Amandla ayiyoengcamango ezingabonakaliyo ezifumaneka kwiincwadi okanye kwiindawo zokuhlala. Abumba uhlobo lobomi bemihla ngemihla ."I-influement eviwa kwintlanganiso yommelwane, elawulwa ngamazwi akwindawo yomsebenzi, indlela imigaqo echaphazela ngayo amaqela acuthekileyo, kwanendlela aba nobuhlobo ngayo. Ukusuka kwimpembelelo echuliweyo yenkokeli ekhokelela kumandla achuliweyo okungalingani kwezoqoqosho, amandla ahamba ngokuphuma kuyo yonke imibutho kunye nesiko. Ukuqonda ezi mpembelelo ziyimfuneko kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqhuba izakhiwo zentlalo ngendlela ephumelelayo, ukuxhasa utshintsho, okanye ukwakha nje ulwalamano oluhle nabanye.

Yintoni Elawula Amandla?

Amandla abhekisela kwindlela esasazwa ngayo, esetyenziswa, kwaye ephikiswa phakathi kolwalamano, amaqela, imibutho, kunye nemibutho. Igunya ngokwalo alilungile okanye alikho libi; kumandla obundindi okanye iziphumo zobume. Noko ke, [[FLT: 0]] ubuninzi begunya elifunyanwayo, elilondolozwayo, elixhasiweyo, okanye elabelweyo, nokuba elo gunya likhokelela kwintsebenziswano okanye ukulawulwa, okanye ukuxhatshazwa.

Amandla anokuthabatha iintlobo ezininzi, yaye iingcali ngentlalo zidla ngokuwahlulahlula ngokwamaqela amaninzi:

  • Amandla ombutho [[FLT: 0] – asekelwe kulwalamano, kwiinethwekhi, nakwikomkhulu lentlalo
  • Amandla athe ngqo – amandla okuphembelela ulawulo, inkqubo, kunye nokwenza izigqibo
  • Amandla oqoqosho – ulawulo kwimithombo yemali, imveliso, kunye nokusasazwa
  • Amandla okungqubana – ukukwazi ukubumba iinkolelo, amaxabiso, nezithethe ezabelana ngeenkolelo, nezithethe

Ezi ntlobo azifane zisebenze ngokuzikhetha. Umntu onamandla ezoqoqosho udla ngokufumana impembelelo kwezobupolitika; umntu osebenzisa iiwebhusayithi zokunxibelelana ezinamandla angandisa inkcubeko yakhe. Ukubona imidlalo yezo midlalo linyathelo lokuqala lokuqonda indlela amandla alawula ngayo abantu nobomi bethu.

Isiseko Samandla

Abaphengululi abanjengoMax Weber, Steven Lukas, noMichel Foucault bahlole amandla kwi-engile ezahlukeneyo. Weber wachaza amandla okunyanzela umntu ukuba afune kwanangokuxhathisa; uLuka wasungula imbono edityanisiweyo equka isiseko kunye neminqweno exonxanayo; kwaye iFucault yabona amandla egqithisiweyo, aphothiweyo kwintetho yemihla ngemihla kunye nemisebenzi. Ngelixesha ezi ngcamango zidibana kwingqiqo enkulu: amandla anxulumeneyo. Ikhona kwisithuba phakathi kwabantu, amaziko, kunye neenkqubo, kwaye iyakwazi ukutshintsha ixhomekeke kumongongomo-mongo.

Ngokomzekelo, i-CEO inegunya elisemthethweni kubaqeshwa, kodwa abasebenzi abalungelelanisiweyo banokusebenzisa amandla okulwa nokuxolelwana. Ngokufanayo, uluntu oluceliweyo lusenokungabi nako ukumela kwezobupolitika kodwa lusebenzise amandla abalulekileyo enkcubeko ngokuncokola nangezobugcisa. Ukuqonda ezi mpawu zonxulumano nolwelo kusinceda sibone ukuba amandla awalungiswanga `anokutshintshwa kwaye aphinde akhutshwe.

