Table of Contents
Ukuqonda olu lwalamano luntsonkothileyo lokusesikweni nokusesikweni kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi, kubonisa indlela ukwahlukahlukana kwezoqoqosho okunokukuphelisa ngayo ukulingana kwezobupolitika nendlela ukuvota okunokubangela ngayo umahluko phakathi kwemiba yobutyebi kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana.
Imbali: Ingxaki Yezoqoqosho Kwibhokisi Yebhola
Xa umGaqo-siseko waseUnited States wagunyaziswayo, "Thina bantu," sachaza ngaphantsi kwesithandathu ekhulwini sabemi balapho `Abemi abamhlophe ababenempahla okanye behlawula iirhafu zokhupho. Oku kubekwa kwesiseko kwamisela isixokelelwano esasiza kuqhubeka kangangeenkulungwane, apho isikhundla sezoqoqosho sasimisela ukuba nenxaxheba kwezopolitiko kwaye ngenxa yoko, babenegunya lokubumba imithetho nemigaqo-siseko.
Ukwanda kwamalungelo okuvota eMelika akukhange kulandele indlela elandelelanayo. Endaweni yoko, kumela umzabalazo oqhubekayo phakathi kwenkqubela nokubuyela umva, noonobangela bezoqoqosho bedlala indima ephambili kulo lonke ixesha. Kwimihla yokuqala yeriphabliki, amazwe amaninzi alinganisela ukuvota kumnini mpahla, ngokunempumelelo esusa uninzi lwabemi ekuthabatheni inxaxheba kwezobupolitika. Ngelixa amanye amazwe efuduse kwimfuno zempahla ukuqokelela iimfuno zerhafu zerhafu, phakathi kwenkulungwane ye19, uninzi lwamazwe aye asusa le miqobo yezoqoqosho kwibhokisi yerhafu.
IXesha likaJim: Ukusebenzisa Izixhobo Zokulwa Iingxaki Zezoqoqosho
Emva kokuhlaziywa konyaka we-1870 kwe-15 Communition, ekwakuthintelwa ukuba kuncinywe ilungelo labemi lokuvota ngokusekelwe kuhlanga, amaphondo asemazantsi aqalisa ukumisela amanyathelo afana nerhafu yokuvota, iimvavanyo zokufunda nokubhala, zonke ii-primparimenti ezimhlophe, imithetho yokupheliswa kwemali, iirejista, iingxelo zootatomkhulu, ubuqhetseba kunye nokuboyikisa ukukhusela amaMerika aseAfrika ekuvotelweni. Ezi zinyathelo zabonisa iqhinga lobugqeba lokuphepha ukhuseleko lwemiqathango ngokusebenzisa isikhundla soburhulumente njengomntu onegunya lohlanga.
Ubhatalo lwerhafu yovolo lwaba yinto efunekayo ekubhalisweni kwerhafu kumaphondo amaninzi de kube ngo 1965. Irhafu yovolo yaseTexas, eyamiselwa kubantu ababefanele ukuvota kuzo zonke ezinye iinkalo, yayiphakathi koR1,50 noR3,75 (R1,12). Oku kwakungu "imali eninzi ngexesha, kwaye umqobo omkhulu kumaqela asebenzayo namahlwempu." Uxanduva lwemali lwaluyilwe ngabomnziwe ukukhupha kungekhona kuphela ama-Afrika kodwa kwanokhetho olungelulo olulungileyo, nangona utatomkhulu wayedla ngokukhulula abamhlophe abavoti abavoti kwezi mfuneko.
Umazwe amaninzi ayefuna ukuhlawulwa kwerhafu ngexesha elahlukeneyo nonyulo kwaye kwafuneka abavoti bazise ii-lisithi kunye nawo kovotelo. Ukuba ayengenako ukufumana ii-lisithi ezinjalo, ayengenakuvota. Ukongeza, amazwe amaninzi angqonge ukubhalisa nokuvota kunye neemfuno zokugcina iirekhodi ezintsonkothileyo. Ezi zazinzima kakhulu kukwabelana ngeminxeba, njengoko babehamba rhoqo. Ezi zinto zabangela ukuba kubekho imiqobo eyongezelelekileyo yezoqoqosho eyachaphazela abemi abangamahlwempu.
Uvavanyo Lokufunda Nokubhala: Imfundo Eluncedo Ekulondolozeni Imali
Phakathi koo1850 noo1960, iimvavanyo zokufunda nokubhala zasetyenziswa njengesixhobo esisebenzayo sokuchitha ama-Afrika akwi-Afrika emazantsi e-United States. Iimvavanyo zokubhala zazidla ngokunikezelwa ngoonobhala abamhlophe ababenokudlula okanye bangaphumeleli umntu ngokuthanda kwabo. Iimpendulo zovavanyo oluluvo zidla ngokuphawulwa ngokuchanekileyo kubamhlophe abafaki-zicelo kwaye azichananga kwabamnyama. Ezi nvavanyo zasebenzisa kakubi ukungalingani kwemfundo, nto leyo ngokwayo yayiyimveliso yokungalingani kwezoqoqosho kunye nocalucalulo lwenkqubo.
Ukudityaniswa kwerhafu yokuvota, uvavanyo lokubhala, iWhite primries (isebenzisa kuphela abamhlophe ukuvota kunyulo oluphambili), usoyikiso, ugonyamelo, kunye nokungahoywa kwabantu abagwetyelwe iifesbe zaphumelela ekunciphiseni ukuvota kwabaMbindi. Impembelelo yaba yeyonakalisayo kwaye yahlala ixesha elide. Ngo1910, abavoti ababhalisweyo baseAfrika bayehla ukuya kwi-15 ekhulwini eVirginia, kwaye ngaphantsi kwama-2 ekhulwini e-Alaban
Ukudibana Kwale Mihla: Indlela Ukungalingani Kwezoqoqosho Okuyimo Encomeka Ngayo Amandla Namhlanje
Ngoxa iirhafu zovolo olucacileyo kunye novavanyo lokuhlola ukukhutshelwa kwemali nokubhaliswa ziye zapheliswa, ulwalamano phakathi kokungalingani kwezoqoqosho namalungelo okuvota lusaqhubeka lunamandla yaye lusasazekile eMerika yanamhlanje. Ulwalamano phakathi kwengeniso nomvoti lubalulekile ekuqondeni idemokhrasi yase-United States. Uphando lwangaphambili lutyhile ukuba abantu abatyebileyo batyekele ekuvoteleni ngexabiso eliphezulu kunabantu abafumana ingeniso ephantsi.
