Indlela Amalungu ERaje Sabha Abethwa Ngayo Nexesha Aphila Ngalo

Indlela Amalungu ERaje Sabha Abethwa Ngayo Nexesha Aphila Ngalo

I-Raje Sabra, ngokusemthethweni iBhunga lase-United States, yindlu ephezulu yePalamente ye-India ebizwa ngokuba yi-bidamaral. Imela amazwe kunye nemimandla yamaqumrhu, iqinisekisa ukuba izilangazelelo zikarhulumente zivakalisiwe kumgangatho wesizwe. Ngokungafaniyo neLok Sabhaha, enyulwa ngqo, iRajiya Sabbah ilandela inkqubo yonyulo engangqalanga elungiselelwe ukubonisa ukulungelelanisa umgangatho wabemi nomgangatho wommandla. Ukuqonda inkqubo yonyulo nobude bamalungu ayo kungundoqo wokuqonda umiselo lwedemokhrasi, ugcino-mthetho-mthetho, ugcino-mthetho, kunye noyilo lomGwalelo.

Eli nqaku linikela iinkcukacha, ingcaciso enegunya ngendlela akhethwa ngayo amalungu eRajeya Sabha, abalungisi benkqubo enye yokuvota edluliswayo, ubude babo begama, ukujikeleza kwezihlalo, kunye nemiqathango enxulumene nomGaqo-siseko. Likwaquka indima yamalungu angenamkhethe, imilinganiselo yokungalingani, nentsingiselo ebanzi yesi siko kwidemokhrasi yepalamente yaseIndiya.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko kunye nokumiselwa

IRaje Sabba imiselwe phantsi kweGatya 80 loMgaqo-siseko waseIndiya. Inokuba nobuninzi bamalungu angama-25: abameli bamaphondo namangingqi, kunye namalungu ali-12 atyunjwe nguMongameli. Amandla ahlukeneyo ngexesha elithile; njengo-2025, iRajiya Sabha inamalungu angama-245. Ulwabeko lwezihlalo kumazwe kusekelwe kubemi, kunye namaphondo amakhulu njengo-Uttar Pradesh athumela abameli abaninzi (ngoku ngoomhla wama- 31) ngoxa amazwe amancinane anjengeSikkim ethumela kuphela. Ingingqi ye-Uni inenani elincinane lezihlalo; umzekelo, Delhi noPuchry banoomatilo abanyuliweyo.

UMgaqo-siseko ukwayalela ukuba iRajiya Sabha iyindlu esisigxina kwaye ayinyanzelekanga ukuba idinwe. Ngokungafaniyo neLok Sabhaha, enegama elineminyaka emihlanu, iRajiya Sabba iqhubekeka ngokungenasiphelo, ngelungu elinye lesithathu lithatha umhlala-phantsi nyaka ngamnye. Lo msebenzi uqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka komthetho kunye nenkumbulo yowiso-mthetho, uyenza ibe ngumsebenzi ozinzisayo kwipoli yaseIndiya.

Inkqubo yoKhetho: Unyulo oluthe ngqo lweeNdibano zeRhulumente ezingokwasemthethweni

Amalungu eRajiya Sabba awanyulwanga ngqo nguwonke-wonke. Endaweni yoko, anyulwa ngamalungu anyuliweyo eLegislative Feader (MLS) yesizwe ngasinye. Le ndlela yonyulo ingangqalanga imiselwe liGatya 80 kwaye iqhubeke ichaza iinkcukacha kwi-medication of People Act, 1951. Umgaqo osezantsi ngulo MLS, onyulwa ngabantu, osebenza njengekholeji yonyulo yeRapya Sabha. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba indlu ephezulu ibonakalisa ukwakhiwa kwemithetho yolawulo yezopolitiko, ngaloo ndlela imela izilangazelelo zengingqi kumzingezo.

