Isiseko somGaqo-siseko samagunya orhwebo

Indlela yelizwe ngalinye yokurhweba ngezizwe isekelwe kumgaqo-siseko okanye kwimithetho yesiseko, enika imigaqo-siseko enxulumene norhwebo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. EUnited States, iCandelo lesi-8 lomGaqo-siseko linika iNgqungquthela “ukulawula urhwebo nezizwe zasemzini.” Lo Mphathi-mkhosi kaCelalisi, udityaniswe namandla okumisela izivumelwano zorhwebo nemisebenzi, kwenza iNgqungquthela yeNgqudu le-U. i-U.S. INkundla ePhakathiweyo ePhakamileyo ixhase igunya elikhulu kwimicimbi yezorhwebo yamanye amazwe. I-U. Ingu elilawula i-Programente i-nte epheleleyo lixhasa igunya lorhwebo kurhwebo lwamanye amazwe, inguMgaqo-siseko wemithetho-siseko wezorhwebo, isithisibe simisela amandla emalini yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yesizwe elawula umhlaba wonke, ingu - 2010, ingumthetho olungelelaniswe ngokusetyenziswa ngokungqinwa kweminye kwemithetho yemithetho yelizwe yemithetho yelizwe ye

Inkqubo Yomthetho Yezivumelwano Zorhwebo

IGama eliLawulayo neGunya eliLawulayo

Ingxoxo yezorhwebo idla ngokukhokelwa lisebe eliphetheyo — uMongameli, uMphathi-mikhosi, okanye iKhomishini yaseYurophu — enezinto zobuzwe kunye nobubhetyebhetye bokuthelekisa izivumelwano zamazwe angaphandle. Noko ke, izikhululo zowiso-mthetho azisoloko zihlala ecaleni kwemida. EUnited States, iBhunga liyakwazi ukunikezela ngeTradenti Progationiguementality Authority (TPA), isoloko ibizwa ngokuba “umjikelo okhawulezayo,” ovumela uMongameli ukuba aqhube ushishino lwezo lweBhunganiso olunokuvuma okanye olungenakuziyeka kodwa olungenakuziphelisa. I-TPA, ininzi isandula ukutsha kutsha kunyaka wama-2015, i-201, i-TPA imisela iinjongo ezinkulu ze-Pronamente yorhwebo. Ngaphandle kwemithetho ye-onqanda yorhwebo esetyenziswa yimeko ephantsi yemali epheleleyo (imvume yokufumana i-mali e-mali) eUnited States. Inguquactiventialmentalctive i-ance i-active ukuqinisekisa uku

Ukwenziwa kwemijelo nokusetyenziswa

Xa isivumelwano sorhwebo sityikitywa, izikhululo zowiso-mthetho emhlabeni wonke ziyabandakanyeka ekuhlaziyweni nasekuzalisekisweni kwamakhaya. Le yindawo apho amandla owiso-mthetho ebonakala kakhulu khona. E-U.S., izivumelwano zorhwebo ziphathwa njengesivumelwano sokulawula iqumrhu elifuna ivoti yoninzi kuwo omabini amagumbi. I-USMCA (ii-Mexico-Canada Revention), eyathatha indawo ye-NAFTA, edlula kwinkqubo enzima yenyanga-enyanga zokuvalwa, iphele, kunye nevoti yokugqibela epheleleyo kumaphondo ali-202020. Indlu yabameli ifuna ilungiselelo lokusebenza nokugcinwa kwemigaqo yemeko ebhaptiyo, nemithetho ye-State enyanzekileyo ye-Atlantic, nangaphambi kokuba urhulumente wolawulo lwe-EUSCOS ivume ukusetyenziswa kwe-CETAtka eninzi, ilandelana kwi-paramentine yesizwe ngasinye sesizwe, i-2020202020. Isivumelwano esifunwa ngurhulumente esithe phantseyibhishort, i-yo i-yo i