Umsantsa Ongumsantsa: Iingxaki Zezoqoqosho Ezimandundu Ekufumaneni Imali
Uphando luye lwabonisa ngokuqhubekayo ukuba ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho kuthintela abavoti ngokuthe ngqo abathathi-nxaxheba kubemi abafumana imali ephantsi. Abantu babembalwa kakhulu kwi-20% ukuba bavote kwelona lizwe lingalinganiyo kunabo babekwimeko encinane engalinganiyo. Kwimeko ephantsi, abemi abazizinhanhanha babenethuba eli-14% lokuvota kunabo bahlwempuzekileyo. Kumazwe amaninzi angenabunyani, loo msantsa wanwe ngokuphawulekayo ukuya kumanqaku angama-24.
Ukuphuma kwingeniso esezantsi ngo-2022 yayingama-32 ekhulwini, xa kuthelekiswa nama-58 ekhulwini kwilitha yengeniso ephezulu. Oku kumela umahluko omkhulu ekungeneleni kwezobupolitika ngokusekelwe kumgangatho wezoqoqosho. Oku kufikelela kumgama ongaphaya konyulo lwabantu ngabanye. /xa isiqingatha sabavoti abafanelekileyo abangeyongeniso ephezulu bengenanxaxheba, izilangazelelo zabo kwaye bafuna ukufumana ingqalelo encinane kumagosa anyuliweyo.
Enyanisweni, ukungalingani kubangela uxinezeleko olunamandla ekuvotelweni kwabantu abaza kancinci. Olu lwazi luye lwaqinisekiswa zezinye iizifundo, zakutshanje. Uhlalutyo olutsha olupapashwe yiwebhsayithi iFiveThirtyeight lujonga kugcino-lwazi lokuhlola unyulo lwama-2020 oluza kufikelela kwisigqibo esifanayo: Njengokuba ingeniso yehla, kunjalo nokuthabatha inxaxheba kwabavoti.
Amathuba Afumanekayo Okunika Abemi Abaphantsi
AmaMerika anemfundo encinane, imali encinci, kunye nezinto ezimbalwa azinakuthatha inxaxheba kunyulo. Iindleko zokuthabatha inxaxheba zinokuba ngaphezulu kumaMerika anezinto ezimbalwa. Eli thuba libonakala ngeendlela ezininzi ezibangela imiqobo elwahlulayo ukuze athathe inxaxheba kwezobupolitika.
Ukuya kwindawo yokuvota, umzekelo, kunzima kubantu abangangeniyo kwimoto; ixabiso lexesha lingadityaniswa kumntu ofunekayo ukuthatha ixesha elingahlawulwayo lokuvota. Ngaphezu koko, abantu ababolekisa imisebenzi emininzi okanye abanyamekela umntwana iimbopheleleko, okanye abajongene nezinye iimfuno ngexesha labo, bangalibala ukubhalisa ukuvota ngaphambi kwexesha. Le miqobo isebenzayo ichaphazela ngokugqithisileyo udidi lokusebenza kunye namaMelika ahlwempu ahlwempu, edala uqhekeko olucwangcisiweyo kulowo okwazi ukusebenzisa ilungelo lawo lokuvota.
Abemi abafumana imali eninzi baseUnited States badla ngokuvota kunabanye abafumana imali ephantsi. Oku kwahlukahlukana kuyaqhubeka kuba amaMelika afumana ingeniso ephantsi angenakufumana ixesha elincinane lokuhlawula emsebenzini, elingakumbi ngokusoloko lisusa iindawo zawo zokuhlala, agcinwa ngexabiso eliphezulu, kwaye asengozini yokujamelana nothutho olungalungelelaniyo kunye namalungiselelo okunyamekela abantwana.
Ukungavisisani Kwezobupolitika Nokungalingani Kwezoqoqosho
Ngaphandle kwemiqobo esebenzisekayo, ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho kubangela ukwahlukana ngokwengqondo nakwezobupolitika okuthintela umvoti ukuba angabi nanxaxheba. Abavoti abasweleyo basenokuphepha ukuba nenxaxheba ngenxa yokwahlukana norhulumente nenkqubo yezobupolitika engakhange ibonise oko bakuthandayo ngokweenkqubo zabo. Xa abemi beqonda ukuba inkqubo yezopolitiko ayithobeli kwiimfuno zabo nenkxalabo yabo, baba neentshukumisa ezincinane zokuba nenxaxheba.
Ukungalingani okukhulayo kwezoqoqosho kubangela ukuba umgangatho wedemokhrasi uxhaswe ngabantu abazizityebi, yaye ngenxa yoko, inkoliso yabantu isenokugqiba kwelokuba ezobupolitika asiyomidlalo ifanelekileyo. Oku kudala umjikelo oyingozi: ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho kunciphisa inxaxheba kwezobupolitika phakathi kwamahlwempu, nto leyo eyenza amagosa anyuliweyo angabi nanxaxheba kangako kwiinkxalabo zawo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho kunyuke ngakumbi.
Ukucinezelwa Kwezinto Zanamhlanje Nemiqobo Yezoqoqosho
Ngeli xesha ezona ndlela zithe tye zokungavisisani kwezoqoqosho njengerhafu yokuvota ziphelisiwe, iindlela zokucinezela zale mihla ziyaqhubeka zichaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto abantu abasweleyo ngokwezoqoqosho. Imithetho yezopolitiko eyenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuvota abantu abanoovimba abambalwa ukunikezela ekuvoteleni.
