Table of Contents
Inkqubo yokusesikweni eUnited States isekelwe kumalungelo omgaqo-siseko akhusela abantu kwiimeko zikarhulumente yaye aqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu baphathwa ngokufanelekileyo phantsi komthetho. La malungelo asiyoenjongo nje engaqhelekanga; ayiyondlela yokuzikhusela enyanzelisayo ebumba indlela amapolisa, abatshutshisi, abatshutshisi, nabagwebi, kunye namagosa alawulayo asebenza ngayo. Abafundi kunye nabafundisi ngokufanayo, ukuqonda ezi ziqinisekiso zomgaqo-siseko kubalulekile ukuze baqonde umthetho, imbopheleleko karhulumente, kunye nokulwa okuqhubekayo kokusesikweni. Eli nqaku linikela ukujonga okunzulu ngamalungelo angundoqo akhusela abantu kwinkqubo yokusesikweni eMerika, ukuhlola iimvelaphi zabo, ukucacisa kwabo, kunye neziphumo zabo ezihlala zihleli.
Imboniselo yamalungelo omGaqo-siseko
UmGaqo-siseko wokuqala wewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe87 walungiselela ulungiselelo lukarhulumente worhulumente kodwa wawunezinto ezimbalwa ezicacileyo zokukhusela inkululeko yabantu ngabanye. Ukulungisa lo msantsa, iNgqungquthela yacebisa ukuba kulungiswe iBhili yamaLungelo, ishumi lokuqala.
IziHlanziso eziPhambili zoMgaqo-siseko
Ngoxa iBhili yamaLungelo igquma iindawo ezininzi, iinguqu eziliqela zicacile ngendima yazo engqalileyo kwinkqubo yokusesikweni. Uthebe olungezantsi lushwankathela eyona migaqo ibalulekileyo.
Uhlaziyo Lokuqala
- [[FLT: 0] Inkululeko yokuthetha, unqulo, umatshini wokushicilela, indibano, kunye nesibongozo. Le nkululeko ivumela abantu ukuba bagxeke imigaqo karhulumente, bakhuthaze utshintsho olusemthethweni, kwaye bavukele ekuhleni okungekho sikweni okucingelwayo.
IsiHlomelo Sesine
- Ukhuseleko kuphando olungekho ngqiqweni kunye nokuxhuzula. unyanzelo lomthetho kufuneka lufumane isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo phambi kokuba uphengulule umntu, ikhaya, okanye into, nangona kukho iindidi ezininzi (umz., imvume, imboniselo ecacileyo, iimeko ezicacileyo). Umthetho ophelisiweyo ```wamiselwa [[FLT:]] Mapp v. Ohio [1961]] (1961)]
ISihlaziyiweyo Sesihlanu
- Izilumkiso ezidumileyo zeMirnda ezifunekayo emva imanda v. Arizona [1966] ukhuseleko olusuka kuMphetho-wokuhlaziywa kweMdama.
Uhlaziyo Lwesithandathu
- Ekunene kwityala elikhawulezayo nelinowonke wonke, abachopheli-tyala abangakhethiyo, isaziso sezityholo, ungquzulwano lwamangqina, kunye noncedo lwesiluleko. Umba wesiphawuli Gideon v. Wainwright [1963]) wamisela ukuba amajelo kufuneka anikezele igqwetha kubamangalelwa abangenakukwazi ukuhlawula omnye kwiimeko ezibini, ngokusisiseko, ngokuphinda ngokubhekiselele kwinkqubo yokugweba.
Uhlaziyo Lwesibhozo
- [[[NTL:0] Isiqinisekiso sokufumana ibheyile egqithisileyo, intlawulo egqithisileyo, kunye nesohlwayo esinenkohlakalo nesothuso esingaqhelekanga.[[FTL:1] Le ntshukumo ilawula yonke into ukusuka kwiimeko zentolongo nakwisohlwayo serhafu, ifuna isohlwayo esilingana nolwaphulo-mthetho.
ISimi seshumi Elinane
- ukhuseleko olupheleleyo kunye nenkqubo efunekayo. Luqiniswa emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya, uLawulo lweshumi elinesine lo Amenziswa yisithuthi esisetyenziswa kuso uninzi lweBhili yamaLungelo okukhusela amagunya kumazwe. Ingxelo yayo elinganayo isiseko samalungelo amakhaya, kuquka Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo [1954].]