Indlela Amandla Aphembelela Ngayo Amacebo Orhwebo

Imisebenzi Yamatyala Nezithethe

Izindululo zihlala zingenye yeenkqubo ezithe ngqo zezixhobo ezisetyenziswa ukuphembelela urhwebo. Kwi-U.S., iBhunga ngokwembali limise amaqondo okulawula imicimbi yesizwe, kodwa liye lanika uMongameli igunya elithe ngqo elingaphantsi kwemithetho enjenge Trade Act yowe- 1974 (Umthetho wama-301 kwimisebenzi engafanelekanga yorhwebo), iTradentition of the Treadentivement of 1962 (Umthetho wama-232) i-Ulawulo lwesizwe), kwaye i-Interraliment Examplity Effemily Ethemily Acts Act. Ezi zivumela intloko-mandla ukuba i-ofisi ephambili imisele ngokukhawuleza, kodwa iiNkqulukwano ezininzi zigcine amandla okususa izenzo zobumongameli ngokugqitha umthetho ogqithisileyo — ukuvavanyaza okunqanda ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho-Rhavinti ye-odstiki egunyaze i-odsvolurn, kodwa ukugunyaza ukugunyaza ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho ye-ondle eligunyaza i-ondle eligunya eligunya eligunya eligunya eligunyazwe

IMiqobo neMigangatho eNgaveli-mthetho

Umthetho ukwalathisa urhwebo ngemiqobo engeyoyoya-staff efana nemilinganiselo yemveliso, ucoceko kunye nemilinganiselo yobugcisa. Umzekelo, uMthetho kaJones (UMthetho weMatilogu wangowe-2020) ufuna izinto ezithunyelwayo phakathi kweU.S. amazibuko enqanawa athwalwayo eMelika eyakhiweyo, iMelika ekwakhiwe ngayo, kunye nenqanawa ezidityanisiweyo. Lo mthetho uchaphazela ngokuphawulekayo indleko yenqanawa yokuthutha impahla kunye nemigaqo yorhwebo, esebenza ngokunempumelelo njengesithintelo esingeso sorhwebo kwiinkonzo zoshishino zangaphandle. Ngaphandle kokuphindaphindwa kweminxeko, uCongress Actives Act Act ngenxa yenkxaso eqinileyo ekufuneka inkxaso emkhosini yaselwandle kunye neyo. Ngokunjalo, i-UK imisela imigaqo-Dracs Ad Adworklands Ad Addys, kunye nemithetho ye-RGeneral, kunye nemithetho ye-RGenearvool i-ography, i-ography, i-opera yangaphandle nemithetho e

Izandi kunye nezilawuli Zorhwebo

Imithetho ingundoqo ekumiselweni kwemithetho yezomthetho yezomthetho, egunyaziswe ukugunyaziswa kwemiqathango yezoqoqosho nokulawulwa kwelizwe elithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, okubumba ukuhambela phambili korhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe. IBhunga lase-U.S. lidlulisela imithetho efana ne-Iran Sanctions Act kunye ne-Counting Meritive of America’s Trand Act (I-CATSA), egunyazisa izigwebo kwizinto zamanye amazwe angaphandle ezenza izivumelwano zezoshishino ngokugunyaziswa kwemithetho yezorhwebo. Le mithetho inika igunya lokulawula imigaqo-mthetho yezonyango okanye ukunyanzelisa imigaqo, kodwa minyaka le komiti ye-EPropotla inika imigaqo-mthetho i-mthetho i-evosamkela imigaqo esebenzayo. Kwi-UK, i-Sanctionactions and Antinder Actal Actal Actsments Act, kodwa ivumela urhulumente onegunya solawulo lwaseYurophu kunye nemithetho esetyenziswayokulawulayonke, isenokusetyenziswa ngokuvunywa ngokunye i-onke, i-onke, i-onke

