithetho-mthetho abakhethwa ngayo kwaye oko ngokwenene kuyimfuneko kuye nabani na ofuna ukungenela okanye ukuphembelela urhulumente ngokunelisa.

Esi sikhokelo sigubungela inkqubo yokukhetha abamisi-mthetho besizwe, ukwahluka-hluka kwezakhiwo, ububanzi bemisebenzi yabo yowiso-mthetho, kunye neziphumo ezisebenzisekayo zokusebenza kwi-capitor. Ekupheleni, uza kuba nolwazi olucokisekileyo ngendlela aba basemagunyeni abanyuliweyo abawulawula ngayo umgaqo-nkqubo kumgangatho wesizwe, nesizathu sokuba umsebenzi wabo uhambele phambili kunanini na kwixesha lokutshintsha kwemithetho karhulumente.

Indlela Abaqulunqi Bemithetho Besizwe Abanyuliweyo Ngayo: Inkqubo Yokhetho

Inkoliso yabamisi-mthetho bephondo inyulwa ngabahlali besithili esithile somhlaba phakathi kweli lizwe. Inkqubo yonyulo idla ngokulandela umlinganiselo ofanayo kulo lonke ilizwe, kodwa kukho umahluko omkhulu ngokwemida yesithili, ixesha lonyulo, kunye neemfuno zokufaneleka konyulo.

Unyulo Oluthe ngqo nomelo lweSithili

Abenzi bemithetho besizwe bamela isithili se-senate (kwigumbi eliphezulu) okanye indlu/igumbi lombuso (kwigumbi elisezantsi). Isithili siyaphinda sitsalwe rhoqo emva kweminyaka elishumi emva kwe-U.S. Ubalo ukuqinisekisa ukuba umelo lwabemi lulingana phantse qha, umgaqo owaziwa njengo omnye umntu, uvote . Kumazwe amaninzi, i-sentenetor nganye imela umelo olukhulu kunommeli ngamnye, ubonakalisa injongo yembali yegumbi eliphezulu njengesiqu esidefiliji.

Amaphepha aphambili efayile anegunya lonyulo lukarhulumente, ahlawula umrhumo wefashoni (okanye aqokelela inani elifunekayo lotyikityo), aze akhuphisane kunyulo oluphambili ukuba ngaba kwiqela elikhulu. Kumazwe amaninzi, amaqumrhu avulwe ngabo bonke abavoti ababhalisiweyo, ngoxa abanye besebenzisa amagumbi aphezulu avaliweyo athintelwe amalungu eqela. Amazwe ambalwa, anjengeKhalifoniya neWashington, aqesha inkqubo esisiseko apho bonke abatshatisi bavela kwiqela eliphambili, kunye nabaphathi-voti ezimbini abaphezulu beqhubela phambili kunyulo jikelele.

Jikelele unyulo lubanjwe ngoLwesibini lokuqala emva koMvulo wokuqala ngoNovemba kwiminyaka enokubalwayo. Unyulo lweziko lowiso-mthetho lungahluka ngokuphawulekayo, ukusuka ku 70% kwiminyaka yonyulo lomongameli ukuya ngezantsi kwe-20% kwezinye iintlanga zasekuhlaleni. I-"lout" inganyusa ngamandla impembelelo yamaqela alungelelanisiweyo oluntu kunye nabaxhasi beqela.

Ukubhaka-bhaka nokuRhwebelana

Ukusukela indlu yowiso-mthetho karhulumente kusoloko kufuna izinto ezibalulekileyo. Ngoxa ukhuphiswano lwemiqolo kwisithili esincinane lunokubiza imali engaphantsi kwee-$50 000, intlanga kwimimandla emikhulu okanye kwiindawo ezikhuphisanayo zingagqitha kwii-irandi ezizizigidi eziliqela. I-adisplani zinyusa imali ngomntu ngamnye onikelayo, iikomiti zezenzo zezobupolitika (IPAC), yaye maxa wambi kubutyebi bazo. Inani elikhulayo lamazwe liye lasungula iinkqubo zokuxhasa inkxaso kawonke-wonke okanye umgangatho omncinane wokunciphisa impembelelo yeminikelo emikhulu.

