Indlela Amandla Angxamisekileyo Asetyenziswa Ngayo Kwiimeko Zobunqolobi

Amandla eemeko amela utshintsho olusisiseko kulungelelwaniso phakathi kwenkululeko yomntu ngamnye kunye negunya likarhulumente ngexesha lobugrogrisi obuqatha besizwe. Kumongo wolawulo oluchasene nobugrogrisi, la magunya akhethekileyo avumela oorhulumente ukuba bagqithe iinkqubo zomthetho eziqhelekileyo kunye nezomGaqo-siseko ukuba baphendule ngesantya kunye namandla ukuze bathintele uhlaselo. Ngoxa la mandla ngokufuthi enziwa njengeemfuno zokwexeshana, ukuzalisekisa kwawo kuphakamisa imibuzo enzulu ngomthetho, ukuphenduliswa kwedemokhrasi, nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu. Eli nqaku linikela uvavanyo olunegunya ngendlela asetyenziswa ngayo kwi-crobitkistric, imigaqo engomthetho ewalawulayo, iimpikiswano ezibangela, kunye nocelomngeni oluqhubekayo lokwenza ulungelelwano olubambekayo phakathi kokhuseleko nenkululeko.

Ayintoni Amandla Exesha Lentlekele?

Amagunya angoorhulumente angoorhulumente abalawulayo angaqhelekanga, anikwe amagunya angoorhulumente alawulayo, adla ngokusetyenziswa kwiimeko ezinjengemfazwe, iintlekele zemvelo, iingozi zempilo kawonke-wonke, okanye izisongelo zobugrogrisi. La magunya avumela oorhulumente ukuba batyeshele iinkqubo ezisesikweni zomthetho, bamisele imiqathango kwinkululeko yasekuhlaleni, baze benze izenzo ebezingayi kuba zingekho mthethweni phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. Isigqeba sengqondo sithetha ukuba izisongelo ezikhethekileyo zifuna ukukhuselwa ngendlela ekhethekileyo ukukhusela ukhuseleko lwesizwe nokhuseleko lukawonke wonke.

Isiseko esisemthethweni samagunya ongxamiseko sayahluka ngaphaya kolawulo lolawulo longxamiseko. Amazwe amaninzi anemiqathango echaza ixesha nendlela anokubheniswa ngayo. Umzekelo, Inqaku lama-48 lomGaqo-siseko weWeimar owanikwa amagunya ongxamiseko abanzi kuMongameli waseJamani, ilungiselelo elaxhatshazwa kamva ngurhulumente wamaNazi. Ngokwahlukileyo, uMgaqo-siseko weUnited States awuniki qhinga lombuso wexesha likaxakeka, kodwa iBhunga loMbutho lemithetho elinguMphathi-mikhosi linike uMongameli imvume yexesha likaNombolo, njengoMkhosi wesizwe we-Emermouse Act CMgaqo-siseko ka-1976. Ngokufanayo, i-United Kingdom Ingqinela kwimithetho ye-CIvivil Convition 2004 kunye nezomthetho ochasene nomthetho-mthetho-mthetho woburhulumente wobuzwe lonke. Imeko ezinjalo azifuni kufuneki kuluntu, ngoko kunyaka othenjiweyo, kwaye azifuni ukusetyenziswa yimeko yoncedo lwemeko yoluntu.[FL.[FLD][F][3]

Amandla exesha lengxaki aquka uludwe lweendlela: ukujongwa ngokucokisekileyo kunye nokuqokelelwa kobuntlola, ukuvalelwa ngaphandle kwerhafu, imiqathango yokuhamba nokuhlanganisa, imiyalelo yolawulo, imithombo enqabileyo, kunye nokujongwa konxibelelwano. Umlinganiselo kunye nexesha lala mandla lidla ngokuphantsi kolawulo lwepalamente, uhlolo-mthetho, kunye neengxelo zokutshona kwelanga, nangona ukuphumelela kwezi zixhobo zokuzikhusela kungafani ngokubanzi.