Uphando lwetyala loMthendeleko oPhawulayo kwiMithetho yezoTshayina

INAFTA ku-USMCA: I-Congressional Resal of North America Treade

Isivumelwano somNtla Merika weFree Trade Agreement (NAFTA), esasayinwa ngowe-1992 savunywa yiKhomishini yase-U.S. 1993, yayingumzekelo obalaseleyo wamandla owiso-mthetho okulawula urhwebo. Ingqungquthela yaqhuba ukuthethwa okude kwezindululo, iphikisana ngemisebenzi kunye nezivumelwano zemekobume, yaye ekugqibeleni yadlulisela umthetho onika izindululo ezithetha ngokushenxiswa komsebenzi kunye nezinto ezisemzinziswayo. Isenzo sokutshintsha kwemiqathango yemali yemali yaseMntla Merika. Iminyaka engamashumi eminyaka kamva, xa ulawulo lwe-Trump lwasebenzisa kwakhona u-NAFTA kwi-USMA, iBhunga lorhwebo lorhwebo lorhwebo lwe-USCA, kwakhona wenza indima epheleleyo. Indlu yoovimba-mali ephambili, eyaba nenyanzelelwa ngokusetyenziswa kwemiqatha ye-ESC. I-A, kwaneemele isetyenziswe ngoncedo lwesebe lorhwebo oluphezulu, kwaneenza i-Entensitiventi yezo zemali.

I-UK’s Trade Act 2021: IMithetho yeNkcubeko yeNkcubeko yeNtshona Koloni

Emva kokushiya iEuropean Union, iUnited Kingdom kwafuneka imisele inkqubo yayo yokuzimela urhwebo. UMthetho weTrade 2021 wawusisithuthi esiphambili sowiso-mthetho, sadluliselwa emva kwengxoxo enkulu yepalamente. Amalungiselelo angundoqo aquka okuseka iTrade Remedies Aguement i-Authority yokuhlola imisebenzi yokulahla nokuzidibanisa; ifuna ukuba urhulumente apapashe ingxelo ngaphambi kokuqalisa ingxoxo yezorhwebo; ukwenza inkqubo yokuhlola imigaqo yepalamente yezivumelwano zenkululeko (kungabo abavoti bevoti ebhaliweyo okugqibekileyo); nokuvumela iUK ukuba iqokelele urhwebo olukhoyo namazwe amathathu. Umthetho wawungalungiswa ngayo ngexesha lokuhamba kwawo ukuya kwiPalamente: iNdlhoom yeNkosi ifake izifuno zentengo zezo zezoshishino zorhwebo nezo zemozulu ukuze zidityaniswe kuyo yonke izivumelwano zorhwebo lwexesha elizayo. Urhulumente samkela i-Aspognethispoints, i-ograc.

ICETA YEEU: Xa Ipalamente Zengingqi Zathi Zinqanda Ukwenziwa Kwento

IComprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) phakathi kweEuropean Union neCanada, eyatyotyelwa ngo-2016, yayingumsebenzi weflegi owawujongene nenkqubo yowiso-mthetho ekhethekileyo. Emva kokuba iPalamente yaseYurophu ivumile i-CETA ngo-2017, isivumelwano esifunekayo ngurhulumente ngamnye wamazwe e-EU. Kumazwe amaninzi, iipalamente zafuna ukuvota — ngokungakumbi iPalamente yaseWallonia (ingingiswa yindawo ye-Belgium efuna imilinganiselo engaphantsi kwe-3,6 ezigidi) eyala kuqala ukuvuma ukuvuma isivumelwano. IPalamente ye-lamente enxulumene nokukhuselwa kwemiqatha kwemiqatha yemali (kunye ukukhuselwa kwemiba) kodwa ekugqibeleni isenokungasayina ukuvunywa kwemithetho emininzi yemithetho yezolimo yezolimo yezolawulo (kuxhasa i-CMthe), i-EUS.