Imithetho yeVoter
Imithetho yokwahlula engqongqo yenza imiqobo yezoqoqosho yabemi abafumana imali ephantsi. Ukufumana olu phawu lusoloko lubandakanya iindleko zamaxwebhu afana nesiqinisekiso sokuzalwa, ezothutho ukuya kwiiofisi zikarhulumente, nexesha elikude emsebenzini. Kumntu ophilayo ukukhangela intlawulo yokuhlawula, ezi ndleko zingathintela. Ngoxa abaxhasi bemithetho ithintela ubuqhetseba, ubungqina bubonisa ukuba banciphisa ngokungenakuthelekiswa namali phakathi kwabavoti abasweleyo kwezoqoqosho.
Izivalo Zendawo Ezisonakalayo Nofikelelo
Ukuvalwa kweendawo zokuvota ezifumana imali ephantsi kunye noluntu oluncinane kubangela imiqobo eyongezelelekileyo yezoqoqosho ekuvoteni. Xa iindawo zokuvota zikude, abavoti ngaphandle kovavanyo oluthembekileyo bajongene nocelomngeni olukhulu. Imigama emide ithetha ixesha elininzi ukusuka emsebenzini, abasebenzi abafumana imali ephantsi, abasenokungabi nathuba lakuhlawula ixesha lokufumana imali encinane. Oku kudala ngokuphumelelayo uhlobo lwangoku lokudilika kwezoqoqosho.
Irola ye Voter ikhutshiwe kunye nezithinteli zobhaliso
Abavoti abavoti abavoti abavoti abavoti abahlawulwayo ngokungenalusini bachaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa abahamba rhoqo ngenxa yokungazinzi kwezoqoqosho. Xa abavoti besuswa kwiiroli zokubhalisa kwaye kufuneka baphinde babhalise, abo banezinto ezimbalwa bajongene nocelomngeni olukhulu ekuqhubeni inkqubo yolawulo. Umthwalo wolawulo wokugcina ubhaliso lwabavoti unzima kakhulu kwabo sele bezama ukuzama ukumelana nokunganqabiseki kwezoqoqosho.
Icuthe ukhuphiso lwangaphambili kunye neMayile- Kwimida yeBalot
Imida kwivota zamandulo kunye neposi ekhutshwayo iyingozi ngokukodwa kubavoti abasebenza ngeklasi abangakwaziyo ukuthatha ixesha lokuphumla ngoMhla woNnyulo. Uvota lwangaphambili lunika abo basebenzayo imisebenzi emininzi okanye iiyure ezingaqhelekanga. Uvotelo lweposi lususa imiqobo yezothutho luvumele abavoti ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ngaphandle kokuphulukana nemivuzo. Imiqathango yezinketho inciphisa ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto ukubhatala phakathi kwabemi abaswele imali.
Ulwalamano Lwamaqabane: Indlela Ukunikela Amalungelo Okuchaphazela Ngayo Iinzuzo Zezoqoqosho
Ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho akuphelisi nje kuphela ukuvota, kodwa amalungelo okuvota abekelwe imiqathango ayaqhubeka yaye abangela ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho.
UMthetho Wamalungelo Nenkqubela Yezoqoqosho
UMthetho wokuBonga amalungelo waphumela kwimivuzo ephezulu yabasebenzi abantsundu kwaye waxinene umsantsa womvuzo wabamhlophe. UMthetho wamaLungelo unokuba nalo mphumela, ingakumbi inkqubela-phambili kumsebenzi kawonke-wonke nakumntu oweqela labucala kunye nokunyanzeliswa komthetho omkhulu othintela ucalucalulo emsebenzini. Oku kubonisa ukuba amandla ezobupolitika aguqulela ngqo kwingeniso yezoqoqosho.
Uphando lwakutshanje lokusika icandelo lobuhlanga lubonisa ukuba, ngokucutha ucalucalulo nxamnye namaMelika amnyama kuhlolo, uMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1965 wanciphisa umahluko wama-Black-White (kodwa, ngokuphikisanayo, isigqibo sakutshanje senkundla sokuphelisa iinkalo eziphambili zelo Mthetho zokungalingani kwezoqoqosho. Ukuthomalalisa amalungelo okuvota kuneziphene zezoqoqosho ezinokuchaphazelekayo kuluntu oluphantsi komgangatho ophantsi.
Amandla Ezobupolitika Nokungavumelani Nenkqubo
Xa enikwa indima ebalulekileyo yegunya lezobupolitika ekumiseleni imithetho elawula inkqubo yezoqoqosho yase-U.S., ukungalingani konyulwa koqoqosho, ngomnye umthombo ongundoqo wokungalingani kwengeniso nobutyebi. Amagosa aqwalaselweyo anokuphendula ngenene kuphela kwabo baseMelika bavotayo, ngoko imvume yokuba abalawuli batyebile kwaye bamhlophe kunelizwe lonke ngenene baneziphumo ezingenakunqandwa kubenzi benkqubo abasabela ngakumbi kwimfuno nakwizilangazelelo zabemi abakwizikhundla eziphezulu, isiganeko esikhutshwa ngobungqina bemfundo.
Ngokwembali, kungekhona eUnited States kuphela, abavoti abanengeniso ephezulu bayakwazi ukuba nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yokukhetha ngokulula, ngaloo ndlela bebandakanyeka baze balawule ingxoxo yemithetho enokubanceda. Oku kudala icebo apho ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho kukhokelela ekungalinganini kwezobupolitika, nto leyo ebangela ukuba umahluko wezoqoqosho ukhule kwaye ukhulise ukulingana kwezoqoqosho.
Umjikelo Oyingozi Wokungalingani
Njengoko uqoqosho lusiya lungalingani kwaye lubonakala ngokukhula "luxhotyiswe" ngabemi abaphoxekileyo, luthe tye, ingakumbi phakathi kwemibutho efumana imali ephantsi, lukhuthaza ukungalingani kwezobupolitika. Oku kudala umjikelo wokuzihlaziya oya usiba nzima ukuyekelela. Njengoko ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho kuya kukhula, ukuthathi-nxaxheba kwezobupolitika phakathi kwabasweleyo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimigaqo ekhokelela ekuthandeni izityebi, elwandisa ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho nangakumbi.
