Table of Contents

Isibhengezo seSindululo senkululeko simi njengenye yamaxwebhu anempembelelo embalini yoluntu, siseka imigaqo esisiseko eqhubeka ibumba ulawulo lwedemokhrasi kunye nokuthabatha inxaxheba kwabemi ehlabathini lonke. Yamkelwa ngoJulayi 4, 1776, le ncwadi yeenguqu yenza okungaphezulu kakhulu kunokuvakalisa ukwahlukana kwamaMerika neGreat Britain () ichaza umbono wenkalipho wamalungelo abantu, ubugunya borhulumente, kunye noxanduva lwezentlalo olusasebenza ngokunzulu namhlanje.

Isindululo sichaza imigaqo urhulumente wethu, kunye nokuzichaza kwethu njengamaMerika, okusekelwe kuyo. Ukuqonda indlela olu xwebhu lwesiseko olukhokela ngayo ummi ukuba nenxaxheba nokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukubandakanyeka ngokunentsingiselo kwibutho ledemokhrasi. Olu hlolisiso lunentsingiselo yemigaqo engundoqo yesibhengezo, imeko-mbali, kunye nempembelelo eqhubekayo kwintsebenziswano yezentlalo-ntle yale mihla.

Imbali Nemvelaphi Yendaleko

ISibhengezo seSindululo seSikhululo savela kwixesha elithile elingokwembali xa amarhamncwa aseMerika ajamelana noko ayekugqala njengokuphulwa kwamalungelo awo ngokucwangcisiweyo yiBritane. Olu xwebhu lumela incopho yeminyaka yentanda-bulumko yezobupolitika, izikhalo ze-propati, kunye nenkcaso yemvukelo eyaguqula amathanga ahlukeneyo ali-13 aba luhlanga olumanyeneyo olusekelwe kwimigaqo eyayahlulwayo.

UThomas Jefferson wayengumphathi-majoni weSindululo noJames Madison weBhili yamaLungelo; uMadison, kunye noGouverneur Morris noJames Wilson, wayekwangomnye wabayili abaphambili bomGaqo-siseko. Jefferson wasebenzisa intanda-bulumko yokukhanyiselwa, ingakumbi imisebenzi kaJohn Locke, kunye namaxwebhu angaphambili e-ma koloni ukuze enze ingxelo eya kuvakala kwizizukulwana.

Ngokwalatha kukaJefferson, isindululo sasingenazingcamango zantlandlolo, kodwa endaweni yoko sasiyintetho yamava ahlanganyelwe ngokubanzi ngabaxhasi beMvukelo yaseMerika. Oku kunyulwa ngabom kwenza uxwebhu lwaba namandla kakhulu,(iiingcamango ezaye zaveliswa kwezobupolitika zaseMerika kangangamashumi eminyaka, zinika ingqiqo kwimigaqo abemi bekoloni ababeyigqala njengethandeka.

Isiseko Esibunzululwazi

Isiseko sentanda-bulumko solu Lwaziko sibuyela emva kwinkcazo yomthetho wendalo kunye nentsebenziswano yentlalo. Ibinzana elithi 'ukuvuma kwabalawulwa' linokulandelelwa emva kwingcamango yezobupolitika yesazi-bulumko samaNgesi uJohn Locke, owaqala wayichaza le ngcamango kumsebenzi wakhe wolu 1689 'Iziqendu Ezibi Ze-Rhulumente'. Ingxoxo yelishwa yayikukuba igunya elisemthethweni lezobupolitika lisuka ekuvumeni kwabalawuli, isivumelwano sentlalo esiphathiswe abalawuli ngegunya elikwimeko yokuba bakhusele amalungelo obomi, inkululeko, nempahla yendalo.

Imithombo ekhawulezileyo kaJefferson yayingamaxwebhu amabini abhalwe ngoJuni 1776: ukuyila kwakhe ingcaciso yoMgaqo-siseko waseVirginia, kunye nokwenziwa kwedigita kaGeorge Mason yeSindululo samalungelo aseVirginia. Ideas kunye namabinzana avela kuwo omabini la maxwebhu avela kwiSindululo seNdendeko. Le ngcamango yezobupolitika eyayikho yadala uxwebhu olwaluqhelekile kwaye luneenguqu.

Imigaqo esemthethweni: Iinyaniso Zobuqu Namalungelo Angenakushenxiswa

Intliziyo yesibhengezo ilele kumhlathi wayo wesibini, oqulethe amanye amagama adumileyo ngolwimi lwesiNgesi. Sikholelwa ukuba ezi nyaniso zibonakala, ukuba bonke abantu badalwa bayalingana, ukuba banikwe nguMdali wabo amalungelo athile angenakususwa, ukuba phakathi kwala buBomi, Inkululeko nokufuna ulonwabo.-----ukukhusela la malungelo, oorhulumente bamiselwa phakathi kwamadoda, bafumana amandla abo asesikweni ngokuvumelana nolawulo, ------ Ukuba naliphi na iGawula loRhulumente liba litshabalalisa ezi njongo, liLungelo labantu lokuguqula okanye lokuphelisa uRhulumente omtsha.