Imisebenzi yephulo iquka ukucanda ngesango, izibhengezo zemivo, iiposi ezithe ngqo, iiholo zedolophu, kunye neengxoxo. Unyuko lwezibonelelo zezentlalo lwenze kwaba lula ngabavoti ngqo, kodwa kwakhona kwandisa umthamo wokungahlawulwa kunye nokuhlaselwa okungakhiyo. Abathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi baxhomekeke kumaziko angoochwepheshe bezopolitiko okanye kwiikomiti zamaqela ukuze bafumane ukhokelo olufanelekileyo.

Ubude bexesha kunye nemida yegama

Iziququ zelizwe zisebenzisa ngokuqhelekileyo amabinzana eminyaka emine, lo gama abameli besizwe besebenzisa amabinzana eminyaka emibini. Noko ke, kukho amaphondo ahlukeneyo: amanye amazwe (umz., Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana) anabaququzeleli abasebenza iminyaka emine, kodwa amanye (umz., Arizona, Connecticut, Florida) anemiqathango yeminyaka emibini yawo onke amagunya. Amalunga ne-15 anyanzela imida yemida [[FLT: 1] kumthetho yesizwe, ethintela inani leminyaka elandelelanayo abanokukhonza ngayo. Umzekelo, imida yemiqathango yeminyaka emibini engamashumi amathandathu (iminyaka emithandathu) kunye namagosathutyana (umnyaka emi-sibhozo). Imida yemithetho yemithetho iye yaphikisa, kunye nobuchule bokuphucula ubuchule bobuminye, ngexesha lokuxhasa ukuphucula, ngexesha abagcincuntlukwano, ngexesha abanokumelana nabanga abagciphembelela ukugcingelana nokuthembeka kwabo.

Unyulo Olukhethekileyo Neebhanki

Ukuba ummisi-mthetho urhoxa, uyafa, okanye ususiwe eofisini, unyulo olukhethekileyo ludla ngokubanjelwa ukuzalisa indawo. Irhuluneli yorhulumente idla ngokumisela umhla wonyulo olukhethekileyo, olumele lwenzeke phakathi kwefreyim yexesha elithile echazwe ngumthetho wesizwe. Kwamanye amazwe, irhuluneli ingamisela ukubuyiselwa kobu bubi de unyulo lubanjwe. Unyulo olukhethekileyo lusoloko lubona ukurhoxiswa okusezantsi kwaye lungajijijelwa kakhulu kunonyulo jikelele.

Isiseko soMthetho:

Lonke ilizwe ngaphandle kwe-Nebraska lisebenzisa indlu yowiso-mthetho ye-bibray].

Ububhinada babuzuzwe kakhulu kwinkqubo yepalamente yaseBritane kwaye buqiniswa yisakhiwo somGaqo-siseko wase-U. Ingqinelane nento yokuba amagumbi amabini anika ingqwalasela enzulu, nendlu ephezulu esebenza njengovavanyo kwizigqibo ezithe zangaphantsi okanye ezikhawulezayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, amagumbi amabini kufuneka avumelane ngeenguqulelo ezifanayo zemithetho yokuba athunyelwe kwirhuluneli. Ikomiti yengqungquthela isetyenziselwa ukucombulula ukungavisisani phakathi kwendlu kunye neenguqulelo zendlu ye-senethi.

Amanye amaphondo anamagama akhethekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, indlu esezantsi yaseNew York yiNdibano kaRhulumente; indlu esezantsi yeKhalifoniya yiNdibano kaRhulumente; indlu esezantsi yaseNew Jersey yiNdibano Jikelele. Kumaphondo amaninzi, igumbi eliphezulu libizwa ngokuba yiNtlalo yeeNtlanganiso, kodwa kwimbalwa (njengeSouth Carolina neMississippi) ngokusesikweni ibizwa ngokuba yiBhunga leSizwe.

Indima neembopheleleko zabaLawuli beMgaqo-siseko

Abenzi bemithetho beli lizwe banxiba iminqwazi emininzi: ummisi-mthetho, umhlalutyi woqingqo-mali, ummeli wekomiti, ummeli weqela, yaye maxa wambi kwanamalungu eendaba. Umsebenzi wabo oyintloko womGaqo-siseko kukumisela imithetho ethetha ngeemfuno zelizwe labo, /isigunyaziso esibanzi esichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bukawonke-wonke ezingakhutshwanga ngumthetho wesizwe.