Indlela Amandla Angxamisekileyo Asetyenziswa Ngayo Kwinkqubo Yokulwa Neenkqubo Zobuphekula

Imisebenzi yokulwa nobuphekula ixhomekeke kakhulu kwisantya, ekufihlekeni, nasekungeneleni okuzenzekelayo. Amandla ongxamiseko avumela abasemagunyeni ukuba benze into ngaphambi kokuba kuhlasele, ngokufuthi esekelwe kubukrelekrele obusenokungafikeleli imilinganiselo ecacileyo efunekayo kwiinkundla zezaphuli-mthetho. Ngapha koko ziindlela eziphambili ezisetyenziswayo la mandla.

Ubuchule kunye nendibano

Enye yezona zicelo ziqhelekileyo kulwandiso lwamandla okuhlola. Amandla ongxamiseko avumela abameli bobuntlola ukuba baqhube iingxelo zocingo ezingenagunya, ababoniseli bee-metam-data zothungelwano, unikezelo olufihlakeleyo, kunye nokuthumela ubugcisa obunenkqubela yogcino-lwazi njengophawu lobuso kunye nokuhlola i-drone. Umzekelo, iCandelo le-1555 leUSA PATRIOTTTT Agunyazisa ukuqokelelwa okukhulu kweengxelo zemfono, inkqubo eyathi kamva yagwetywa ngokungekho mthethweni yiNkundla yesibini yesibheno seSibheno sezibheno somfo. EFransi, imeko yongxamiseko ebhengezwe emva kokuhlasela komhla nexesha elingenagunyazo lokugweba imvume. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba imigaqo enjalo iyakwazi ukuchaza iiseli nokuphazamisa kootholo-ontatho, ngoxa abagxeki belumkisa nge-overy.

Incam yesixhobo sokunqanda

Ukunqanda ukuvalelwa komkhosi uvumela amagunya ukuba abambe abantu abarhanelwa ngokubandakanyeka kwabanqolobi ngaphandle kokutyholwa okanye ukuvavanywa ixesha elide. Oku kujongwa njengenye yezona zizathu zongxamiseko eziphikiswayo ngenxa yokuba iphulukene ngqo nelungelo lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni kunye ne-habeas corpus. I-United Kingdom’s Prevention of Terrorristion Act ingenisa imiyalelo yolawulo ngo-2005. ngokulandelayo ithathelwa indawo yi-Tervition Prevention and Investigation Amanyathelo (TPIM). I--ethelekelela iimfunopho eziyingozi zokuvalelwa, ukuvalelwa kwemiqatha, kunye nokuvalelwa kwe-elektrovity ngaphandle kwetyala. E-Israelrael, ukuvalelwa kwe-Rhuptic , ngokufuthi kusetyenziswa kakhulu kugxekwa kumaqela abantu abagwetyelwe amalungelo abantu ngokungekho mthethweni nangokwesigxina. Isitshixo somthetho singuqunduku

Imiqathango yeNkqubela neNgqungquthela

Amandla eemeko angathintela inkululeko yokuhamba kunye nendibano ukuthintela abagrogrisi ekucebiseni okanye ekunxibelelaneni. Oku kuquka ukumiswa kwexesha okulula, ukumiswa kwexesha, ukuxilongwa kwezithuba, nokuvinjelwa kweentlanganiso zikawonke-wonke. Ebudeni bomphumo wokuqhushumbisa kweLondon ngo 2005, amapolisa anikwa amandla okumisa nokuhlola phantsi kweCandelo 44 loMthetho wenkqubo wamaGreki 2000, evumela ukuba anqande nabani na ngaphandle kokukrokreza okusengqiqweni. Inkundla yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu yafumana ukuba lo msebenzi waphulwa neQumrhu le-Europeanmental Convention on Human Rights. EIndiya, i-ACrimed Special Powers Act (AFS) isetyenziswe kwimiqatha yemiqatha leMithetholo ephikisanayo (AFS) ukuze imisele imiqatha yemiqathango ephakathi kwemidalo, ikhokelwe ukusetyenziswa ixesha elide lokuxhaphaza ngokweziko.