Umgaqo Wokulingana

Isiqinisekiso sokuba "bonke abantu badalwa belingana" sasimela ukunduluka okugqithisileyo kwizakhiwo zentlalo ezilawula abaphathi-mikhosi ezazilawula uninzi lwehlabathi ngo1776. Isindululo siqinisekisa ukuba "zithi ezi nyaniso zibonakala, ukuba bonke abantu badalwa bayalingana. Umthetho wokulingana unxulumene nokudalwa koluntu nguThixo.

ISibhengezo senkululeko sathi bonke abantu badalwa belingana njengenyaniso ebonakala ngathi bangabantu. Babelingana "banikwe uMdali wabo ngamalungelo athile angenakuhluthwa, phakathi kwabo buBomi, Inkululeko nokusukela ulonwabo." Esona sizathu sawo, iSindululo seNdebeko simi ukuba bonke abantu balingana ekufumaneni amalungelo athile emvelo.

Lo mgaqo wokulingana uye wasebenza njengomgangatho wokuziphatha kwimbali yaseMelika, kwanaxa uqheliselo lungafezeki. Isindululo sasijongwa nguAbraham Lincoln njengomgangatho wokuziphatha iUnited States emayizabalazele, kwaye wayigqala njengengxelo yemigaqo umGaqo-siseko omele utolikwe ngayo.

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Angenakuphucuka

Ingcamango "engenakuphambukiswa" (ngamanye amaxesha ibhalwe njenge "engenakufuduswa") amalungelo angundoqo kwintanda-bulumko yesibhengezo. Engenakuphambukiswa okanye engenakuphambukiswa ibhekisela kwinto engenakunikwa okanye engenakuthatyathwa. La malungelo azuzwe njengefa kwindalo yomntu ngokwayo, angomgunyaziswa ngurhulumente okanye ibutho labantu.

Amalungelo angenakususwa ngamalungelo esingakwazi ukuwayeka, kwanokuba siyafuna. Ngokwengcamango yamalungelo anokuphambukiswa afumaneka kwiSibhengezo senkululeko, inkululeko inelungelo elinjalo. Oko kuthetha ukuba ukuba sisayine isivumelwano sokuba likhoboka, asiyi kuba nembopheleleko yokusigcina; yaye nakubeni sisenza isivumelwano, akukho mntu onokuba nelungelo leenkonzo zethu.

Isibhengezo sichaza ngokucacileyo amalungelo amathathu angaphambukeliyo, ubomi, inkululeko, kunye nokusukela ulonwabo (kodwa ibinzana elithi "phakathi kwezi" libonisa ukuba ezi azinanto imbi. Baquka ilungelo lokunqula uThixo "ngokwemiyalelo yesazela," ilungelo "lokunandipha ubomi nenkululeko," "indlela yokufumana, yokuba nempahla, nokukhusela, nokusukela nokufumana ulonwabo nokhuseleko," kwaye, okubaluleke kakhulu kubo bonke, ilungelo loninzi lwabantu lokunqula "iiimvume nento elungileyo"ukuhlasela amalungelo emvelo kunokuba kukhusele.

Injongo Karhulumente

Isindululo simisela injongo ecacileyo nelinganiselweyo karhulumente: ukulondoloza amalungelo abantu angenakususwa. Oku kumela utshintsho olusisiseko ekucingweni kwangaphambili korhulumente njengosele ukho ukuze kuzukiswe ukumkani okanye amandla karhulumente. Endaweni yoko, urhulumente uba sisixhobo, uthetha ukufikelela esiphelweni kunokuba ufikelele esiphelweni ngokwaso.

Isindululo, umGaqo-siseko, kunye neBhili yamaLungelo zisekelwe kwingcamango yokuba bonke abantu banamalungelo athile asisiseko oorhulumente abawadalela ukukhusela. Loo malungelo aquka amalungelo omthetho aqhelekileyo, avela kwimithombo yaseBritani efana neMagna Carta, okanye amalungelo emvelo, awayekholelwa ukuba, abaseki bawo, avela kuThixo.

Isivumelwano soLawulo: Isiseko seGunya loMgaqo-siseko

Mhlawumbi akukho mgaqo kwiSindululo osebenza ngokungqalileyo kubemi kunengcamango "yokuvuma abalawulwayo" le ngcamango iguqula ulwalamano phakathi kwabalawuli kwaye ilawule, imisela ukuba igunya likarhulumente linyuke lisuka ebantwini kunokuba linyuke lisuke kukumkani okanye kwizikhulu.