Abo bafumana igunya kwezorhwebo, abasoloko befana nabemi abafumana impembelelo yezobupolitika, bedala icebo elikhuthaza ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho, ukungaguquguquki nokukhula okucothayo. Ukuphelisa lo mjikelo kufuna ukumelana nokungalingani kwezoqoqosho nemiqobo yokungabandakanyeki kwezobupolitika ngaxeshanye.
Iindidi Ezingavisisaniyo Zezoqoqosho
Ukudibana kwamalungelo okuvota nokungalingani kwezoqoqosho akunakuqondwa ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle kokuhlolisisa ubunjani beentlanga. Ngenxa yeenkulungwane zokungavumelani kwemigaqo yobuhlanga, kuquka xa kuvumelekile kuphela abantu abamhlophe ukuba bavote okanye benze inkqubo, abantu abambalwa abavela ebalaleni nabeentlanga abaxhaphakileyo kumazwe apho uqoqosho nezinye iinkalo zoluntu zixhaphakile khona.
Imiqobo Engapheliyo Yobuhlanga
Ulutsha olumhlophe lwalunononovota ophezulu olutsha (55%), olulandelwa yi-Asia (43%), Black (34%), kunye ne-Latino (32%) ulutsha. Uvoti wolutsha wasuka kumashumi ama-58% phakathi kolutsha olumhlophe ukuya kutsho ngaphantsi kwesiqingatha salo phakathi kolutsha olungumGaqo-mbali (27%) namadoda amantsundu amnyama (25%). Oku kubonakalisa iziphumo ezizizo ezinxulumeneyo zobuhlwempu bezoqoqosho nemiqobo echaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa namazwe.
Ulutsha olumnyama nolwenziwe ngeLatino lwalunamathuba amaninzi kakhulu kunolutsha olumhlophe okanye oluseAsia ukuba ngamanye amaxesha lukufumanisa kunzima ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zalo zemali. Ukuxakeka ngokwemali kwanxulunyaniswa nokuthoba isantya sokuvota kolutsha oluzibikayo ngowama-2024. Ukunganqabiseki kwezoqoqosho ngokuthe ngqo kuguqulela ekubeni nenxaxheba ezobupolitika, kwaye lo mthwalo uhlahlela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto kwiqela labantu abambalwa.
Iimeko zentlalo nezoqoqosho kunye nemisantsa yeentlanga
Kukho imisantsa engaziwayo phakathi kwamaqela eentlanga ahlala kwimimandla enxulumene nentlalo-ntle, ebonisa ukuba ezi mpawu azinakuyichaza ngokupheleleyo loo misantsa. Nangona oothunywashe bezoqoqosho besenza indima ebalulekileyo, abathathi nxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwizahluka-hluka zeentlanga ekuvoteni. Oku kubonisa ukuba ukucinezelwa kwabavoti, ukuqhekeka kwembali, kunye nocalucalulo oluqhubekayo lunegalelo kwezi ziqwenga.
Isiphumo se-Shelby County besikhula ngexesha elithile; isigqibo asizange siphumele kulwando lwexesha elinye. Endaweni yoko, umahluko phakathi kowangaphambili ogqunywe kunye namanye amagunya waba mkhulu ngo-2022 kunako nakuphi na unyulo ukususela kwisigqibo esanikezelwa. Okwangoku, urhulumente wesizwe akakwazi ukukhusela amalungelo abantu abanombala esebenzisa amandla apheleleyo oMthetho weVoting Rights, imithetho nezenzo ebezinokubekwa phantsi konyulo ziyaqhubeka zisanda.
Inkulu Elalayo: Izixhobo Zokuthutha Imali Ezisezantsi Njengomkhosi Wezobupolitika
Iphulo le-Atmosfera lavakalisa icebo lokulungiselela iqela lovota elinamandla kodwa elisoloko lityeshelwa: abavoti abazizigidi ezingama-85 abafanelekileyo abangamahlwempu okanye abangenayo ingeniso ephantsi. Oku kumela amandla amakhulu ezobupolitika asenokuhlala engathintelwa ngenxa yemiqobo exutyushwayo kulo lonke eli nqaku.
Iphulo liye laphazamisa amanani laza lagqiba ukuba ukuba olu manyano luvote ngomlinganiselo omnye njengabavoti abafumana imali eninzi, bangaphembelela unyulo kulo lonke iphondo. Iziphumo zezobupolitika ziyamangalisa . "ukuba imiqobo yezoqoqosho ekuvotelweni ikhutshiwe kwaye ingeniso ephantsi yabemi yathatha inxaxheba kumlinganiselo ofanayo nabemi abafumileyo, umhlaba wonke wezobupolitika ungatshintsha ngokuphawulekayo.
Abo baziva benganqabisekanga ngokwezoqoqosho, abamalunga nama-39% abavoti, abalingana ne 18.5 lezigidi zabavoti, baliqela elingundoqo elichaza iziphumo zonyulo, kwaye baxhaphakile kakhulu phakathi kwabemi abasebenzayo. Ukunganqabiseki kwezoqoqosho kuchaphazela inxalenye enkulu kakhulu yabemi kunabo bamiselwe ngokusemthethweni njengabahlwempuzekileyo, bedala ubuchule obugqithisileyo bemigaqo ethetha ngemiqobo yezoqoqosho ekuvotini.
Imigudu Yokuhlangabezana Nokungalingani Kwamalungelo Nezoqoqosho
Ekubeni iqonda ukuba amalungelo okuvota anxulumene ngokunzulu nokungalingani kwezoqoqosho, imibutho emininzi, abaququzeleli bemithetho nabaxhasi bezopolitiko baye bazama ukunciphisa imiqobo yezoqoqosho ukuze bangathabathi cala kwezobupolitika baze baqinise ukuma kolawulo - melo.