Igunya Entlalweni: Ukusetyenziswa Kwemali Kolwalamano

Amandla entlalo abangelwa lunxulumano, ukholo, isikhundla, namandla okukhuthaza abanye. Asoloko engabonakali njengegunya elisesikweni kodwa anempembelelo efanayo. Iinkokeli ezikwingingqi, umzekelo, zingabumba iimbono ngokuvakalisa nje inkxaso kwiprojekthi. Ingcinezelo yoontanga kwiqela lomhlobo isenokulawula indlela yokuziphatha ngaphandle komyalelo ocacileyo. Ukufikelela kulwazi ngomnye umlinganiselo: abo balawula ukuqukuqela leendaba okanye ukuhleba banegunya elibalulekileyo kwintlalo.

Iinethwekhi kunye nempembelelo

Uhlalutyo lweziko lwentlalo lutyhila ukuba abantu abanamaqhina amaninzi abuthathaka (iindawo zokunxibelelana, kunokuba babe ngabahlobo abasenyongweni) badla ngokuba namandla angakumbi kunalawo anezixinaniso, iingxoxo ezingqukuva. Le ngcamango, exhaswe yintlalo-ntle, ibonisa indlela amandla entlalo anokuvela ngayo kwizinto ezahlukeneyo zonxulumano kunokuba kukwindawo ephantsi kweliso. Kukulungelelanisa, ukwakha imidibaniso ebanzi nabaxhasi beemathili abahlukahlukeneyo liqhinga eliqinisekileyo lokukhulisa amandla entlalo.

Umzekelo wokwenene wehlabathi yindlela iintsebenziswano ezisetyenziswa ngayo kwimibutho yemibutho yemibutho yamajelo eendaba ukulwa ngokukhawuleza. Ingxwabangxwaba ye-Hong Kong, umbutho we-Black Live Matter, kunye ne-memosfection zobugcisa zixhomekeke kwii-intanethi zamanani ukuze zilungelelanise izenzo kunye nokusasazwa kwemiyalezo, zibonisa indlela amandla entlalo anokuvavanya ngayo izilangazelelo zezobupolitika nezoqoqosho ezimisiweyo.

Ingcinezelo Yoontanga Nendlela Abazivumelanisa Ngayo

Amandla entlalo akwabonakalisa njengengcinezelo engqinelanayo. Uvavanyo lodidi olufana noSolomon Asch novavanyo lokuthobela lukaStanley Milgram lwabonisa indlela abantu abasoloko benikezela ngayo kwizithethe okanye abantu abanegunya kwanangendlela abacinga ngayo. Nangona olu vavanyo lugxekwe ngezizathu ezifanelekileyo, lubalaselisa inyaniso esisiseko: umnqweno wethu wokuba ngabasebenzi nowamkelekileyo unokuba yingxaki. Ukuqonda oku kunceda ukuyila imigaqo edibeneyo enciphisa ingcinezelo yentlalo kwaye kukhuthaza iimbono ezahlukeneyo.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya ngamandla oluntu, bona olu hlalutyo lovavanyo lweMilgram kunye nohlohlolo lwayo lwegunya nolululamele ukuthobela.

Ulawulo Lwezobupolitika: Ukuyityeshela Imithetho Esiphila Ngayo

Amandla ezobupolitika amisela ukuba ngubani owenza izigqibo, yiphi indlela esungulwa ngayo, kwaye ngubani ongenelwayo kwinkqubo kawonke-wonke. Isebenza kwimigangatho emininzi .Isebenza kwiibhodi zesikolo zasekuhlaleni ukuya kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe ukuya kwimibutho yezizwe ngezizwe. Ingingqi enamandla ezobupolitika iyakwazi ukukhusela ubuncwane, ukukhusela amalungelo, nokulungisa izikhalazo ngokunempumelelo. Abo bangenayo imigaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke basoloko befumana iimfuno zabo zingahoywa okanye zithotyelwe phantsi.