Oko Kufunwa Ziziko Lolawulo

Kwintanda-bulumko yezobupolitika, ukuvuma okulawulwayo yingcamango yokuba ilungelo likarhulumente elisemthethweni nelokuziphatha lokusebenzisa igunya lorhulumente ligwetyelwa kwaye lisemthethweni kuphela xa livunyelwa ngabantu okanye ibutho elisebenzisa elo gunya lezobupolitika. Lo mgaqo uchasene kakhulu neengcamango zokulawula kobuthixo okanye ngoloyiso.

Ngokuvuma kwabalawulwa, amaMerika ngowe-1776 ayethetha ukuba abantu babevuma izenzo zikarhulumente ngendlela yokumela, ekubeni ngaphandle kweentlanganiso ezincinane zedolophu yaseNew England, kungekho mntu wayekholelwa ukuba abantu babenokuzilawula ngokubanzi. Ukuphunyezwa okusebenzisekayo kwalo mgaqo kwakufuna iinkqubo zokuphuhlisa ezazinokuguqulela ekuza kusetyenziswa ngurhulumente.

Indlela Okubonakaliswa Ngayo Ukuvumelana Neqabane Lakho

Ukuvunywa kwabalawulwa asinto nje enye kodwa yinto eqhubekayo ebandakanya iindidi ezininzi zombutho. Ukuvunyelwa kolawulo kubhekisela kumgaqo wokuba urhulumente ufaneleke ngokuvumelana kwabemi bakhe ngokuzithandela. Le mvume iboniswa ngonyulo, ngokuthabatha inxaxheba kwezentlalo, ngomthetho, nangokwamkelwa kwezigqibo zebutho.

Ulawulo-melo lwale mihla luziqonda iinkqubo eziliqela abemi abavakalisa ngazo imvume yabo:

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Inxaxheba ephambili: rhoqo, ngesisa, nangokhetho olufanelekileyo lunika abemi indlela engqalileyo yokugunyazisa ukhokelo lukarhulumente kunye nemigaqo yenkqubo.
  • I- Imithetho kunye neenkundla zinyanzela amandla ezobupolitika, ziqinisekisa ukuba ukulawulwa kwemithetho kulandelwa kwizithethe ezivumelanayo.
  • Isicwangciso sePublic: esinesiquphe sefocus, amagqabaza kawonke-wonke, kunye neNGO yempembelelo yemithetho yezomthetho kwaye ibonakalisa uvumo ngentlalo-ntle yabemi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Utshintsho loxolo lwamandla: Ukufaneleka kweenkqubo zezobupolitika kuyaqiniswa xa amandla etshintsha izandla ngaphandle kokunyanzelwa okanye ugonyamelo.

Indaleko Yolongamo Oluthandwayo

Ukuvunywa kwabalawulwa kwakusenyangweni yeSibhengezo seNkqubela-nkululeko. UThomas Jefferson wabhala kulo xwebhu lwesiseko, "Iimithetho zisekwa phakathi kwabantu, zifumana amandla abo okusesikweni ngokusuka kwimvume yabalawulwa." Oku kuchasene ngokupheleleyo namandla olawulo ngelo xesha, isithsaba saseBritane.

Izikhalazo zabathathi-nxaxheba ezichasene neBritane zazibhekiselele kakhulu ekuphuleni lo mgaqo. Ibinzana eliphantse liba njalo amaMelika namhlanje laziwa ukuba lazalwa ngeli xesha, "akukho rhafu ngaphandle kokumelelwa". Ipalamente yaseBritani yayiyintlonipho eninzi kumathangalasi aseMelika ngaphandle kokuba nabameli ePalamente. Oku kwaphulwa komgaqo wokuvuma kwaba sisibhengezo esikhuthaza imvukelo.

Ilungelo Lokuya Kumntu Ohlala Ephandleni Okanye Kurhulumente Wase-bolish

Enye yezona migaqo zingqongqo kwesi Sibhengezo yile nto ithethwayo yokuba abantu abanalungelo nje kuphela kodwa banembopheleleko yokutshintsha okanye yokuphelisa oorhulumente abangakwaziyo ukukhusela amalungelo abo. Lo mgaqo umisela imida ecacileyo kwigunya likarhulumente kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba abantu banelungelo lolongamo.