Izilawuli Zemali Nezonxibelelwano

Amandla eemeko adla ngokuhlasela abanqolobi ngokwemali kunye nothungelwano. Oorhulumente bangazenza lukhuni izinto, batyumbe imibutho yabanqolobi, baze bafune ukuba amaziko emali anike ingxelo yentengiso ekrokrelekileyo. UMthetho we-USA PATRIOTT wandisa igunya lokuthabatha izinto zezixhobo ezithenjiweyo ezixhaswe ubugrogrisi. Ngaphezu koko, amagunya ongxamiseko asenokufuna abaxhasi be-intanethi abathintela ukuxhathisa okanye ukuvala ii-intanethi kwimimandla ethile ethile. Umthetho wezentlalo-ntle kunye neenkonzo zeselula ngexesha lokhuseleko.

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Sasemthethweni Nolawulo

Ukukhusela ukusetyenziswa kakubi, ulwakhiwo oluqinileyo lomthetho kunye nolawulo-lwazi luyimfuneko. Ulawulo-melo oluninzi lufuna ukuba amandla olawulo-lwazi amiselwe ixesha elimiselweyo, axhomekeke ekuvuselweni kwakhona yindlu yowiso-mthetho, kwaye avuleke kucelomngeni lokugweba. Iingxelo zelanga ziphelelwa ngokuzenzekelayo ngamandla anjalo ngaphandle kokuba aphinde agunyaziswe. Umzekelo, uqokelelo lwemiqathango yesambuku ye-USA PATRIOT' lwamalungiselelo kufuneka ahlaziyiswe ngokuphindwe kaninzi phambi kokuba aphinde alungiswe kakhulu nguMthetho we-USA INFUSCODING

Amanye amazwe, njenge-United Kingdom, aneenkundla ezikhethekileyo ezinjenge-Princiligation Powers Tribunal ukusingatha izikhalazo ezinxamnye namaqumrhu obuntlola. Amanye, njengeJamani, afuna amanyathelo okuhlola ukuze avunywe yikomiti yepalamente. Amaqumrhu ezizwe ngezizwe afana [[FLT]][1] iKomiti yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo yezezobugrogrisi [[FLT] [[FLT]] akhuthaza ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela iimfanelo zamalungelo abantu ngoxa kuphunyezwa imiqathango ye-RGUSD. Iingxelo ezithe ngqo, ii-omatilo, kunye ne-ombs ezithe bhexekileyo zinegalelo ekuphenduleni ityala. Noko ke, imfihlolo yesizwe ekukhuseleni ukulawulwa kolawulo lwesizwe, inokwenza kube nzima ukuva ulwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukuxokisana Nokugxekwa

Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ongxamiseko ekulweni nobuphekula kugcwele impikiswano. Abahlalutyi bathi la mandla asoloko esetyenziswa kakhulu, ejoliswe ngokungafanelekanga okanye egcinwe ixesha elide emva kokuba isisongelo sokuqala sidlule.

Ukukhulula Kwabantu Namalungelo Abantu

Amandla eemeko amisela ngokwemvelo amalungelo asisiseko afana nokuzimela, inkululeko yokubonakalisa, kunye nenkqubo efunekayo. Imibutho yamalungelo abantu efana Amnesty International kunye [ kunye ne [[FLT][FLT][FLT][5] iMelika Liberties Union [[[FLT]] inike ingxelo apho iinkqubo zokuhlola zichaphazeleka ngokungaphazamisi imibutho emincinane, amaMelika, kunye nabaxhasi bezobupolitika. Imfihlo yemisebenzi emininzi ephikisana ne-GURGUSM. [FLT] ijonge umgaqo wesiko oluvulekileyokunene kubungqina obuchaphaza.