Umelo nelizwi

Amandla ezobupolitika okwenyaniso afuna okungaphezulu kumalungelo okuvota asemthethweni; kufuneka amelo olunentsingiselo kunye nenxaxheba. Xa amagosa anyuliweyo ebonisa inani labemi neemfuno zabo, iziphumo zenkqubo zibonakala zilingana namacala ahlukeneyo. Noko ke, imiqobo yokwakha enjengesithintelo, uthotho, ukucinezelwa kwemibutho yezemali egqwetha igunya lezobupolitika elijongene nezityebi, namaqela alungelelanisiweyo.

Umzekelo, uphando lwesazinzulu sezobupolitika uMartin Gilens wafumanisa ukuba inkqubo karhulumente wase-U.S. isabela kakhulu kwizinto ezikhethwa ngabemi abafumileyo kunabo bafumana imali ephantsi okanye abemi abaphakathi (] Gilens & Iphepha, 2014)). Oku kubonisa indlela amandla ezoqoqosho angaguqula ngayo abemi bezobupolitika, umelo olufumana.

Ubandakanyeko lwe-CPU njengobuGcisa obuXhasayo

Phezu kwako nje oku kungalungelelani, amandla ezobupolitika anokukhiwa ukusuka emhlabeni ukuya phambili. Ukuzibonelela ngamaphulo asekuhlaleni, ukuya kwintlanganiso zebhunga lesixeko, ukulungiselela iidrafti zokuvota, kunye nokucela utshintsho zintlobo zonke zombutho woluntu othe wasasaza impembelelo. I-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) inika abantu izinto zokuzibandakanya, [[FLT:] ukwazi amalungelo akho [[[FLT: 1]] ukuba linyathelo elisisiseko.

Xa uluntu lulungelelaniswa ngokuzingisa, lungaguqula igunya lezobupolitika. Ngokomzekelo, iKhunga lamaLungelo elikwi-United States, lidibanisa imingeni engokwasemthethweni, imibhiyozo emikhulu, kunye nokwakhiwa kombutho osisininzi ukuphelisa ucalucalulo kunye namalungelo okuvota akhuselekileyo. Impumelelo yelo butho ixhomekeke kumandla entlalo (imisebenzi, iicawa, iinkokeli) kunye namandla ezobupolitika (izigwebo, izigqibo zenkundla).

Amandla Ezoqoqosho: Ubuncwane, Ubuchule Nolawulo

Amandla ezoqoqosho abangelwa kukuba nempahla, ukulawula imveliso, ukufikelela kwikomkhulu, kunye nempembelelo kwiimarike zengqesho. Mhlawumbi yeyona ndlela ibonakalayo yokulawula, kwaye inguvimba wemali kunye nobuhlwempu mihla le. Amandla ezoqoqosho atshintsha indawo abantu abahlala kuyo, imfundo abanokuyifumana, iziphumo zempilo yabo, kwanobude bobomi babo.

Imisebenzi

Kumsebenzi, amandla ezoqoqosho adla ngokusasazwa ngendlela engalinganiyo. Abaqeshi banegunya lokumisela umvuzo, iiyure neemeko. Abasebenzi bayakwazi ukulwa neli gunya ngamaqhina, ngembutho, ngembutho, nangemithetho yemisebenzi. Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ukuncipha kwamalungu amatsha kumazwe amaninzi kuye kwangqinelana nokungalingani kwengeniso, nto leyo ecebisa ukuba umsebenzi ubaluleke kakhulu ekusebenziseni amandla ezoqoqosho alungelelanisiweyo.