Xa Urhulumente Etshabalalisa

Isindululo siyavuma imigaqo esemthethweni: Ukuba nayiphi na indlela kaRhulumente iba yeyonakalisayo kwezi njongo, lilungelo labantu ukuguqula okanye ukuliphelisa, nokuseka uRhulumente omtsha, ukuseka isiseko sawo kwimigaqo enjalo, nokucwangcisa amagunya awo ngendlela enjalo, kwanakuwo aya kubonakala ngathi anokubonakalisa uKhuseleko nolonwabo lwabo. Ibinzana elithi "ulawulo lwale miqathango" libhekisela ekutshabalaleni amalungelo angenakungabi nakwamkelwa ngurhulumente owamiselwa ekuhlaleni ukuwalondoloza.

Eli lungelo alimele lisetyenziswe lula. ISindululo ngokwaso siyavuma ukuba "Indlela elula, eneneni, iya kulawula ukuba oorhulumente abamiselwe ixesha elide bangatshintshwa ngenxa yezizathu ezilula nezidlulayo. ” Noko ke, xa umgaqo wokuxhatshazwa ubonisa indlela yokunciphisa abantu phantsi kolawulo olupheleleyo, ayibi lilungelo nje kuphela kodwa iya kuba ngumsebenzi wokulahla loo rhulumente.

Iinkqubo zangoku

Nakubeni inzala yemvukelo yeUnited States, ukuvukela ngogonyamelo kubuzwilakhe namhlanje akujongwa njengemodeli okanye njengendlela esemthethweni yokutshintsha oorhulumente abacinezelekileyo. Kwiimeko ezininzi zanamhlanje zokubhukuqwa kolawulo lobuzwilakhe, ukuqhankqalaza koxolo kwabantu kunye nokuxhathisa okulungeleleneyo kuye kwaba yeyona ndlela iphumelelayo yokoyisa ubuzwilakhe nokuzimisela ulawulo lobuzwilakhe.

Kulawulo-lawulo-lawulo olumiselwe, ilungelo lokuguqula urhulumente lisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ngeendlela zomGaqo-siseko: unyulo, utshintsho, ukunyanzeliswa, nokuqhankqalaza koxolo. Lo mgaqo ubalulekile njengokuhlola amandla karhulumente kunye nesikhumbuzi sokuba igunya elipheleleyo lixhomekeke ebantwini.

Impembelelo yesibhengezo kwiiNtlanganiso zamalungelo

Kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika, amaqela afuna ukwandisa amalungelo nokuthabatha inxaxheba aye abhenela kwisindululo njengomthombo wegunya lokuziphatha nobulungisa bentanda-bulumko. Ulwimi lwalo xwebhu lwazwenibanzi olumalunga nokulingana kwabantu namalungelo luye lwasenza saba sisixhobo esinamandla sokuguqula intlalo.

Ukugxothwa namalungelo asekuhlaleni

Isazi ngezasulelo uFrederick Douglas wacinga ukuba imigaqo equlethwe kulo xwebhu yayiyi "yokusindisa imigaqo" kwisiphelo sohlanga. Umongameli uAbraham Lincoln wachaza ukuba le migaqo yayiyi-"zikhundla kunye ne-axiom yebutho elikhululekileyo." Ezi nkokeli zaqonda ukuba imigaqo yeSindululo, eqondwa kakuhle, igwetye ubukhoboka nobuhlanga.

Ngexesha lombutho wamalungelo abantu kuma1960, uGqr. Martin Luther King, Jr. wathi kwintetho yakhe edumileyo kwiLincoln Memorial, "Xa abakhi beriphabliki yethu babhala amazwi abalaseleyo omGaqo-siseko kunye neSindululo senkululeko, babetyikitya isaziso esibhaliweyo apho wonke ummi waseMerika wayeza kuwela kwindlalifa.

Amalungelo amabhinqa

KwiNdibano yeeFalls yaseSeneca ngowe - 1848, xa abaxhasi bokufumana amalungelo angakumbi kumabhinqa badibana, nabo basebenzisa iSibhengezo senkululeko njengesikhokelo sokuyila iSibhengezo sabo seMimiselo yoMkhosi. (Imigudu yabo yokufikelela impumelelo elinganayo yafikelela kwisiphelo sonyaka we-1920 ekukhutshweni kweMthethweni weSindululo se-199, eyanika amabhinqa ilungelo lokuvota.)

Ukususela kwiminyaka yoo1820, umahluko wesi Sibhengezo wakhutshwa ukuvakalisa amalungelo abasebenzi, abalimi, abafazi nabanye. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-1848, iNdibano yeeFalls yamalungelo amabhinqa iSeneca yavakalisa ukuba "wonke amadoda namabhinqa adalwa alinganayo".

Impembelelo Yazwenibanzi

Esi Sindululo singqine impembelelo nempembelelo yomhlaba wonke kumalungelo abantu. Imigaqo yaso iye yaphembelela imibutho yedemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke, kunye neSahluko 21 seSindululo soMhlaba Sezizwe Ezihlangene sowe-1949 sithi, "Ukuthanda kwabantu kuya kuba sisiseko segunya likarhulumente."