Unyulo luqhutywa yiKhomishini yoNkhetho yaseIndiya. Isikhundla sombuso ngamnye seRaje Sabba sigcwaliswe ngonyulo olunye, kodwa izithuba zigcwaliswe ngokhetho olubalulekileyo. Inkqubo isebenzisa inkqubo yomelo ngokusebenzisa uvoti oludluliswayo olunye (STV). Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba amaqela ambalwa okanye azimeleyo ngenkxaso engundoqo anokukhusela, yenza i-Rajiya Sabha ibonise ngakumbi intlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo zezobupolitika kwi-indibano.

Indlela Umsebezo Odluliselwa Ngawo Omnye Osebenza Ngayo

Uvoti omnye odluliswayo (STV) yinkqubo yokuvota ekhethekayo esetyenziselwa ukukhetha abameli abaninzi kwintsebenziswano yamalungu amaninzi. Kumongo weRajeya Sabba, lonke elo lizwe liphathwa njengemvume enye. I-MLA nganye ikhupha ivoti enye, kodwa olovota lungatshintshelwa kukhetho lwesibini okanye lwesithathu ukuba ngaba umbaleki wabo wokuqala wephondo sele ekhusele iivoti ezaneleyo ukuze baphumelele okanye baphumeze ukuphuma. Usukelo kukuba bachonge abaphumelele kwinani elichaziweyo levoti.

Umlinganiselo ubalwa usebenzisa indlela: ivoti ezisebenzayo / (Inani leesihlalo + 1) + . Umzekelo, ukuba urhulumente une 4-Lac Rajiya Sabba izihlalo ne 100 ML Ngokuvota, ivota ingaba (100 / 4+1) + 20 + 1 = iivoti. Umba okhuselayo ubuncinane 21 uvoti zinyusiwe. Ukuba umvoti ufumana ngaphezulu komlinganiselo, ingxolo iyatshintshelwa ngokulingana kwinketho lwesibini oluphawulwe kwezo maphepha ebhola. Oku kuyaqhubeka de zonke izihlalo zigcwaliswe.

Voters (MLS) ziphawule izikhethelo zazo ngamanani (1, 2, 3, njalo-njalo) kwiphepha lebhola. Ukubala kwenziwa kusetyenziswa indlela yomelo lolwahlulo ngevoti enye edlulisiweyo, njengoko ichazwe kwi Ihambo yeMithetho yoLuhlu, 1961. Inkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba iseti yokugqibela yophumelele ithelekisa umlinganiselo wevoti eyamkelwe liqela ngalinye okanye iqela phakathi kwendibano.

Umzekelo we STV kukhetho lwe Raje Sabha

Qwalasela irejista yaMandla i-Authon Rabya Sabba izihlalo ezinamashumi amahlanu e-ML njengovota. Umlinganiselo ngu-(100 / 3+1) + 1 = 25 + 1 = 26 amavoti. Iqela A linama- 55 ML A, iParti C ino-30, kwaye iCandelo C linaye 15. Umbutho u-X, ufumana amavoti angu-55 okuqala, ngaphezu komlinganiselo ngo-29 X unyulwe, kwaye intsalela ye-29 ithunyelwe kwinkozo ezikhethelo zesibini kwezo zingqubano. Ngoku ke, izihlalo zesibini ukusuka kwiParti AMLS Kuphela ziya kungena kwisigaba esilandelayo esisuka kwiqela. Ngoku, kunokuthi kunyuswe i-B Umbutho elincinane, ukuba kunyuke i-B.

Ubude Bexesha: Iminyaka Emithandathu Isebenzisa Ukujijwa Komhlala phantsi

Ilungu ngalinye leRaje Sabha lisebenzisa igama iminyaka emithandathu , njengeGatya le 83 lomGaqo-siseko. Noko ke, la magama adideka ukuze indlu iqhubeke isebenza kwaye ibe namava. UmGaqo-siseko ugunyazisa ukuba phantse kangangoko, ilungu elinye eli-3 lamalungu lithathe umhlala phantsi ekupheleni konyaka wesibini ngamnye. Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukunqanda utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kukwakhiwa kwendlu ephezulu nokunika uzinzo kumthetho.