IZiko lezezoqoqosho ( EPI, 2021) amaxwebhu abonisa indlela umanyano oluthoba ngayo kungekuphela nje imivuzo esezantsi kumalungu omanyano kodwa kwakhona lunciphisa imivuzo kubasebenzi abangasebenzisanga semthethweni womvuzo kushishino.

Uphuhliso loLuntu nokuBekelwa kweeNgxelo

Kumgangatho woluntu, amandla ezoqoqosho angasetyenziswa ukuze kutshintshwe iinguqulelo ezifanelekileyo. Amaqumrhu ophuhliso lwezemali loluntu (CDFI), intsebenziswano, kunye nemali yotyalo-mali yasekuhlaleni zivumela abemi ukuba bahlanganise ubuncwane kunye nekomkhulu lolawulo. Umzekelo, ukuba nentsebenziswano yentsebenziswano eSpeyin kubonisa indlela enokulwakha ngayo impumelelo yengingqi ngexesha isasaza amandla ngokulinganayo. Ngokufanayo, amatyala oluntu athintela ukufuduswa ngokugcina iindawo zokuhlala zingabizi mali kunye nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni.

Ucelomngeni Lokungalingani Kwenkqubo

Amandla ezoqoqosho akwakho nakwiinkqubo ezifana nerhafu, imithetho yelifa, kunye nolawulo lweziko. Ulwandiso olugqithisileyo lwempembelelo yabantu abachaphazelekayo kwezobupolitika, kumajelo eendaba, nakwinkcubeko. Oku kungenza intsabelo: imali ithengwa, kwaye impembelelo ikhusela ubutyebi. Ukuqonda aba bagcinwna-phambili banceda abaxhasi kunye nabenzi beenkqubo banceda ukuyila utshintsho oluphelisa umjikelo, olunjengokwenza intlawulo oluqhubekayo, umthetho olwa nomthetho olawula imicimbi yemali, kunye neenkonzo ezisisiseko jikelele.

Amandla Enkcubeko: Ukugudisa Izithethe Neempawu

Amandla enkcubeko kukukwazi ukuchaza oko kuqhelekileyo, kunqwenelekayo okanye kuxabisekile kwibutho labantu. Kusebenza ngolwimi, amajelo eendaba, imfundo, unqulo, ubugcisa, kunye nemisebenzi yemihla ngemihla. Abo balawula ukuthethwa kwezithethe zabantu banokuyila indlela abaziqonda ngayo, abanye, kunye nehlabathi.

Umelo lwamajelo eendaba kunye noHlelo

Amajelo eendaba asisiXhobo esiphambili sempembelelo yenkcubeko. Amabali axelwayo, abantu abajongene nenkcubeko, nemibandela efunyanwayo ibandakanya zonke iingcamango zikawonke-wonke. Ngokomzekelo, uphando olunzulu lubonisa ukuba iinqobo zeentlanga nezobuhlanga zidla ngokuboniswa ngeendaba nakwezokuzonwabisa, okanye ziboniswa ngokulandelelana kwezinto. Ezi mpawu zimvo zoluntu, kuquka ikhethe elicacileyo kunye nemithetho ekhethwayo.

IZiko lophando lwePew libhale utshintsho kumelo lwe-media kunye nempembelelo zayo kuluvo lukawonke-wonke. Uhlalutyo lwe losasazo lwemiboniso lubonisa indlela izakhelo (umz., “ii-riot” vs.“ uthotho-moya” lungaxhasa okanye lungaphelise imibutho.

Imfundo Nolwazi

Izifundo zesikolo zelinye ibala apho igunya lenkcubeko liphikiswa khona. Oko kufundiswayo, ezona ncwadi zabelwayo, kunye neembono ezibekwe kwindawo yokuqala zibonakalisa kwaye zikhuthaza amandla anamandla. Iingxoxo ngenkcaso egxeka ingcamango yohlanga, imilinganiselo yesizwe, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yolwimi konke konke kuphakamisa ingxubevange yokulawula izithethe. Uluntu oluxhasa izifundo zemfundo zesikolo eziqukekileyo lusebenzisa amandla enkqelelweni ukuze luzibone indlela izizukulwana zexesha elizayo eziqonda ngayo nokusesikweni.