Ukuba Nenxaxheba Kummi: Amalungelo Neembopheleleko

Imigaqo yesindululo ayimisi nje amalungelo kuphela kodwa ikwazinzisa iimbopheleleko kubemi kwibutho elizilawulayo. Ukuthabatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kubalulekile ekulondolozeni uvumo lwabalawulwayo nokuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uphumeza injongo yakhe efanelekileyo yokukhusela amalungelo.

Imfuneko Yokunikela Ubungqina

Umgaqo osisiseko wedemokhrasi ngowokuba oorhulumente bamiselwa ngokuvumelana kwabo balawulwayo, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba amandla abawasebenzisayo anikwe abemi ngokwabo.

Ukukhuthaza ukuthembeka kooncwadi, ukuchaza izinto ezichanekileyo, ukuchaza izinto ezichanekileyo, ukuchaza izinto ezichanekileyo, ukuchaza izenzo zikarhulumente, kunye nonxibelelwano olucacileyo ngemigaqo echaphazelekayo, kusenokuqinisa imvume echanekileyo eboniswa ngugqirha.

Iintlobo Zokuthabatha Inxaxheba

Ummi onentsingiselo unokuba nenxaxheba nangaphezulu kakhulu kunaleyo yokuvota, nangona unyulo luseyinkqubo ebalulekileyo yokuvakalisa imvume. Ukuvuma akuphelelanga ekuvoteleni. Kuquka ukuthobela imithetho, ukwamkelwa kwezigqibo zenkundla, ukuba nenxaxheba kwintetho yesidlangalala, nokubopha amanyathelo aphambili ekufumaneni ulwazi ukuze kuxhaswe ulwazi.

Abemi banokuba nenxaxheba kulawulo lwedemokhrasi ngemijelo emininzi:

  • Ukuvota kunyulo kuwo onke amanqanaba: Indawo, urhulumente, kunye nonyulo lwequmrhu luvumela abemi ukuba bakhethe abameli kwaye bagqibe kwimilinganiselo yokuchola
  • Ukuhlala usazi ngemibandela yoluntu: Ukufunda iindaba kwimithombo ethembekileyo, iingxoxo zemigaqo yokuqonda, nokufunda ngezikhundla zabahlolo
  • Inxalenye kwingxoxo yoluntu: ukuya kwiiholo zedolophu, iintlanganiso zebhodi yesikolo, kunye nezinye iintlanganiso zikawonke-wonke apho kwenziwa khona izigqibo
  • Iinkokeli ezibambe ityala: Ukuqhagamshelana namagosa anyuliweyo, ukuba nenxaxheba kwiinkqubo zobuveleli, kunye nokufuna ukuba kuvele ukukhanya
  • efuna uqhankqalazo loxolo kunye nokuqhayisa: Ukusebenzisa amalungelo okuQala IsiHlalisi sokubongoza urhulumente nokuthetha ngemibandela
  • Ukusebenza kumaqumrhu egqibi: Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yokugweba njengohlolo kumandla karhulumente
  • Ukuqhuba iofisi: Ukufuna iindawo zokhokelo kwinkqubo yobume obuthe ngqo kunye nolawulo
  • Ukudibanisa imibutho yezentlalo-ntle: Amaqela asebenza kwimicimbi kawonke-wonke

Imbopheleleko Yokulondoloza Inkululeko

Inkululeko ixhomekeke kubemi ukuba nobulumko, inkalipho, nokuqonda okusesikweni okufunekayo ekuthabatheni inyathelo ekukhetheni iinkokeli ezinesidima, nasekuzigcineni ezo nkokeli kwizibopho zabo. Imigaqo yesi Sindululo inokugcinwa kuphela ngokuba ngummi okhutheleyo.

Kuthetha ukuba abemi balapho babandakanyeka ekuvoteleni, bahlale benolwazi, yaye babandakanyeke ngokwezentlalo kwimibandela abanomdla kuyo. Ngaphandle kokubandakanyeka, idemokhrasi ibeka ubomi babo esichengeni sokungamelani okanye solawulo-mthetho. Impilo yamaqumrhu olawulo-siseko ixhomekeke ekuthembiseni abemi ngokuqhubekayo.

Ukulungelelanisa Umthetho Onzima Namalungelo Amancinane

Umgaqo wokuvuma kwabalawulwa uphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo malunga nendlela yokulungelelanisa ukuthanda kwabaninzi nokhuseleko lwamalungelo amancinane. Ukugxininisa kwesibhengezo kumalungelo angaphambukeli kunika ukhokelo olubalulekileyo kolu celomngeni.