Indima Yohlaziyo Lokuqala Kwinkqubo Yokusesikweni
Ngaphezu kokukhusela intetho eqhelekileyo yezobupolitika, uHlaziyo Lokuqala lunendima eyahlukileyo kwinkqubo yokugweba. Luvumela abantu ukuba bagxeke izigqibo zobulungisa, bakhuthaze iinguqu zemithetho egwetywayo, bamisele ukulwa nokuchasana nokuchana kwemiqathango. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yakhusela intetho echaphazelekayo nengathandwayo, ibambe intetho echaphazelekayo [] Testas v. Johnson [199] (199) [ukutshisa iflegi luhlobo lokuthetha okufuzisela. Ukuchasa intetho yomfuziselo. Umatshini wokushicilela uxhomekeke kwiSinyuko Sokuqala ukunikela ingxelo kwiimvavanyo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuqinisekisa ukubonakala nokuziphendulela uwonke. Ngoxa ilungelo lokuhlanganisa ngoxolo libalulekile, indawo elungeleneyo, kunye nemiqatha yemiqatha, ukhuseleko lwenkululeko yoluntu. Okuqala ukukhusela intetho ekufuphi “engumthetho, kodwa ukonakalisa umgaqo owenziswe ngumthetho othe wakwayiphikisayo.
Ukukhuselwa Ekufuneni Izinto Ezingekho ngqiqweni: UMthetho Wesine Ohlaziyiweyo
Ukhuseleko lweSine soHlaziyo ekuphandweni okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhwaleka yenye yamalungelo asoloko ephicothwa ngomgaqo-siseko. Kufuna ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ukufumana isiqinisekiso kumantyi ongathathi-nxaxheba ngenxa enokwenzeka. Isiqinisekiso kufuneka sichaze indawo yokuphekwa nokubanjwa kwezinto. Kodwa, okungaphandle koko kuphumele ukulinganisela ukugcinwa kwamapolisa nokungabonwa. [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [25]. [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [1968] [68], iNkumele iNkuvumele ukuba bafumane ubungqina obukhoyo obukhoyo obukhoyo obukhoyo obukhoyo obuthiwe-Foctive".[FT]
Inkqubo Efanelekileyo Nohlaziyo Lwesihlanu: Ukhuseleko Lokungaboni Mbini Nokungekho Sikweni
UHlaliso lweNhlanu luqulethe izikhuselo ezininzi ezidityanisiweyo eziqinisekisa inkqubo yokusesikweni isebenza kakuhle. Inkqubo yayo efanelekileyo iyalela urhulumente ekunqandeni nabani na umntu wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kwenkqubo elungileyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba abamangalelwa kufuneka bafumane isaziso esaneleyo setyala, ithuba lokuviwa, kunye nomenzi wesigqibo sobundilele. Kumo wezobulungisa, inkqubo efunekayo ifuna ukuba ingxengxele-msho yokubhenelisa ubungqina bokuqesha ([ Brady v. Maryland v., 1963],.
Ilungelo lokuzibamba lithetha ukuba akukho mntu “oya kunyanzeleka ukuba abe lingqina ngaye nakweliphi na icala.” Oku kulela kudlulela kuncinwa ngamapolisa − kwaye isilumkiso esiqhelekileyo i-Miranda (“Unelungelo lokuhlala uthulile...”). Ukuba amapolisa akalunyukisi kakuhle ukrokra, iingxelo ezifunyenweyo zingacinywa. Ngaphezu koko, igalelo elibini lithintela umntu ekubeni avavanywe kabini ngenxa yetyala elifanayo emva kokuvalelwa okanye ukugwetywa, ngokusikelwe umda. Ekugqibeleni, ukusombulula ityala lesihlanu, ukuqulungela ukubuya komgwebo olukhulu lwetyala.
Ilungelo lokuvavanya ngokufanelekileyo: IsiHlayiso-Mpanzi seSithandathu
Ityala lilelona siseko senkqubo yokulungisa iMerika. UMthetho - siseko Wesithandathu uqinisekisa amalungelo aliqela akhethekileyo aqinisekisa ukuba ukuvavanywa kulungelelanisiwe yaye kuyakhanya.