Ukwenza Imithetho: Indlela Ibhilibhi Eba Ngumthetho KaRhulumente Ngayo

Inkqubo yokuguqula ingcamango ibe ngumthetho ochaziweyo ilandela indlela echazweyo, nangona kukho umahluko ukusuka kwiphondo ukuya kwelinye. Ummisi-mthetho uxhasa umthetho, oziswa kwigumbi lawo lokuhlala kwaye wabelwe kwikomiti enegunya phezu kwemibandela. Iikomiti zilapho umnikazi wenkqubo yezomthetho ukwindawo yokusebenza. Zibamba khona iimvote, iingxoxo, kwaye zivote nokuba ziqhubele umthetho kwigumbi elipheleleyo. Ukuba umthetho udlula kwikomiti, uya kumgangatho welo gumbi lengxoxo, i-andrendment, kunye nevoti yokugqibela. Xa ivunyiwe, iya kwigumbi ngalinye, apho inkqubo iphindaphindwa khona. Ukuba omabini amagumbi adlulisela iinguqulelo ezifanayo, umthetho uthunyelwa kwirhuluneli yemityikitya okanye i-vetoto. Ukuba irhuluneli lingena kumgangatho we-protomenti, iyakwazi ukuqhuba i-protoodmist - jovessssss (opnert)

Ukongeza kwityala eliqhelekileyo, abalawuli bakwaqwalasela izigqibo ezikhoyo kunye (ebonisa uluvo lwendlu yowiso-mthetho kodwa engenawo amandla omthetho), izigqibo ze-acter[ [esetyenziswayo ukuguqula imimiselo yangaphakathi].

Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali kunye

Enye yeembopheleleko ezinamandla zabamisi-mthetho bamazwe kukuyila uqingqo-mali lwephondo. Amaphondo amaninzi afuna uqingqo-mali olulungeleleneyo (ngokungafani norhulumente worhulumente), okuthetha ukuba ukuchithwa kwemali akunakuyigqitha imali echaziwe. Abaphathi-mthetho abafanelekileyo kwimali yemfundo, ezothutho, ezonyango, ezokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, ukhuseleko lwemeko-bume, kunye nezinye iinkqubo. Iikomiti zoqingqo-mali kuzo zombini la maqela ziphulaphula ubungqina kwiintloko zombutho, ukuhlahlela ingeniso, kwaye zenze uthengiso olusoloko lungachaphazelekayo. Kumazwe amaninzi, irhuluneli inikela uhlahlolo lwemali oluceliweyo, kodwa indlu yowiso-mthetho ithetha okokugqibelela.

[[UMTL: 0] Ityala lokunika iziphumo ziziqwenga zomthetho ezixhotyiswe kakhulu kwintlanganiso nganye. Abalawuli kufuneka balinganise iimfuno ezidityanisiweyo, izinto zezoqoqosho, kunye nengcinezelo yezobupolitika, --a efuna ulucelomngeni olunzulu lwenkqubo yezopolitiko.

Ukulawula kwesebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe ziqhelisela ulawulo lwamasebe aphetheyo kunye namasebe esizwe ngokuva, ngophando, nangophicotho-zincwadi. Izihlalo zekomiti zingamema abalathisi beesebe ukuba banikele ubungqina malunga nenkqubo okanye ukusetyenziswa kwemali engekho mthethweni. Amanye amaphondo anekhomishini yophicotho-zincwadi equlunqileyo eqhuba iingxelo zemali nemisebenzi. Lo msebenzi uqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphunyezwe ngokwenjongo kwaye imali yomhlawuli werhafu isetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo.

Kumagqabantshintshi [[NT.0] eyinxalenye yendlu yowiso-mthetho (umz. Texas, Montana, Nevada), uvelela kunokwenzeka kakhulu, ngokufuthi kwenzeka kwiikomiti eziphakathi kweentlanganiso eziqhelekileyo. Kwindlu yowiso-mthetho yexesha elipheleleyo (umz., iKhalifoniya, iNew York, iPennsylvania), umsebenzi oqhubekekayo.

Iinkonzo ezi-Ofisi

Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yexesha lommisi-mthetho ichithelwa ekuncedeni abantu ngabanye kunye namaqela alawula ulawulo lwezorhulumente. Abameli balapho baqhagamshelana nabameli babo ngeengxaki ezinxulumene neelayisensi zokuqhuba, iinzuzo zokungaqeshwa, ukukhutshelwa kwempilo, imicimbi yerhafu, okanye iimpikiswano namaqumrhu karhulumente. Amagosa asemthethweni okanye abasebenzi bawo bangenelela abantu, babhale iileta, batsale umnxeba, okanye bacwangcise iintlanganiso namagosa equlunqeni. Le ngxaki idla ngokuba yeyona nto ibonakalayo yomsebenzi wombutho wolawulo kawonke wonke kwaye iyakwazi ukufumanisa amathemba okukhetha kwakhona.