Indima Yolawulo Lobuntloko

Phakathi kwemigaqo ebalulekileyo yedemokhrasi lulawulo oluninzi. Ukuvuma jikelele akufane kufunyanwe. Zonke iinkqubo zedemokhrasi, ngoko ke, zifuna ukuba bamkele ukuba uninzi lumisela urhulumente luze lugqibe imigaqo-nkqubo yalo. Ngaphandle kolawulo oluninzi, ukwenza izigqibo zedemokhrasi akunakwenzeka.

Ukukhusela Ubuncinane Bamalungelo

Noko ke, umthetho omninzi awunakuthetha ubundlobongela boninzi. Ukuba abambalwa bamkela ukuthanda koninzi, bakuba bamiselwe ulawulo kufuneka lumele bonke abemi. Awukwazi ukulawula nje kuphela ukuze kungenelwe iqela elininzi. Ngoko ke, imeko yesithathu ebalulekileyo, kukuba inkoliso ihlonela imigaqo efunekayo yamalungelo amancinane, kuquka amalungelo omntu ngamnye asisiseko njengenkululeko yokubonakalisa kunye nenkululeko yonxulumano.

Ukugxininisa kwamalungelo angenakuphambukiswa kuqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo athile asisiseko akanakwaphulwa kwanayivoti eninzi. La malungelo ngawabantu ngabanye ngenxa yoluntu lwabo, kungekhona ngokunika inkoliso yabo.

Ucelomngeni Lokuvumelana Ngokunenjongo Kulawulo - melo Lwanamhlanje

Ngoxa imigaqo yesi Sindululo isasebenza njengakuqala, ulawulo - melo lwanamhlanje lujamelene nocelomngeni oluphawulekayo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba ukuvuma kwabo balawuliweyo kuyinyaniso yaye kunentsingiselo.

Izithintelo Zokuba Nenxaxheba

Kuvela iingxaki xa umvoti enganamdla, enganelisekanga, okanye ukungalingani kwenkqubo kuthintela ukuba nenxaxheba yokwenene. Ngaphezu koko, imibandela efana nenkcazelo ephosakeleyo isenokuphazamisa uluvo lwabantu, iphazamisa ingcamango yokuvuma ngokunyanisekileyo nokuthandabuza igunya likarhulumente.

Imithetho ejolise ekukhuliseni inxaxheba .i-autom covota, iindawo zokuvota ezifikelelekayo, kunye nemfundo yoluntu etyebileyo, inceda ekucombululeni le miba. Ukususa imiqobo yokuthabatha inxaxheba komeleza ukufaneleka kolawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Imeko - bume Yolwazi

Kwixesha lobuninzi bolwazi kunye nokungaqiniseki okungachananga, ukuqinisekisa ukuba abemi banganika imvume yolwazi luneengxaki ezingaqhelekanga. Imigaqo yeSindululo iqikelela ukuba abantu bangenza izigqibo ezisengqiqweni ngokuphathelele ulawulo lwabo, kodwa oku kufuna ukufikelela kulwazi oluchanileyo kunye nobuchule bokujonga iimbambano ezikhuphisanayo.

Ukuziphendulela

Ukuthembana kukawonke wonke kuxhomekeke ekwenzeni izigqibo ezicace gca, ukuphendula, kwaye ingqiqo yokuba abalawuli bayawahlonela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Oku kuthemba kunciphisa iingxabano zentlalo kwaye kuphucula ukuphumelela kokulawula kwiindawo ezinjengerhafu, ukunyamekela impilo, kunye nemfundo.

Xa imvume iphela, amaziko aphendula ngotshintsho olungokhetho okanye lwemithetho ukuze aphinde afumane umgaqo-siseko. Ukuthabatha inxaxheba njengomncedi ofanelekileyo: Ukukhuthaza imfundo yezentlalo-ntle, ukuphengulula, nokuxoxa ngolwazi kuyomeleza inkqubo yokuvuma.

Isibhengezo noRhulumente woMgaqo-siseko

Ngoxa iSibhengezo Sokuzimela - geqe singesoxwebhu olusemthethweni oludala izakhiwo zikarhulumente, imigaqo yaso yawuphembelela ngokunzulu umGaqo-siseko yaye iyaqhubeka isenza utoliko lomgaqo - siseko luchaneke.

Ukusuka Kwisibhengezo Ukuya KumGaqo-siseko

Ngokungafaniyo namanye amaxwebhu okuseka, iSindululo senkululeko asibopheleleki ngokusemthethweni, kodwa sinamandla. UAbraham Lincoln wasibiza ngokuthi "sisikhalimiso nesikhubekiso kwingcinezelo nengcinezelo." Isindululo sichaza ngokucacileyo "kutheni" urhulumente waseMerika, ngoxa umGaqo-siseko unika "indlela."