Amanyala Obuhlanga Nonqulo

Amandla amaninzi ongxamiseko asetyenziswa ngeendlela zokujolisa amaxhoba esizwe okanye amaqela onqulo. Uphando lubonise ukuba amandla okumisa nokuhlola kwi-UK achaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa abantu abamnyama nabase-Asia. E-United States, inkqubo yomva 9/11 yokhuseleko kunye neNational Security Hamport-Extibribation System (NTERS) zagxekwa ngokucukucezela abantu abasuka kumazwe amaSulumane nama-mority. Oku kungqubanisa uthelekelelo, amagxawo, kwaye kunokuthintela imigudu yokulwa kwe-Rhulumente ngokucutha nokunyamisa umthetho.

I-dolep noBulwelo

Amandla eemeko ajoliswe ekuzinzeni asoloko engookwexeshana. Umthetho we USA PATRIOT wadluliswa ngomtya wokutshona kwelanga, ukanti amalungiselelo awo amaninzi ahlaziyiwe okanye amiselwe ngokusisigxina. Amandla enzelwe ukulwa nezobuphekula aye asetyenziselwa ezinye iinjongo, njengokunyanzeliswa kweziyobisi okanye ulawulo lwezimilo. Le ngxaki, eyaziwa ngokuba "ukwenza i-eventing," isusa izikhuselo zedemokhrasi kunye nokwenza amanyathelo angaqhelekanga. Brennan Center yeJastent yeJastive yeJastial[] ilandele amagunya ongxamiseko akhoyo e-US.Mongameli, amaninzi ahlala ekhona kwi-odomalday.

Ukungabikho kokubonisa ngaphaya kombane nokuphendula

Oorhulumente basoloko becela ukhuseleko lwesizwe ukuba lukhusele amagunya ongxamiseko ekuhlolweni nguwonke-wonke. Iinkundla zentsilelo, ubungqina obucalucalulweyo, kunye nemiyalelo ye-gag, zithintela ukujongwa okunentsingiselo. Ukusetyenziswa "ooomeli abakhethekileyo" kwiimeko zobugrogrisi ze-UK"/_oooogxa babo abanokububona ubungqina obufihlakeleyo kodwa abakwazi ukunxibelelana ngokupheleleyo nabarhaneyo /_ukukrokrala kuye kwagxekwa njengokungangenekiyo. Ngaphandle kokubonakala, kukho ingozi yokuxhatshazwa, kwaye abantu abanako ukuhlola enoba la mandla ayalingana okanye ayasebenza.

Uvavanyo Lomzekelo

Ukuhlolisisa imizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene kucacisa indlela asebenza ngayo amandla kaxakeka nemiphumo ayenzayo.

Umthetho we-USA PTRIOT (United States)

Ibhalwe phantsi kweenyanga ezingaphantsi kwezimbini emva kohlaselo lwe-USA PARIYOTT, iSinyathelo sokwandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukuhlolwa nokuphandwa kwamandla omthetho wase-U.S. Ilungiselelo elingundoqo liquka ukuqokelelwa kwemibhobho ejikelezayo, ukufikelela kwiirekhodi zeshishini, kunye "sneak kunye nokuhlola" ukuphengulula okuye kwazizisa isaziso kumbandela. Umthetho waqhutyelwa impikiswano ukususela ekuqaleni, nto leyo ekhokelela ekudalweni kwe-USA INFUVG, uMthetho we-US, owenzileyo yokuqokelela izinqumla-mi ngee-mibhoxo. Ngoko ke, abaphathi abaninzi abachopheleyo bayaqhubeka besendaweni, kwaye impikiswano iyaqhubeka nokubekwa kwakhona kwecandelo lama-702 le-Elvertiveillance Act (FA), ehlasela abantu abangabanga-Melika kodwa abaqokeleli-Merika.