Umsebenzi weKomiti

Iikomiti zii-injini zeendlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente. Iikomiti ezikhoyo (iiqumrhu elizimeleyo) zigubungela iindawo ezibanzi zemigaqo-nkqubo enjengemfundo, impilo-ntle, kunye neeNkonzo Zoluntu, iJadiary, iZothutho, kunye neMitshizo kunye neNdlela (irhafu kunye noqingqo-mali). Ummisi-mthetho ngamnye usebenza ubuncinane kwiikomiti ezimbini, kwaye izabelo zekomiti zenziwa bukhokelo lwegumbi (Umthetheli weNdlu, uMongameli weNdlu, okanye iNkokeli yeQonga). Umgangatho, ubuchule, ubuchule, kunye nokunyaniseka kweqela kusebenza ngokweembeko.

Izihlalo zekomiti zinamandla abalulekileyo: zimisela ucwangciso, zigqiba ukuba ngawaphi amatyala afumana ukuviwa, zilawula ingxoxo yomgangatho, kwaye zingabulala umthetho ngokungacwangcisi ukuvota. Ikomiti ezingaphantsi zidla ngokuphatha imixholo emincinane, ivumela uphando oluthe ngqo. Iikomiti zenkomfa-ntle/indawo zokulungisa iindidi ezidibeneyo phakathi kwendlu nentlobo zemali, apho kufakwa khona ulwahlulo olunengcinezelekileyo.

Ulawulo Lwamaqela

Kulo ngalinye igumbi, amaqela ezobupolitika akhetha iinkokeli: iMajority Host, iNkokeli eMinety, iWips, kunye neCaucus Call. Ezi nkokeli zimisela ikhalenda yezowiso-mthetho jikelele, imigaqo yolawulo yomgangatho, kwaye zithethana nerhuluneli kunye nelinye igumbi. Kumaphondo amaninzi, uMthethi weNdlu yenye yabona baphathi abanamandla kurhulumente, ngokufuthi enempembelelo enkulu kwizabelo zekomiti kunye nokuqukuqela kwemithetho. Iqela lidibana rhoqo ukuze lixubushe ubuchule kunye nesohlwayo sokuvota, ingakumbi kwimiba ye-Rhaviers.

Uguqu-guquko Ngaphesheya kwamazwe: Izahlulo-ixesha. Imiqathango yexesha elipheleleyo

Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kukucinga ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe ithathwa njengenxalenye yexesha, ixesha elipheleleyo, okanye ixutyiwe. INgqungquthela yesiZwe yomthetho (NCSL) imisa icandelo lendlu yowiso-mthetho elisekelwe kubungakanani bexesha amalungu achitha kwimisebenzi yemithetho kunye nomgangatho wenkxaso yabasebenzi.

  • [[NTL:0] Ixesha elipheleleyo (iiprojekthi): Ifunyenwe kumaphondo anjengeKhalifoniya, New York, Pennsylvania, kunye neMichigan. Abaququzeleli bemithetho bahlawulwa umvuzo ophezulu ngokwaneleyo (ngokufuthi $800,000/$1200,000) ukwenza umsebenzi ophambili. Iziqendu zinde (ngokufuthi unyaka okanye phantse ngonyaka-ububanzi), kwaye abasebenzi bakhulu.
  • Imizekelo edityanisiweyo: iquka i-Arizona, iColorado, neFlorida. Abameli-mthetho bafumana intlawulo nengenelo eziphakathi. Iziqendu zidla ngokuba ziinyanga ezingama-4/6 ubude. i-staffing zilungelelanisa.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Inxenye yexesha (ii-iindawo ezibanzi) yendlu yowiso-mthetho: iqhelekile kumazwe anjengeMontana, umNtla Dakota, Texas, Nevada, neWyoming. Abalawuli bafumana imbuyiselo encinane (ingaphantsi kwe $200,000 ngonyaka) kwaye iintlanganiso zifutshayelwe iintsuku ezingama-60-1990 nyaka ngamnye (i-Texts idibana ngeentsuku eziyi-140 nyaka nganye). Inkxaso ye-staff ilinganiselwe, kwaye inkoliso yemithetho ineminye imisebenzi engaphandle korhulumente.