Kwisithethe saseMerika, ukuvuma ukulawulwa ngumgaqo osisiseko osekelwe kwiSindululo senkululeko, kumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., kunye neBhili yamaLungelo. Isindululo siqinisekisa ukuba oorhulumente bafumana "Amagunya Abo Okusesikweni Kumthetho Ogunyaziso Lolawulo." uMgaqo-siseko udala amaziko abameli acetyelwe ukubonakalisa imvume.

Ukutyhila Ukuqonda

Ngo1787-1788, amaMerika amaninzi aye akholelwa ukuba ngawo kuphela phakathi kwabantu baseNtshona aqonda umgaqo wokwenyaniso wokuvuma ngomelo. Kuphela ngokuguqula ngokunzulu indlela yesithethe abantu abathe baba nenxaxheba kuyo kurhulumente waseMerika banokuyiqonda ingqiqo yolawulo lorhulumente. Kuphela ngelo xesha babenokuchaza ingcamango yemvukelo yokuba abantu babemelelwe ngokulinganayo kwimimandla emibini okanye ngaphezulu okanye imigangatho karhulumente ngexesha elinye.

Iinkqubo ezisebenzisekayo kwi-Manyano yaBami banamhlanje

Ukuqonda imigaqo yesindululo asiyonto nje efundiswayo, kodwa inentsingiselo ecacileyo kwindlela abemi ababandakanyeka ngayo kurhulumente nakuluntu namhlanje.

Ukupheliswa Kwezenzo zikarhulumente

Isindululo sinika isiseko sokuhlola enoba urhulumente uyayifeza na indima yakhe efanelekileyo.

  • Ngaba amalungelo am asisiseko ayakhuselwa okanye ayaphulwa?
  • Ngaba lo mgaqo-nkqubo unceda izilangazelelo eziqhelekileyo okanye ezikhethekileyo?
  • Ngaba amagosa karhulumente asebenzisa imvume yabalawulwa?
  • Ingaba zikhona iindlela ezaneleyo zokuphendula nokubonisa ingqiqo?
  • Ngaba ndinokuba nenxaxheba kwisigqibo esichaphazela ubomi bam?

Ukomeleza Inxaxheba Engokolawulo - melo

Ukuqinisa imvume kufuna amanyathelo asebenzisekayo okukhulisa inxaxheba, ukubonakala ngokucacileyo, nokuziphendulela. Ukwandisa ukufikelela kwimfundo yokuvota neyoluntu. Ukuphucula ugcino-lwazi loluntu kunye namanyathelo ogcino-lwazi avulekileyo ukuze abemi bahlolisise izenzo zikarhulumente. Ukwenza iinkqubo eziqulunqileyo ngolwazi lukawonke-wonke kunye neebhodi zoluntu. Khusela inkululeko yoluntu ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukungavumelani kuhlala kuyinxalenye entle yobomi bedemokhrasi. Ngokukhuthaza ukuganana okunolwazi, oorhulumente banokuqinisekisa ukuba kusemgangathweni nokwamkela.

Imfundo nentsebenziswano

Ukuqonda imigaqo yesi Sindululo kubalulekile ukuze kubekho ubumi obuphumelelayo.

Abemi kufuneka bafune amathuba okuphucula indlela abayiqonda ngayo imigaqo yedemokhrasi:

  • Ufundo lwemvelaphi ephambili
  • Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zemfundo nengxubusho
  • Ukunikela ingqwalasela ehlukeneyo kwimibuzo yomgaqo-siseko
  • Ukufundisa abantwana abaselula le migaqo
  • Ukusebenzisa le migaqo kwiingxoxo zomgaqo-nkqubo zanamhlanje

Ukuphakanyiswa Okuqhubekayo Kwesi Sibhengezo

Isigwebo sesibini sesibhengezo, "Sithi ezi nyaniso zicace, ukuba bonke abantu badalwa bayalingana, ukuba uMdali wabo ubanike amalungelo athile angenakususwa, phakathi kwala magama buBomi, Inkululeko kunye nokusukela ulonwabo, zithathwa njengenye yezona migca zibalulekileyo nezidumileyo kwimbali yehlabathi. Umbhali-mbali obalulekileyo uJoseph Ellis ubhale ukuba iSindululo siqulethe "wona mazwi anamandla naneziphumo eziphambili kwimbali yeMelika".

Phantse kwiminyaka engama - 250 emva kokuba iSindululo Sokuzimela - geqe sisaqhubeka sikhokela ummi ukuba abe nenxaxheba yaye akhusele amalungelo akhe ngeendlela ezininzi ezibalulekileyo:

Umgangatho Wokuphefumla

Isindululo simisela iinjongo eziye zafezwa ngokupheleleyo kodwa ezinika umgangatho emazilwelwe ngawo. Umahluko phakathi komgaqo noqheliselo uye waqhubela imibutho yotshintsho ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika, ukusuka ekuphelisweni ukuya kumalungelo abantu ukuya kuknayelo oluqhubekayo lokulingana nokusesikweni.