Ubhaliso lwe Voter oluzenzekelayo
Ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo lovoti lususa umthwalo wokubhaliswa kwenqanawa, okuchaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto inkqubo yokubhalisa yabemi abafumana imali ephantsi abasenokuswela ixesha, oovimba, okanye iidilesi ezizinzileyo. Ngokubhalisa ngokuzenzekelayo abemi abafanelekileyo xa besebenzisana namasebe karhulumente, olu tshintsho lususa umqobo obalulekileyo ekuthabatheni inxaxheba. Amazwe asebenzisa ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo aye abona ukwanda okungoko kubhaliso oluzenzekelayo, ingakumbi phakathi kwamaqela aphantsi komngenisi.
Ukwandisa ukhuphiso lwangaphambili kunye ne-imeyile- Kwibhola
Amaxesha amade okuvota kwasekuqaleni kunye nokuvota i-posi kwihlabathi lonke kunika ububele obunceda ngokukhethekileyo abavoti abasebenzayo. Ezi zinketho zivumela abantu ukuba bavote ngokujikeleza ucwangciso lomsebenzi, iimbopheleleko zokunyamekela abantwana, kunye nokusikelwa umda kwezothutho. Zinciphisa ixabiso lezoqoqosho lokuvota ngokuphelisa imfuneko yokuthatha ixesha lokusebenza okanye ukulungiselela isithuthi ngosuku oluthile.
Ukususa Iimfuno Ze - ID Ezingafunwayo
Imigudu yokuphelisa okanye yokunciphisa iimfuno ezingqongqo zovoti be-ID iyanceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba imiqobo yezoqoqosho ayithinteli abemi abafanelekileyo ekuvotelweni. Iindlela zokuqinisekisa ezingezizo ezifuna ukuqinisekiswa kokungafunwa konyulwa kwemifanekiso karhulumente ziyakwazi ukugcina ukhuseleko lonyulo ngeli lixa kususwa imiqobo yezoqoqosho. Amanye amagunya aphumeze iinkqubo ze-ID ekhululekileyo, nangona ezi zisefuna ixesha kunye nobuncwane obunokuthintela abathile abavoti.
Indawo Enwebekayo Engcolisekayo Kwimimandla Egciniweyo
Ukwandisa inani nokufumaneka kwendawo zokuvota ezifumaneka kuluntu olufumana imali ephantsi kunciphisa imiqobo yezithuthi nokulinda amaxesha. Ukwenziwa kweendawo zokhetho kufutshane nezithuthi zikawonke-wonke, kwiindawo ezinabantu abaneenqwelo-mafutha ezisikelwe umda, nakwimimandla enemijelo ephezulu yabavoti abasebenzayo inganyusa ngokuphawulekayo. Imali eneleyo yokuxhasa izibonelelo zonyulo kuzo zonke iindawo, hayi nje ezizizityebi, ibalulekile ukuze kufikelelwe ngokulinganayo.
Ukubuyisela Amalungelo Abo Baneenkolelo Ezingaqondakaliyo
Ukunganeliseki okungathethekiyo kuchaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto imibutho efumana ii-asethi kunye noluntu olunombala ophantsi. Ukubuyisela amalungelo okuvota kubantu abagqibe izigwebo zabo kususa umqobo obalulekileyo ekuthabatheni inxaxheba kwezobupolitika kubemi abasweleyo ngokwezoqoqosho. Amanye amazwe aye enza inkqubela kulo mmandla, nangona amaninzi asagcina imigaqo engqongqo ekhuthaza ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho nohlanga ekuvoteni.
Ukuqinisekisa Ukuba Ixesha Elininzi Liya Kuphela Ukuze Kukhutshwe Imali
Ukukhupha ixesha elihlawuliweyo lokuvota kuphelisa omnye weyona miqobo ithe ngqo yezoqoqosho ekuthabatheni inxaxheba. Xa abasebenzi kungadingeki bakhethe phakathi komvuzo ohlawulwayo kunye nokusebenzisa ilungelo labo lokuvota, unyuko phakathi kwabemi abafumana imali ephantsi. Amanye amazwe nabaqeshi baye basebenzisa imigaqo enjalo, kodwa ukuthathwa ngokusemthethweni kungenza ukuba abantu bathotyelwe ngokwezoqoqosho.
Ulawulo lomanyano noMthetho wamaLungelo
Ukuphelisa lo mjikelo uyingozi, abenzi bemithetho kufuneka baqwalasele utshintsho kwinkqubo yokuvota yelizwe engqiniswe ukuba ilungele ukufikelela kovotelwa kwaye izakuqinisekisa ukuba abanyuli bamela ngokwenene ukuhluka-hluka kwezoqoqosho nezizwe zelizwe lethu. Ukubuyiselwa nokomelezwa kolawulo lwemithetho yokuvota, ingakumbi kwimithetho elawulayo kunye nembali yocalulo, kuhlala kuyinto ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni amalungelo okuvota nokuthetha ngemiqobo yezoqoqosho ukuba nenxaxheba.
Ukubaluleka Kokwenza Icangci Nokumanyana Kwabantu
Ngoxa kufuneka utshintsho lwenkqubo, ukuqokelelwa kwemibutho efuna ingxubevange kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwentlalo kudlala indima ebaluleke ngokufanayo ekudibaneni kwamalungelo okuvota nokungalingani kwezoqoqosho. Ukwahluka ngokwezoqoqosho kuye kwakhuthaza ukuvota kunye nesizathu sokuthatha inxaxheba kwingxoxo yezobupolitika kunye nenkqubo. Ukukhotyokiswa kwabantu abasweleyo ngokwezoqoqosho kufuna umgudu oqhubekayo kunye nobuncwane.
Imfundo yezakhono kunye nonikezelo
Iinkqubo zemfundo ezigunyazisa ukuvota zinceda abemi abangenayo bahambe kakuhle kwiimfuno zokubhalisa, ukuqonda amalungelo abo, nokufikelela kwimithombo ekhoyo. Iintlangano ezisekelwe kuluntu zisoloko zinika inkcazelo ebalulekileyo malunga nendawo yokuvota, imiqathango yokubhalisa, ii-ID, nendlela yokoyisa imiqobo eqhelekileyo. Le mfundo inika abantu amandla okuba nenxaxheba naphantsi kwayo nayiphi na imiqobo yezoqoqosho.