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zexesha elithile zisoloko zinconywa ngokugcina urhulumente elula kubemi abaqhelekileyo nokunciphisa impembelelo yezopolitiko ezingoochule, kodwa abagxeki baphawula ukuba iintlanganiso ezifutshane zinokukhokelela ekwenzeni izigqibo ngokungxama nokuthembela kakhulu kwabo bafuna ulwazi.

Ukuguquka Komsebenzi Womthetho Karhulumente

Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zelizwe ziye zakhula ngokuchaseneyo kwaye zalwa ingxabano kakhulu kumashumi eminyaka aliqela adluleyo, iziphumo ezibonisa intsingiselo ekwiBhunga. Ukwanda kwezobupolitika ezimanyeneyo kuthetha ukuba intlalo-ntle yemithetho yezowiso-mthetho iphenjelelwa ngokukhulayo zipolitiko zobumongameli, kwaye abenzi bemithetho bajongene nengcinezelo yokuhambelana neendawo ze-buzwe kwanakwimibandela ezenzeke ngokwemvelo. Iinkcitho zenkani ziye zanyuka kakhulu, kwaye indima yenkcitho ezizimeleyo ezivela kumaqela angaphandle iye yandisa izigwebo zenkundla ezilandela izigqibo zenkundla ezifana .

Kwangaxeshanye, iindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ziye zathatha ukubaluleka okukhulu njengoko urhulumente wesizwe ebophelele imibandela emininzi. Iimpikiswano ezifana nokuqhomfa, ukwenziwa komjuko, ukulawulwa ngokusemthethweni, ukulawulwa kwemipu, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, utshintsho lwemfundo, namalungelo okuvota ngoku kulwiwa ngokuyintloko kumgangatho karhulumente. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekunyukeni kwamaqela anomdla ajolise kumaphondo amatyala, kwanokwanda kwenani lemali yerhafu esungulweyo kwintlanganiso nganye.

Ubuxhakaxhaka buye baguqula inkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Iintlanganiso zekomiti ezivingciweyo ezihlala zihleli kunye neentlanganiso zomgangatho zivumela uluntu ukuba lubukele urhulumente esebenzayo naphi na. Ijelo-ndaba loluntu linika abamisi-mthetho umgca othe ngqo wonxibelelwano nabaququzeleli, kodwa likwababhenela kwimpikiswano yeentsholongwane. Ngoku izikhululo ezininzi zisebenzisa iinkqubo zokuvota ze-elektroniki kunye nokulandelela kweminxeba yamanani, okwenza inkqubo ibe cace ngakumbi.

Isiphelo: Isizathu Sokuba Kubalulekile

Abenzi bemithetho besizwe bangaphezulu kakhulu kunabenzi bomthetho basekuhlaleni, ``abayilwayo nje kuphela bemigaqo-nkqubo ebumba impilo, imfundo, uqoqosho, kunye nendawo engqongileyo yezigidi zabantu. Ukukhetha kwabo ngonyulo olungqalileyo, kunye neenguqu zezakhiwo ezidityaniswe namazwe ngamazwe, kuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uyaqhubeka esabela kwizinto ezikhethwayo zengingqi kunye neemfuno. Ukuba ungumvoti, umchongi, umchola-ndaba, okanye umalathi-ndaba wexesha elizayo, ukuqonda indlela abanyulwa ngayo oorhulumente abanyulwayo nabameleli bemithetho ekufuneka benjenjalo ukuze bathathe inxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwidemokhrasi yaseMerika.

Ukuhlolisisa eyakho indlu yowiso-mthetho yorhulumente iinkcukacha ezingakumbi, tyelela iNgqungquthela yesizwe yoMasipala kaRhulumente ukwenzela ubuncwane obubanzi kwisakhiwo sowiso-mthetho, amalungu, kunye neenkqubo. Kwimithetho yonyulo kunye nemithetho ye-arhente, jonga kwiofisi yakho yonyulo yesizwe. Kwaye kwiindleko zomkhondo kunye nomsebenzi womthetho, uninzi lwamazwe lunikezela unikezelo olukhululekileyo kwi-intanethi ngooomasipala bawo bomthetho.