Ukuhlola Amandla Karhulumente

Ngokumisela ukuba urhulumente ukho ukuze ancede abantu aze akhusele amalungelo abo, kodwa kufutshane nale mimandla.

Isimemo Sokuba ngummi Okhutheleyo

Imigaqo yesibhengezo ayinakugcinwa ngokumkelwa ngokungenamsebenzi. Ifuna ukuba usebenze, ube nolwazi, kwaye uxhaswe ngummi. Olu xwebhu lusikhumbuza ukuba asingobantu nje kuphela kodwa singabemi abanamalungelo kunye neembopheleleko.

Umyalezo Wehlabathi Lonke

Iyaqhubeka iphembelela abantu ehlabathini lonke ukuba balwele inkululeko nokulingana. Ngoxa ibhalwe kwimeko ecacileyo yembali, imigaqo engundoqo yesibhengezo ngesidima somntu, amalungelo, kunye nokuzilawula kwayo isebenza jikelele.

Isiphelo: Ukuphila ngeMithetho yeSibhengezo

Isibhengezo seSindululo senkululeko sinikela okungaphezulu komdla wembali − inika isiseko esiphilayo sokuqonda ulwalamano phakathi kwabemi norhulumente. Imigaqo yaso yokulingana, amalungelo angenakuphambukiswa, ukuvuma kwabalawulwa, nelungelo lokuguqula okanye lokuphelisa urhulumente otshabalalisayo isebalulekile namhlanje njengaxa uJefferson wawabhala ngo1776.

Le migaqo ikhokelela ekubeni ummi abe nenxaxheba ngokumisela oko:

  • Bonke abantu banelungelo elisisiseko elimele lihlonelwe ngurhulumente
  • Igunya likarhulumente lifumaneka ngokuvuma kwabalawulwa
  • I-OFP ibonise ukuba i-SAPS ibonise ukuba i-SAPS i-SAPS i-SAPS i-
  • Urhulumente ukho ukuze ancede abantu, kungekhona ukubuyisela
  • Xa urhulumente esilela ukukhusela amalungelo, abantu banelungelo lokuwaguqula

Ukukhusela la malungelo nokugcina urhulumente osemthethweni kufuna ukuba ukhuthele, ube ngummi onolwazi, oku kuthetha kungekuphela nje ukuvota kodwa ukuhlala unolwazi, ukuba nenxaxheba kwiingxubusho zebutho labantu, ukuphendulisa iinkokeli, nokufundisa le migaqo kwizizukulwana ezizayo.

Isindululo sicela ukuvuselela ukuzinikela kwaso kule migaqo yesiseko nokusebenzela ekuyiqondeni ngokuzeleyo. Sisikhumbuza ukuba inkululeko asisiso isipho esinikwe ngurhulumente kodwa yilungelo elingokwemvelo kuluntu lwethu, --ekufuneka ikhuselwe kwaye isetyenziswe ngokukhutheleyo.

Njengoko sijamelene nocelomngeni lolawulo-demokhrasi, ubulumko besibhengezo busoloko busebenza ngokuphawulekayo. Ukugxininisa kwamalungelo angaphambukeli kunikela ukhuseleko kwingcinezelo enkulu. Ukunyanzelisa kwamajoni alawulwayo ngokuchasene negunya lolawulo oluphezulu. Ukuvuma kwawo ilungelo lokuguqula urhulumente kunika ithemba lotshintsho loxolo.

Abo bafuna ukuqonda indima yabo njengabemi kwibutho ledemokhrasi, iSindululo senkululeko sinikela ukhokelo olucacileyo: wamkele amalungelo akho emvelo, ube nenxaxheba ekulawuleni, ugcine iinkokeli zinokuphendula ebantwini, yaye ungaze ulibale ukuba urhulumente ufumana amandla akhe okusesikweni ngokuvuma kwakho. Le migaqo, eqondwa kakuhle kwaye esetyenziswa ngokukhutheleyo, ihlala iyisiseko esiqinisekileyo sokukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye nokugcina ibutho elikhululekileyo.

Ukufunda okungakumbi ngeSindululo seSindululo seNtlalo nempembelelo yaso eqhubekayo, tyelela ugcino-lwazi lwelizwe , ubuchule bokwenza uphando kwiZiko lomGaqo-siseko wesizwe [, okanye ubandakanyeke kwiinkqubo zemfundo yoluntu kuluntu kuluntu lwakho. Imigaqo ka1776 ilindele kungekhona nje ukuqonda kwethu kodwa isibopho sethu sokuzibophelela ukuba zenze zokwenene ngexesha lethu.