Ujikelezo lumiselwe yiKhomishini yoNnyulo. Kwintlanganiso yokuqala yeRaje Sabba emva kokwenziwa kwayo ngo1952, amalungu ahlulwe aba ngamaqela amathathu asekelwe kumaqashiso, nexesha ngalinye eliphela emva kweminyaka emibini, emine, okanye emithandathu. Unyulo olulandelayo luzalisa izihlalo zamalungu arhoxileyo, kwaye amalungu amatsha asebenza ixesha elipheleleyo leminyaka emithandathu. Oku kuqhubekeka kuthetha ukuba unyulo luka Rajya Sabba lwaziwa kwizihlalo ezithe rhoqo zeminyaka emibini, nangona amazwe enokuthi abe nonyulo ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo kuxhomekeke kwixesha lamalungu awo ahlala emsebenzini.

Indlela Asetyenziswa Ngayo Amagama Agqithiseleyo

Masithi imeko inamalungu amahlanu amele ukuphelelwa ngamalungu angonyaka wama-2026, ama-2028, nama-2030. NgoAprili 2026, kuza kuhlaliswa unyulo ukuze kuzaliswe izihlalo zamalungu arhoxileyo ngowama-2026. Abo banyuliweyo baza kukhonza ukususela kuma-2026 ukuya kuma-2032. Okwangoku, amalungu anyuliweyo ngowama-2024 aza kuqhubeka de kube ngowama-2030. Esi sakhiwo sididekileyo siyaqinisekisa ukuba akukho lunyulo lunye lungatshintsha ngokuphawulekayo uninzi lwamalungu aseRapjaya Sabba, kwaye ulwazi lombutho lugcinwe ngaphaya komjikelo.

Izixhobo ezibangelwa kukuyeka, ukufa, okanye ukungalungi zigcwaliswa ngombane. Ilungu elinyulwe ngokhetho lisebenza kuphela kwigama eliseleyo legama lomntu owandulelayo, hayi igama elitsha elineminyaka emithandathu. Oku kugcina umjikelo oxengaxengisiweyo.

Ukufaneleka Nezinto Ezingamkelekanga Kumalungu

Ukuze afanelekele unyulo lweRaje Sabha, umntu kufuneka afikelele iimfuno ezichazwe kwiGatya 84 loMgaqo-siseko:

• Kufuneka abe ngummi waseIndiya.
• Kufuneka ubuncinane abe neminyaka engama - 30 ubudala (ubuncinane ubudala beLok Sabha buneminyaka engama - 25 ubudala).
• Kufuneka ube nezinye iimfaneleko ezinjengazo eziya kuxelelwa ngumthetho (ngoku, ukumelelwa koMthetho kaLuntu, 1951 kufuna umnyuli womthetho wepalamente).

Ukungalungisi kulawulwa liQumrhu 102 kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo woMgaqo-nkqubo wabantu, 1951. Iziseko ziquka ukuba nesikhundla sengeniso phantsi korhulumente, ukuba ngongenangqondo, ukuba ngaba ungakhutshwanga kwintengiselwano, okanye ukuba ugwetywe kwityala elithile. Ukudityaniswa kungavela ekuphambukeni phantsi kweShedyuli yeTenth (umthetho wokukhulula), nangona usihlalo weRajaya Sabha (usihlalo weVice-Prent weIndiya) enegunya lokugqiba ngetyala lokurhoxa lika-Rayya Sabahab.

Amalungu Atyunjwe Ngomkhethe: Udidi Olukhethekileyo

UMongameli umisa amalungu ali-12 ku-Raje Sabba phantsi kweSigqeba 80 (1) (a) somGaqo-siseko. Aba bantu bakhethwa ngenxa yobuchule babo kwimimandla efana noncwadi, inzululwazi, ubugcisa, inkonzo yoluntu, kunye nemidlalo. Injongo kukuba bazise abantu abadumileyo kwinkqubo yepalamente abanokuba nenkxaso yezopolitiko yokuphumelela unyulo kodwa banokuba negalelo elixabisekileyo. Amalungu angoonyulwayo anamalungelo kunye namandla afanayo njengamalungu anyuliweyo, kuquka ukuvota kuzo zonke iindleko ngaphandle kokuba abathathi nxaxheba kunyulo loMongameli waseIndiya (uMongameli unyulwa yikholeji equkwa ngamalungu anyuliweyo ezindlwini zombini, kodwa angangeni nxaxheba kwelo kholeji e-onyulwayo).