Imigudu yokufikelela imele ibe yeyokufikelela inkcubeko nefikelelekayo, ukudibana nabantu apho befuna khona inkcazelo kunokuba balindele ukuba bafune inkcazelo. Oku kubandakanya izinto ezithetha iilwimi ezininzi, unxulumano nemibutho ethembekileyo yoluntu, kunye nokudibana ngokungqalileyo kwimimandla ekudala ijongene nokungavisisani.
Uphazamiso lweziphakamiso eziphezulu kunye ne-Disves-Rrive
Ihlomela lokuvota eligunyazisiweyo lingqinelwe lisebenza ngokuphumelela ekunyuseni inxaxheba kubemi abasweleyo ngokwezoqoqosho. Le migudu isoloko inika uncedo olusebenzisekayo ngokubhalisa, ukunceda abantu bafumane uxwebhu oluyimfuneko, kunye nokuphendula imiqobo ekhethekileyo abantu abajongene nayo. Ngokuzisa ubhaliso ngqo kubantu, ezi ntshukumo zinciphisa ixesha noxanduva kulowo unokuba nguvoti.
Amaqumrhu asebenzela imicimbi yezoqoqosho ayaqonda ukuba ukuthatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika kubalulekile ukuze kufikelelwe kwiinjongo zawo. Amaqumrhu emisebenzi, amaqela olawulo oluphezulu, nemibutho elwa nobuhlwempu iye yadibanisa ukubhaliswa kovoti nokuzibandakanya emsebenzini wabo omkhulu, iqonda ukuba igunya lezoqoqosho nelezobupolitika alitshintshi.
Ukwakha Ubuchule Bezobupolitika Kumazwe Ahlukahlukeneyo
Ngaphandle kwemiqobo esebenzisekayo, abemi abaninzi abangamahlwempu ngokwezoqoqosho bajongene nemvakalelo yokuba buthathaka kwezobupolitika okungacinezeli ukuba nenxaxheba.Ulungiselelo loluntu olubonisa ukuba ukuvota kunempembelelo ecacileyo kwimibandela efana nemivuzo, izindlu, ukunyamekela impilo nemfundo kusenokuphinda kusebenze ngokwezobupolitika. Xa abantu bebona ukuba amavoti abo anokukhokelela kwinkqubela ecacileyo ebomini babo, bashukunyiselwa ngakumbi ukuba babe nenxaxheba phezu kwayo nje imiqobo.
Ukulungelelaniswa okuphumelelayo kudibanisa ukuvota kwimicimbi yezoqoqosho ekhawulezileyo. Inkamzamlo edibanisa imilinganiselo yokufaka ipesenti okanye abatshayeli kwiziphumo ezithile zenkqubo.
Ukwakha Imali Ngaphaya Kwemiqathango Yezoqoqosho Neyobuhlanga
Ukusetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo kwamalungelo okuvota kunye nobulungisa bezoqoqosho kufuna ukuba kwakhiwe imibutho enqumla imigaqo yobuhlanga nezoqoqosho. Ngoxa imiqobo yezoqoqosho yokuvota ichaphazela bonke abemi abafumana imali ephantsi kungakhathaliseki ukuba baluphi uhlanga, ukudibana kocalulo lweentlanga kubangela iingxaki ezikhethekileyo kuluntu olunemibala. Izivumelwano eziqonda ukuba zombini zinomdla kunye namava ahlukeneyo ezobupolitika zingakha amandla angakumbi okuvavanya imiqobo yezopolitiko.
Indima Yemali Nempembelelo Yezobupolitika
Ukudibana kwamalungelo okuvota nokungalingani kwezoqoqosho kudlulela ngaphaya kokuba ngubani onokuthi akhethe onokuthi aphembelele unyulo kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo ngeminikelo yephulo kunye nokuphembelela. Abantu abanobutyebi neenkampani banokunyusa amandla abo ezobupolitika ngeminikelo yemali abemi abasweleyo ngokwezoqoqosho abangenakukwazi ukuyifikelela.
Impembelelo Yobutyebi Kwimiphumo Yezobupolitika
Kwanaxa abemi abangenayo imiqobo ephantsi beyoyisa imiqobo ekuvotelweni, impembelelo yabo yezobupolitika isenokuhlaziywa yindima yemali kwezobupolitika. Iminikelo yephulo, ukukhuthaza, kunye nezibhengezo zezobupolitika zivumela abantu abazizityebi kunye nezilangazelelo zobupolitika ukuba babumbe intetho yezobupolitika, ukubhaptiza, kunye neziphumo zenkqubo ngendlela yokuba ukuvota kukodwa kungakwazi ukuphikisana.
Le nto idala inkqubo edityanisiweyo yenxaxheba kwezobupolitika: enye isekelwe kwivoti, apho imiqobo yezoqoqosho sele idala ukungalingani, kunye nenye esekelwe kwiminikelo yemali, apho ukungalingani kugqithisele ngakumbi. Isiphumo siskuba amagosa anyuliweyo asenokusabela ngakumbi kubanikeli abatyebileyo kunakukhetho olubanzi, ingakumbi xa abemi befumana ivoti ephantsi.
Iphulo Lokuvelisa Imali Etshintshiweyo Ekunikezeleni Iingxelo Ngamalungelo
Ukulungisa ukudibana kwamalungelo okuvota nokungalingani kwezoqoqosho kufuna ukuqwalaselwa utshintsho lwezemali lwezemali njengengxelo yamalungelo okuvota. Ukuxhasa uwonke wonke, imiqathango yomnikelo, kunye neemfuno zokubonisa imbonakalo zoncedo kunokukunceda umgangatho wokudlala nokuqinisekisa ukuba impembelelo yezobupolitika ayimiselwanga kuphela bubutyebi. Xa abatshate benokuphumeza iphulo elisebenzayo ngaphandle kokuthembela ngokuyintloko kubantu abanikela ngezityebi, banokusabela ngakumbi kwiinkxalabo zabasweleyo kwezoqoqosho.