Ukufanelekela Icebiso
Ilungelo loncedo lwesiluleko lingundoqo. Gideon v. Wainwright (63) yenziwa loo sidibanisi sasekunene kumazwe, ifuna iinkqubo zokukhusela uwonke-wonke kubamangalelwa abangeniswa. Ukuncamathiselwa kwasekunene “kumanqanaba abalulekileyo” okungtshutshiswa, kuquka ukuphenduliswa, ukuncinwa, kunye nokuvavanywa. Inkxaso esebenzayo iyimfuneko, kwaye isenokuphenjelelwa ukuba imigaqo yokukhusela ingasebenzi komgaqo-siseko ([[FLT:]] Srickland v.[FLT]
Ukuya Kwityala Elikhawulezileyo Nelasekuhlaleni
Amalungelo okuvavanya ngokukhawuleza athintela ukuvalelwa kwangaphambili okungaqinisekwanga nokuqinisekisa ukuba iinkumbulo nobungqina zihlala zihleli zintsha. INkundla Ephakamileyo isebenzisa uvavanyo olulungeleleneyo ukufumanisa ukuba ilungelo liye laphulwa kusini na, iqwalasela ubude bexesha lokulibaziseka, isizathu salo, ukuma kommangalelwa kwamalungelo, kunye nekhethe. Amalungelo okuvavanywa kukawonke-wonke aqinisekisa ukuba mhlophe, athintela ukuthembana kwebutho labantu, nangona iinkundla zinokuvala ityala kwiimeko ezimxina.
Ukufumana Umntwana Ongakhethi Buso Noxanduva
Abameli banelungelo lokuba netyala elinqunyulwa liququzelelwe liqela labachopheli-tyala abangakhethiyo, elikhethwe kwinkqubo engayifakiyo ityala kwaye elivumela iingxaki. Abachopheli-mthetho kufuneka bamele icandelo lodidi olufanelekileyo loluntu. Inkcaso ivumela abamangalelwa ukuba banqamleze amangqina abo. Ukuba ingqina aliveli ekuchotshelweni, iingxelo zabo zangaphambili zidla ngokuba zingenatyala ngaphandle kokuba ummangalelwa ebenethuba lokunqamleza ngaphambili.
Ngamany ’ amaxesha, la malungelo eSithandathu oMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo akhusela iinkolelo ezingekho ngqiqweni okanye ezifihlakeleyo, yaye abangela urhulumente athwale umthwalo onzima ukuze abonise ukuba unetyala ngokungenakuphikiswa.
Ukukhuselwa Kwisohlwayo Esinenkohlakalo Nesothusayo: UMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo Wesibhozo
ISigqibo soHlelo-Mpanzi-mali sesi-8 siyala ibheyile egqithisileyo, intlawulo egqithisileyo, nesohlwayo esingaqhelekanga. Ibinzana elithi “ityala nelingaqhelekanga” liye labangela ukuchazwa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo, ingakumbi malunga nesohlwayo sentambo yentambo yentambo kunye neemeko zentolongo. [ Furman v. Georgia[[[FFLT:]]] [12]] [7], iNkuvumba epheleleyo yavumela isohlwayo enyayelweyo ngokulula, kodwa ngoku ilawula ngoku kulinganiselwe ukusetyenziswa kwayo. Abantu abaneziphene zengqondo (FT.[4:]]][5]]] [5]]], i-FFFFFFON]], i-evomsvom.[4])
Ngaphandle kwamatyala okubulawa, uHlaziyo lweNkqutyana lulawula iimeko zokuvalelwa. Ukungazikhathaleli iimfuno ezinzulu zezonyango, ukugxambukela kwabantu ngokugqithiseleyo nokusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo kwamandla kunganyuka ukusa kwinqanaba lesohlwayo senkohlakalo nengaqhelekanga. Ngaloo ndlela ukuthomalalisa kusebenza njengomlinganiselo osisiseko wesidima somntu kuyo yonke inkqubo yokulungisa.
Impembelelo Yamalungelo OmGaqo-siseko Kokusesikweni Nakumbutho
Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko awangowona nje ukhuseleko oluthelekelelwayo; aye abumba ibutho lamaMelika ngendlela enzulu. Ixesha leNkundla yaseWarren (1953-1969) anda ngendlela ephawulekayo amalungelo abantu ngokungeniswa kweBhili yamaLungelo, ukuguqula iinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho zikarhulumente. Umbutho wamalungelo oluntu waxhomekeka kakhulu kumalungelo oMmiselo wokuqala weSigqibo kunye nesicelo sokucelwna ukumiselwa kwemigaqo-mthetho yokuzikhusela, kwaye uqhubele phambili ingxoxo yokufumana ukhuseleko olulinganayo lweGawulayo lokufumana utshintsho oluphawulekayo. Ilungelo lokucebisa likhokelwa kwemigaqo yokhuselo yoluntu kulo lonke ilizwe, nangona ukukhusela okungapheliyo kuhlala kungumngeni. Umthetho wokuzinziswano-mthetho onyanze ukwakhiwa, ukuphendula okuqhubekayo. Okwangoku, ingxoxo yokufumana ukhuseleko kunye nokuziphendulela kobucala, nokuba ngaba ukuchasa isigwebo sesohlwaywe ngokweminyaka.