Ukungavisisani phakathi kolawulo lomthetho nokulungelelanisa

Imithetho ifuna ulawulo kunye nemfuneko yegunya elilawulayo yemeko yezizwe ngezizwe. Ukulawula okuninzi kakhulu kwemithetho-siseko kungacotha okanye kuthintele izivumelwano eziyingenelo zorhwebo; oku kuncinane kakhulu kunokuthoba ukuphendula ityala ledemokhrasi. Oku kuxinezeleka kuyabonakala kwi-U.Tradenti Promotiongation Aguvertivement Aguvertive (TPA). Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba kwenza umphathi wesigqeba akwazi ukuxoxa ngezenzo ezifanelekileyo ngokuthengisa izivumelwano zokuthelekisa amagumbi, izivumelwano zemali ezithelekeleleneyo, yaye i-utheko le mithetho ye-mali ye-mali ye-mali ekhoyo ye-omatilogosa, iquququze ivune i-ethe i-ethe i-USMMMMMPPPPP, ingubo yemiqatha kwimiqatha yemithetho yemithetho ye-TPA ebhaliweyo kwimiqatha ye-overejiko yemithetho emiselweyo. Kwimeko ekhululekileyongangeekhompume ephambili yemithetho egunya elikhoyo encowayo i

Amandla oMgaqo-siseko oGciniweyo kuLawulo loThambeko lwaMasipala nologcino-lwazi

Njengoko urhwebo lwehlabathi lonke luqhubeka nge-intanethi, izibonelelo zowiso-mthetho zimisela amagunya amatsha phezu kwemithetho yorhwebo yamanani. IKhomishini yase-U.S. iye yacinga ukuba iindleko ezininzi zokulawula ukuhamba komda we-data, i-algorithms, kunye netyala leqonga — zonke ezinamathuba orhwebo. I-DScom Protection Act 2018 kunye nezilandelayo ze-UK’S i-UC ibumba indlela i-UAG i-A ichaza ngayo izigqibo ze-data zezorhwebo. Xa i-UK ichaza izigqibo zezorhwebo ezinxulumene norhwebo kwizivumelwano zorhwebo. Ngoku i-U. I-EU. Isivumelwano se-A ibandakanya izahluko ezixhasa i-GDPR, kodwa i-Palamentelmenti ye-Europe kufuneka ivumele nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi naleyo i-DPromes, njengoko isebenzisa imigaqo ye-data enyanze i-A.

Isiphelo: Umgangatho Ozinzileyo Womthetho

Imithetho ilawula imigaqo-nkqubo yezorhwebo yamazwe ngamazwe. Ukusukela ekunikweni igunya elisemthethweni lokulawula izivumelwano zorhwebo ezibanzi, iintlawulo zimisela imithetho yezomthetho yeBhunga lehlabathi. Uphando lwe-NAFTA/USMCA, iUK Trade Act 2021, kunye nomthetho we-EUC CETA ubonisa ukuba naxa abalawuli besivumelwano, imigaqo-mthetho ibumba ibumba ibumba iziphumo zokugqibela — ngamanye amaxesha ukusa kwinqanaba lokuvala okanye lokubeka imigaqo ecacileyo yezorhwebo. Ukwenziwa kwemiqathango ye-stariffia/USMAR, ukubekwa kwemiqathango yemiqathango, kunye nomthetho yezoshishino-manani ephumayo yonke kwimisebenzi yomthetho-mthetho. Njengoko izivumelwano zezorhwebo zichaza imilinganiselo ephambili yemithetho yemithetho yasekhaya, imigaqo-ongqalelo-ngasese, i-data, kusenokuba kukwane nokutshintsha kwemithetho yezizwe ngezomthetho yelizwe lonke, ngenxa yemithetho yezorhwebo yezongamele i-omithe yelizwe.

[[UMTLL:0] Izalathiso ze-External:[[UMTL:1]

  • Inkonzo yophando lweKhomishoni, “Igunya loMthotho-ntle (TPA) nendima yeBhunga kwi-Trade Policy,” Iingxelo zeCRS[.
  • Ipalamente ye-UK, “Umthetho weTrade 2021: Umthetho wePalamente kunye neMithetho ye-Free Trade Acts,” Indlu yeLords Library[.
  • Ipalamente yaseYurophu, “Indima yePalamente yaseYurophu kwi Shaping EU Trade Policy,” [[FLT: 0] EPRS Ishwankathela[.
  • I-World Trade Organization, “Impinda yomgaqo-nkqubo: United States,” WTO.