Ubugcisa Njengokoyisayo

Ngokuchaseneyo, ubugcisa, umculo, kunye noncwadi bekukudala kusetyenziswa ngamaqela aphantsi ekuqinisekiseni amandla enkcubeko. I Honaissance yeHarlem, inyonga-hop, iChicano mralism, kunye neIndaws ichaza zonke iingxelo ezilucelomngeni eziphambili zembali kwaye ingqina enye i-MFO. Amandla enkcubeko awaphezulu nje kuphela; anokusuka kwingca eyila, enika ilizwi kwabo bangaphazanyiswanga kwingxoxo ephambili.

Ukudibana Kwamandla

Akukho hlobo lwamandla olukhoyo kwi-athom. Ilungelo lezoqoqosho lidla ngokuguqulela kwintsebenziswano yentlalo; impembelelo yezobupolitika ingabumba iingxelo zenkcubeko; izithethe zingathethelela ukuxhatshazwa kwezoqoqosho. Ukuqonda ezi mjamelano kungundoqo ekucombululeni ukungalingani kwendlela. Ingcamango yokudibana kwemida, eqanjwe ngumphengululi wezomthetho uKimberlé Crenshaw, igxininisa ukuba abantu bafumana iintlobo ezigqwethekileyo zengcinezelo kunye nelungelo elisekelwe kuhlanga, ubufana, udidi, kunye nezinye ii-IMFrac.

Ufundisiso Ngemibandela: Izindlu Nokwahlulwa Komhlaba

Qwalasela inkqubo yokwandiswa kwezixeko ezininzi. Amandla ezoqoqosho (abaphuhlisi bezindlu zokoqobo, utyalo-mali) aqhuba amaxabiso empahla kunye neerente. Amandla ezobupolitika (okokwakha irhafu, izikhundla, izigqibo zokucwangcisa isixeko) anceda ezi nguqu. Izixhobo zentlalo (imisebenzi yabemi abatsha, abaninizo shishino) zitshintsha impucuko kunye nezithethe zentlalo. Amandla enkcubeko (ukukhutshwa kwemidaba” ngokunxulumene noluvo "ukungalungisi".) kulawula ukuncokola. Kubemi abade-maxesha amaninzi kufumaneka abantu abanombala------amandla asezantsiyokutshintsha abangela ukufuduswa, ukulahleka kwentlalo, ukulahleka kwentlalo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwenkcube.

Ukuxhathisa okuphumelelayo kufuna ukuhlolisisa zonke ezi nkalo kunye. Izithembiso zamazwe oluntu, imithetho yokuqesha, nokulondolozwa kwezithethe kuthatyathwa nganye kwezikhongelo ezahlukeneyo zegunya, kodwa zisebenza kakuhle ngokudityanisiweyo.

Indima Yelungelo

Umahluko ubalaselisa ilungelo. Ibhinqa elimhlophe lingaba nocalucalulo lobufanasini kodwa lingenelwe kwilungelo lobuhlanga. Umntu ofumileyo onombala angajamelana nobuhlanga kodwa abe namandla ezoqoqosho. Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kunceda ukwakha imibutho enqamleze umahluko nokuphepha ubulula “uxinzelelo. olucinezelweyo. Iinkqubo eziphosa amandla ukunqumla intsingiselo.

Ubuchule Bokwenza Amandla

Ukuqonda amandla kusisiqingatha sedabi. Esinye isiqingatha sisebenza kulwalo lwazi ukwenza uluntu olulinganayo. Nasi iindlela ezisekelwe kubungqina ezinokusetyenziswa ngabantu namaqela.