Imbono Yamazwe Ngamazwe Ngeengxaki Zezoqoqosho
Ngoxa eli nqaku ligxininisa kakhulu eUnited States, ukudibana kwamalungelo okuvota nokungalingani kwezoqoqosho kuyinto eyenzeka ehlabathini lonke.
Ukufikelela kothelekiso kunikezelo lokukhupha
Ulawulo-melo oluphuhlisiweyo oluninzi luye lwasebenzisa iinkqubo ezinciphisa imiqobo yezoqoqosho ukuze luvote ngokunempumelelo kune-United States. Ukubhaliswa okuzenzekelayo, iimpelaveki okanye ukuvota, iinkqubo zolwamkelo lolungelelwaniso, kunye nenkxaso-mali yeli phulo loluntu zixhaphakile nakweminye idemokhrasi. La mazwe asoloko abona ukubhatala okuphezulu kunye nezithuba ezincinane phakathi kwamaqela engeniso yokuvota.
Amanye amazwe enza isinyanzelo sokuvota, esiphelisa ukukhetha okuzikhethela ngokwawo apho abemi abazizityebi nabafundileyo bavota ngamanqanaba aphezulu. Ngoxa uvota olunyanzelekileyo luphakamisa imibuzo yayo ngenkululeko nesinyanzelo, luqinisekisa ukuba inxaxheba elingana ngakumbi ukutyhubela imigca yezoqoqosho. Amazwe anokuvota ngokunyanzelekileyo abona ukungalingani okuncinane phakathi kwamaqela engeniso.
Izifundo Ezivela Kwabanye Abacekisekileyo
Ukuthelekisa kwehlabathi kutyhila ukuba ukulingana kwezoqoqosho akuyomiqobo ekungangeni nxaxheba kwezobupolitika. Imiqathango ephathelele ulawulo lonyulo, ukuvota, kunye nemali yezentlalo-ntle isenokuyinciphisa okanye inciphise impembelelo yokungalingani kwezoqoqosho ekuvoteni. Amazwe afuna ukuvotelwa ngokunempumelelo ngokuyila inkqubo yorhulumente anokufikelela inxaxheba elingana ngakumbi nakubeni kukho ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho.
Ukukhangela Phambili: Ikamva Lokufuna Amalungelo Nokulingana Kwezoqoqosho
Ulwalamano phakathi kwamalungelo okuvota nokungalingani kwezoqoqosho luya kuqhubeka lubumba idemokhrasi yaseMerika kwiminyaka ezayo. Ukuqonda oku kudibaneka kubalulekile kuye nabani na oxhalabele ukuba nenxaxheba kwedemokhrasi okanye ukugweba ngokwezoqoqosho, njengoko ezi zombini zihambisana ngokusisiseko.
Iingxaki Ezimanyeneyo
Iintlobo ezintsha zothintelo lwezoqoqosho ekuvoteni ziyaqhubeka zivela. Ukwahlulwa kwamanani kuchaphazela ukufikelela kwi-intanethi yobhaliso lwevoti kunye nolwazi. Amaphulo okuchola ngekhompyutha asoloko ejolise kuluntu olusweleyo ngokwezoqoqosho. Ukuguquka kwendlela yomsebenzi, kuquka ucwangciso lwezoqoqosho nolwenziwa ngendlela engaqhelekanga, kudala imiqobo emitsha yokuvota abemi abasebenzayo. Ukuthetha ngezi zingxaki ezizinzileyo kufuna ukuhlala belindile nokuzinzisa.
Ukutshintsha kwemozulu nokungalungelelani kwezoqoqosho kungenza imiqobo engakumbi ekuvoteleni abantu abasengozini. Iintlekele zemvelo zichaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto abantu abafumana imali eninzi kwaye zinokuphazamisa ukuvota. Iingxaki zezoqoqosho zinokunyusa uxinezeleko lwemali kwaye zisenokunciphisa ukuba nenxaxheba kwezopolitiko kwabo bazama ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezisisiseko. Ukulungiselela le mingeni kubalulekile ekukhuseleni amalungelo okuvota kwixesha elizayo elingaqinisekwanga.
Amathuba Okuhambela Phambili
Naphezu kocelomngeni olubalulekileyo, kukho namathuba enkqubela, ukukhula kokuqonda ukudibana kwamalungelo okuvota nokungalingani kwezoqoqosho kuye kwabangela ukuba kwenziwe imigudu yokuqhayisa. Inkqubela yezobugcisa ingenza imiqobo yokuvota ukuba iqaliswe ngokulinganayo. Iinguqu zobomi nokutshintsha kwesizukulwana zisenokudala imibutho emitsha yezobupolitika ezimisele ukwandisa nokunciphisa ukungalingani.
Isifo se-COVOID-19, phezu kwayo nje iziphumo ezitshabalalisayo, sakhokelela ekunyuseni ukuvota iposi nakwezinye iindawo zokuhlala ezanciphisa imiqobo yezoqoqosho ukuze ingenelele. Ngoxa ezinye zezi nguqu ziqengqeleke, babonisa ukuba ezinye iindlela zokuvota ziyasebenza kwisikali kwaye zisenokuba ziguqukile ngokupheleleyo kukulindela ukufikelela ekuvotelweni.
Indlela Yolawulo - melo Olunokulingana Nangakumbi
Ukuyila idemokhrasi elinganayo ngokwenene kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho nemiqobo yokuba nenxaxheba kwezobupolitika ngexesha elinye. Imithetho ekwandiseni ukufumaneka kokuvota ngaphandle kokusingatha ukungalingani okusisiseko kwezoqoqosho iya kuba nempembelelo elinganiselweyo, njengokuba imigaqo yezoqoqosho iya kuphuhliswa ngaphandle kwegalelo elivela kuzo zonke iinkalo zebutho labantu. Ezi ngxaki zimbini kufuneka zicombulule kunye.