Ukuqonda la malungelo kuxhobisa abemi ukuba baqonde xa bechaswa kwaye babe nenxaxheba kwimigudu yokuguqula inkqubo yokusesikweni. Abaqulunqi beMigaqo-siseko bayila iBhili yamaLungelo njengendlela yokuhlola uninzi lwamandla, --enye efuna ukuganana ngokukhutheleyo ngabantu abayikhuselayo.
Ubuncwane Bemfundo Obunceda Ukuqonda Okunzulu
Abafundisi nabafundi abafuna ukuphanda ngamalungelo omgaqo - siseko kwinkqubo yokusesikweni banokufumana ubutyebi obungaphaya kweencwadi zesithethe.
- [[UMTL: 0] Imithombo ecacileyo: Umbhalo opheleleyo we Bhill yamalungelo ikhona kwi National Archives. [ Iimbono zeNkundla [[FLT:] [FLT:] [ii-P]
- [[NTL: 0] Isiseko sogcino-lwazi somthetho: Iprojekti inikeza iingxibo zesandi zempikiswano, izishwankathela, kunye neenkcazelo ezicacileyo ze siNgesi zemeko zesiphawuli njenge [[FLT:] Mira, GON, kunye [[FLT: 8]] ne [[FLT:]
- Imibutho yemfundo yepic:[ I-Melikan Library Association inikeza izikhokelo kwinkululeko yolwazi, ngelixa [[FLT:]] i-ACLU’s Yazi Amalungelo Akho[ iphepha linikezela ngezinto eziluncedo zokuqonda amavandlana amapolisa kunye neenkqubo zenkundla.
- [[UMTL:0] izixhobo ezingasebenziyo: Ii-website ezinjenge iCbics (esekelwe yiJaji Sandra Day O’Connor) idlala imidlalo yengingqi kunye neeplani zesifundo ezifanisa iinkqubo zokuvavanya kunye nokwenziwa kwesigqibo somgaqo-siseko.
- Amaxesha oxwebhu neefilimu: IiFilim ezinjenge Ixilongo leGideon , iPaki ePhakathi Five, kunye ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' igophe elikhoyo lamalungelo omgaqo-siseko kunye nokungagqibeki kwenkqubo.
- Iinkqubo zokuvavanya i-Mock: uninzi lwemibutho yorhulumente exhasa izalathiso zebhari zixhasa ukhuphiswano oluphakathi kunye nolukhohlisiweyo lwesikolo samabanga aphakamileyo apho abafundi baphikisana ngamatyala okuthelekelela, besebenzisa imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko xa bebekwe.
Ngokusebenzisa ezi zinto, abafundi bagcina inkumbulo ngokunzulu beqonda indlela amalungelo omGaqo-siseko asebenza ngayo — nesizathu sokuba abalulekile.
Isiphelo
Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko asisisombululo sokhuseleko lomntu ngamnye kwinkqubo yokulawula yamaMelika. Ukusuka kwisiqinisekiso sokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kwiSindululo soMphengululo Wokuqala ukuya kumthetho weNkundla yeNtlalo-ntle, la malungiselelo aqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente akanakukwazi ukusebenzisa igunya ngokungenamkhethe. Anyanzelisa ukuba kugcinwe umthetho ukuba ufumane imvume, aqinisekise ukuba wonke ummangalelwa umele igqwetha, afune iimvavanyo ezifanelekileyo, aze akhusele ukuchaswa ngokungekho mthethweni. Ngoxa ukuchazwa kwala malungelo kuguquka kwizigqibo zenkundla, injongo yawo esisiseko ihlala ihleli: ukulondoloza isidima soluntu nommiselo wegunya. Abafundi noothisha, ukuwaqonda la malungelo akuyo nje imfuneko yoluntu. Ummi ofundileyo yisiqinisekiso esilungileyo sokuba izithembiso zomGwamGaqo-siseko zizaliswe ngumntu ngamnye, yonke imihla ngemihla yee-ebhishobhine.