Uqeqesho olululo

Qalisa ngokhetho lwakho. Qalisa imvelaphi yakho ye-arhente-emodeli ye----injini, ubuchule, ii-gloring, ubuncwane bezoqoqosho, kunye nendlela ozisebenzisa ngayo. Uphulaphula ngaphezu kokuthetha? uyakwazi amaqonga angaboni? Ngaba uyakwazi ukuvelisa amandla okubhala nokubhala, uludwe lwamalungelo akhethekileyo lungaba zizixhobo eziluncedo, kodwa uqhubeke uqwalasela imicimbi ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na imithambo enye.

Ukwenza isigqibo esiquka wonke umntu

Ukungalingani kwamandla kudla ngokuvela kwizigqibo zeqela. Ukulwa oku, sebenzisa iinkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo ezifana nokuthetha ngokujikeleza, ukuvota okungaziwayo, okanye imizekelo esekelwe kwisivumelwano. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba amazwi azolileyo aviwa kwaye abantu abalawulayo abaqhubeli ziphumo. Abaxhasi badlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulinganiseni amandla ebudeni beentlanganiso.

Yakha iZikhundla kunye noLothungelwano

Njengoko kuphawulwe ngaphambili, amandla oluntu aphinda-phindwa ngenethwekhi. Izikhuphiso zidibanisa amaqela ahlukeneyo anamandla asebenzisanayo, --a engancediyo inokuba nobuchule, umanyano lunokuba namanani, iqela loluntu linokuba nentembelo. Zizonke, zingasebenzisa amandla angaphezulu kunayo nayiphi na into ekhoyo. Amandla embali abonisa ukwakhiwa komnqonqo wengxelo.

Ummeli Wotshintsho Lomgaqo-nkqubo

Ukungalingani kwamandla okwakha kufuna izisombululo zesakhiwo. Ukusetyenziswa kwemali yezenkxaso yezemali yesehlo, ukuhlaziywa kweendawo, imivuzo ephilayo, kunye noqingqo-mali olunokwahlukana kunganesasaza amandla ezobupolitika nawoqoqosho. Ukusebenza kakuhle kokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zobugcisa kudibanisa uphando, ukuxelelwa, ukuphembelela, kunye noxinzelelo lwengca. Izibonelelo ezifana ne [[FLT: 0] Brenan Center yeJastiwe[

Bafundise Yaye Banike Abanye Umandla

Yabelana ngolwazi ngamandla ngoomatshini abasebenza, iincoko zoluntu, okanye amajelo okunxibelelana nabantu. Xa abantu abaninzi beyiqonda indlela amandla asebenza ngayo, banokuwasebenzisa kakuhle kwaye bawacel ’ umngeni. Igunya alikho ngokunika amandla; lithetha ukwenza iimeko abantu abazibone baze bazifunele inkxaso yabo.

Isiphelo

Amandla asebenza ngokulinganayo; asoloko exoxwa kwintsebenziswano nganye. Ngokuqaphela umlinganiselo wamandla entlalo, ezobupolitika, ezoqoqosho, kunye nendlela adibana ngayo namaqela-----sisiba ngabathathi-nxaxheba abanempumelelo ngakumbi kuluntu lwethu. Ukuba ungumbangi, ummelwane, umphathi, okanye umzali, uyakwazi ukusebenzisa olu lwazi ukukhuthaza ulwalamano oluthe tye kunye neenkqubo. Injongo ayikokuphelisa amandla (injongo engenakwenzeka nenganqwenelekiyo) kodwa inokuba uyakwazi ukuwasebenzisa ngokufanelekileyo kwaye uyisebenzisele intlalo-ntle. Ixesha elilandelayo udibana nenkqubo yokwenza izigqibo, ukuxambulisana, okanye ukhenkcelw ’ ukubuza: [FLD:0] Ngubani ophuthelwayo apha? Kwaye singakwazi njani ukutshintsha icebo lokugweba? [FFF:]