Oku kuthetha ukuxhasa utshintsho lwamalungelo okuvota kunye nemigaqo yezoqoqosho enciphisa ukungalingani. Kuthetha ukuqaphela ukuba imibandela efana nezindlu ezinokufikeleleka, ukufumaneka kwempilo, umvuzo ophilayo, nemfundo ikwayimibandela yamalungelo okuvota, ngenxa yokuba ukhuseleko lwezoqoqosho lubangela ukuba kubekho inxaxheba kwezobupolitika.
Isiphelo: Idemokhrasi Nobulungisa Bezoqoqosho Njengosukelo Olunentsebenziswano
Ukudibana kwamalungelo okuvota nokungalingani kwezoqoqosho kumela olunye ucelomngeni olungundoqo olujongene nedemokhrasi yaseMerika. Ukusuka kwirhafu yokuvota nokuvavanya ukubhata nokubhala ngexesha likaJim Crow ukuya kwimida yangoku efana nemithetho ye-ID, ukuhlahlela indawo evaliweyo, kunye neendleko zokuthabatha inxaxheba, oothunywashe bezoqoqosho baye basoloko bebumba abantu abanokusebenzisa igunya lezobupolitika.
Ubungqina bucacile: ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho kuthintela ukuba nenxaxheba kwezobupolitika phakathi kwabemi abasweleyo, kwaye amalungelo okuvota abekelwe umda abangela ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho. Oku kubangela iqhinga eliyingozi elinciphisa ukuma kwedemokhrasi kunye nethuba lezoqoqosho. Ukuphula lo mjikelo kufuna utshintsho olubanzi oluchaphazela zonke ezi meko zengxaki.
Ukwandisa ukufumaneka kokuvota ngobhaliso oluzenzekelayo, uvotelo lwasekuqaleni, ii-posi ezingaphakathi, kunye neemfuno ze-ID ezincitshisiweyo zinganceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba imiqobo yezoqoqosho ayithinteli abemi ekusebenziseni ilungelo labo elisisiseko lokuvota. Ukuqinisa ukuvelela kwemithetho yokuvota, ingakumbi kumagunya aphezulu embali yocalulo, kuhlala kuyimfuneko. Ukuqinisekisa ixesha elihlawulwayo lokuvota nokwandisa iindawo zokucoca kuluntu olungaphantsi kwenkonzo kunganciphisa iindleko zethuba elichaphazela kakhulu ekuvoteleni abavoti abahlawuli abahlawulwayo.
Kodwa utshintsho lwenkqubo lulodwa alwanelanga. Ii-grosroot zolungiselelo, imfundo, kunye nokuzilungiselela koluntu kubaluleke ngokufanayo ekunikeni abemi abasweleyo ngokwezoqoqosho amandla okuba babe nenxaxheba kwidemokhrasi. Ukwakha ukuphumelela kwezobupolitika, ukudibanisa ukuvota kwinkxalabo yezoqoqosho, nokudala imibutho enxulumene nobuhlanga kunye nezoqoqosho kunganceda ukuba kuvuswe amandla amakhulu ezobupolitika okuvota abaphantsi.
Ekugqibeleni, ukufumana ulawulo-demokhrasi olulinganayo nokulingana kwezoqoqosho kufuna ukuqaphela ukuba olu sukelo lungamanyange. Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika kwenza abemi bakwazi ukuxhasa izilangazelelo zabo zezoqoqosho, ngoxa ukhuseleko lwezoqoqosho lunika ubuncwane nozinzo olufunekayo ukuze kuhlangatyelwene ngezopolitiko. Ngokuthetha ngokudibana kwamalungelo okuvota nokungalingani kwezoqoqosho, sinokusebenzela ibutho labantu apho bonke abemi benokufumana ithuba lokuthabatha inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi nokhuseleko lwezoqoqosho lokwenza oko ngokunempumelelo.
Umzabalazo wamalungelo okuvota ubusoloko unxulunyaniswa nomzabalazo wokulwela ukulunga kwezoqoqosho. Ukusuka kwimfuno yempahla yeriphabliki yokuqala ukuya kwirhafu yexesha lokuvota lika-Jim Crow ukuya kwimida yale mihla ejongene nabavoti abafumana imali ephantsi, oothunywashe bezoqoqosho baye baguqula inxaxheba yezopolitiko ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika. Ukuqonda le mbali kunye nokubaluleka kwayo okuqhubekayo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ozinikele ekwakheni i-othe jini, ummeli, kunye nedemokhrasi elungelelaniswe ngokulinganayo.
Njengoko sihambela phambili, ucelomngeni lucacile: kufuneka sidale iinkqubo nemigaqo eqinisekisa ukuba bonke abemi banokuba nenxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwidemokhrasi kungakhathaliseki ukuba bakwimeko enjani ngokwezoqoqosho, ngoxa ngexesha elinye sisebenzela ukunciphisa ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho okubangela imiqobo yokuba nenxaxheba kwindawo yokuqala. Kuphela ngokuthetha ngemiqathango yomngeni yomibini lolu celomngeni sinokuphumeza idinga lokulingana kwedemokhrasi kwaye sivelise ibutho labantu apho igunya lezobupolitika lihlala khona ngokwenene kubo bonke abantu, kungekhona izityebi.
Ulwazi oluninzi olungomalungelo ovota kunye nokuganana kwabantu, tyelela i [[FLT: 0] Brennan Center yeJaji, eqhuba uphando olunzulu ngokufumaneka nokufumana idemokhrasi. [[FLT:]] iZiko loluntu laseMelika elizimeleyo le-Liberation Union[[[FLT:]]] likwanika izibonelelo zokuvota kunye neengxaki eziqhubekayo ezisemthethweni. Ukufunda ngakumbi ngezoqoqosho kunye neempembelelo zayo, uphando olusuka ku-[FLT] [[FLT:]] [4] Isikhungo sokwe-Sumbalthi ye-Eququating yokwe-engalali . Abo banomdla ekuboneleni kwimiqatha yoluvoti kunye nenkcelo olusemthethweni, njengeeenzalo yoluvoti ye-FT]