Amalungu atyunjweyo akwasebenzisa ibinzana leminyaka emithandathu, kodwa akathotyelwanga kucwangciso olufanayo lomhlala-phantsi njengamalungu anyuliweyo. Adla ngokutyunjwa kwiqela, kwaye namasiko awo ayatyibilika. UmGaqo-siseko awufuni ukuba amalungu atyunjwe angamalungu awo nawuphi na umbutho wezobupolitika, nangona enyanisweni abaninzi benxulumene nengcamango yeqela elilawulayo.

I-Ofisi yeNkcubeko yeNtshona Koloni

Iingingqi zeUnion (UTS) ezinezindlu zowiso-mthetho (Delhi, Jammu & Kashmir, kunye ne Puducherry) ezinyuliweyo uRajiya Sabhaha amalungu akwinkqubo efanayo yomelo, kodwa ngeMLS As amaqela azo ewiswa ngomthetho. Ezinye ii-UTs ezifana noChandigar, Lakshadhis, kwaye ezinye aziwanyulanga amalungu kwi Rajiya Sabha; umelo lwazo lunikwa ngamalungu angenawo amalungu aphantsi kweSigqeba ngaphantsi kweSigqeba 80(1)(c) (ngoku lupheliswe emva kweKham neKashmirmirn Reorgiation Act, 2019, kodwa ngenxa yeminye iUTs), njengoko ibonelelwa ngamanye amalungiselelo, i-Rapyaha i-skha iquka ukusuka kwi-Delkinsky (3), Pudhnk) kunye nezihlalo zokuhlala ezinyuliweyo (4) kunye nezihlalo ezikhethiweyo ezithelweyo.

Ukubaluleka kwenkqubo yokufuzisela

Ukukhethwa komelo lolungelelwaniso olusuka kwi-STV yeRajiya Sabra kusenziwa ngabom. Iqinisekisa ukuba amaqela amancinane nazimeleyo angaphumelela izihlalo ukuba anesiseko esiphezulu kwindibano yesizwe. Oku kuyaphikisana ‘ nokuqala ukudlula kwisixokelelwano seposi esisetyenziselwa iLokabhaha, esoloko idibanisa amaqela amaninzi. Inkqubo yeRajiya Sabba ngoko inika ukhangelo kwindlu esezantsi, ingakumbi kwimicimbi efuna iinkququ, njengentengiso yomgaqo-siseko okanye umthetho wezwe. Ikwakhusela izilangazelelo zikarhulumente kuba amalungu ayo enyulwa yimithetho yombuso.

Ngokomzekelo, kwimeko apho kungekho mbutho mnye oneqela elininzi, iminqophiso kufuneka isebenze kunye ukunyusela uRavya Sabba abathathi-nxaxheba. Oku kukhuthaza ukuxoxisana kunye nokulalanisa. Inkqubo ye-STV ikwanciphisa ukuvota, njengokuba kwanaleyo i-MLA engaxhasi umvoti ophumeleleyo inokubalelwa izikhethelo zayo.

Umahluko Ongundoqo Kukhetho lwe Lok Sabha

Feature	Rajya Sabha	Lok Sabha
Mode of election	Indirect (by MLAs)	Direct (by citizens)
Voting system	Single transferable vote	First past the post
Term	6 years (staggered)	5 years (dissolution possible)
Minimum age	30 years	25 years
Representation	States and UTs (population-based)	Constituencies (population-based)
Nominated members	12 by President	None

Ingcamango Yehambo KaRaje Sabha

IKhomishini yoNnyulo yaseIndiya inika isaziso esifuna unyulo lokuzalisa iindawo. Le nkqubo iquka:

1. Ukwandiswa konyulo: UMongameli, ngecebiso likarhulumente, ukhupha isaziso esichaza umhla wonyulo nenani lezihlalo eziza kuzaliswa.
2. Ukusetyenziswa kwemiba: kudibanisa amaphepha efayile negosa elibuyayo (ngokuqhelekileyo umphathi omkhulu we-IAS) ngexesha elimiselweyo. Unyuso ngalunye lufuna ufako (ngoku-7610 000 kubathathi-nxaxheba jikelele, 765 000 kwi-SC/ST) kwaye kufuneka kucetyiswa ngomnye uMLA.
3. [[UMTL: 0] Ukurhoxa nokurhoxa: Uhlolo lucuthwa, kwaye abaza kuthatha amanyathelo bangarhoxa ngexesha elinikiweyo.
4. Ukuvota: ngomhla ocwangcisiweyo, UML njengovota kwigumbi lendibano yengingqi kusetyenziswa ivoti yasemfihlekweni. Uvotelo luqhutywa ngamaphepha okuvota kunye neebhokisi ezikhethekileyo.
5. Ukubala: Igosa elibuyelayo libala amavoti esebenzisa indlela yeSTV. Afikelela kumlinganiselo omisiweyo ocacisiweyo. Ukuba bambalwa abathathi-nxaxheba abafikelela kwiqumrhu leesihlalo, umvoti onezona zincinci zikhethiweyo uyasuswa, kwaye amavoti abo atshintshelwa kwizinto ezikhethiweyo ezilandelayo. Oku kuyaqhubeka de zonke izihlalo zigcwaliswe.
6. [[UMTL: 0] Isaziso seziphumo: Igosa elibuyelayo libhengeza abaphumeleleyo.

Iingxaki Neengxubakaxaka

URaje Sabba Sabra unyulo luye lwadibana neengxaki zomthetho ngamanye amaxesha. Iimbambano ziquka ukutyholwa kokuchasa ucalulo, imfuneko yokuvula inkqubo yokukhusela ukuphambuka kweqela, kwaye imithetho yeNkundla ePhakamileyo engokulungelelene nemiyalelo yokuvota. Ngo-2017, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaqinisekisa ukuba ukuvota eRajiya Sabhaha akukhutshwanga kumthetho ochasene nomthetho wokulwa nolwaphulo-mthetho; yawisa umthetho wokuba i-MLAMLA evota ngokuchasene nonyulo lweqela eRajaya Sabha kusenokungaqinisekiswa. Kodwa kamva inkundla icacisa ukuba isiqhumbo sinokukhutshwa kuphela kuba abaqhubi beqela abaqhubi abaqhubi abavumi abavumiyo, yaye ingakhuthami phambi kokuba iqela labo libonise unyulo.

Isiphelo

Unyulo lweRajiya Sabba ngamalungu amelelwa ngokugqithiselwa ngomlinganiso omnye wokhetho lubuntlola obulungelelanisa umelo nozinzo. Igama elisisithende leminyaka emithandathu liqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kusenziwa ngokuvumela ukuhlaziywa kweemeko ngethuba. Le ndlela yokwakha yokwakha yorhulumente ngokunika intetho engqalileyo kwindlu ephezulu kwaye inika iingcali isithuba ngoqhaqho-magama. Ukuqonda inkqubo yonyulo iRajiya Sabba iyimfuneko nakuwuphi na umfundi wedemokhrasi yaseIndiya, njengoko ibalaselisa ukudisana okuphakathi kweenkqubo zonyulo, umgaqo-siseko, ubuchule, kunye nokuqhelisela kwezobupolitika.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, ibhekisa kumaxwebhu asemthethweni: i-Constitution of India (Antrola 80-84), iKhomishini yoNqulo yase-Indiya[[[FLT:] 3] ye-website ye-sethi ye-linderta e-Rajiya Sabha, kunye nonyulo [[FLT:] [FLT:] 4] Enclopedia Britannica ungeno lwe Rajya Sabha[. Iinkqubo ezineenkcukacha zikhona nako kwi unyuselo loMthetho,[FLT]