Ubunqolobi BeUK

IBhunga loMbuso linembali ende yomthetho ochasene nobunqolobi onxulumene nongquzulwano lwaseMntla Ireland, obelulungiselelwe ubugrogrisi bezizwe ngezizwe. UMthetho wama-orgorism 2000 wangenisa ukumiswa okubanzi nokuphengululwa kwamandla nomthetho wokuthintela ukukrokra iintsuku ezingama-28 ngaphandle kokuphatha. Ukuthintelwa kobuGrobistism Act, eyathi yabekwa endaweni yezobugrogrisi ngo-TPIM ngo-2010. Ngo-2015, i-Counter-Trorisism and Secut Servity Act ibeka umsebenzi kwimistial abantu ekuthinteleni abantu ukuba bangangeni kwimi, nto leyo abagxeki abagxeki beyiphikisa ukuba banikele ingxelo ngabantu abathenjiwe ngokungabi nalwazi. Amandla e-UK aye adlalw'ungene imingeni engo yomthetho ephakathi kweNkuquluko yoluntu.

Imeko Yengozi EFransi

After the November 2015 Paris attacks, France declared a state of emergency that lasted nearly two years, until November 2017. This granted police powers to place individuals under house arrest, conduct searches without judicial warrant, restrict public gatherings, and block websites. While the government argued these measures were necessary to prevent further attacks, human rights groups documented over 4,500 razzia (searches) that resulted in only a handful of terrorism-related charges. Critics also noted that Muslims and activists were disproportionately targeted. The state of emergency was eventually replaced by the counterterrorism law of October 2017, which made many emergency powers permanent but with some judicial oversight.

Imikhosi exhobileyo yaseIndiya iSiko laMagunya akhethekileyo (AFSPA)

I-AFSPA inika imikhosi exhobileyo ukuba ibanjwe ngaphandle kwemvume, iphengululo, kunye nokuvulelwa komlilo kubantu abarhanelwa ukuba bangenzi kucwangco lukawonke-wonke. Lo Mthetho ugwetywe ngokubanzi yimibutho yamalungelo abantu ngenxa yokubangela ukungasohlwaywa kwaye unegalelo ekubulaleni nasekuthuthukisini okungaphaya kwemida. Nangona umkhosi wamandla omkhosi unika umkhosi ukuba ubambe ngaphandle kwemvume, uphengulule, uphando, kunye nokuvulela umlilo kubantu abarhangqiweyo. Le meko ibonisa indlela anokuthi ngayo amandla kaxakeka angazinziswa ngayo, anqamle imfazwe yokuqala nokubangela umonakalo owexesha elide kubantu.

Ukulungelelana

Ukulungelelanisa inkululeko yokhuseleko neyabemi asiyo-equation-zerom. Uphando lubonisa ukuba amandla ongxamiseko asebenza kakhulu xa edityaniswe nolawulo olunamandla, imida ecacileyo, kunye nokuziphendulela kokwenyaniso. Imigaqo engundoqo yokufikelela olu lungelelwano iquka:

  • Iprojekthi yexesha longxamiseko kufuneka ibaluleke kakhulu kwaye ilungelelene nesisongelo esithile. Akufunekanga ibe yebanzi kunemfuneko.
  • [[UMKCIT: 0] Imida Yexesha: Amandla okutshona kwelanga kufuneka ngokuzenzekela ngaphandle kokuba ngokucacileyo agunyaziswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho emva kwengxoxo kawonke-wonke.
  • [[UMTL:0] Impinda yeJudicial:[[[FT:1] iinkundla ezizimeleyo kufuneka zibe negunya lokucel ’ umngeni kunye namanyathelo angento achasene namalungelo asisiseko.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umahluko: Oorhulumente kufuneka bapapashe iinkcukacha zokusetyenziswa kwamandla ongxamiseko, kuquka ugcino-lwazi oludibeneyo ngokukhangela, ukuvalelwa, nokujongwa.
  • Ungquzulwano lweNon-Discrimination: Amanyathelo angafanele ajoliswe kubantu abasekelwe kuhlanga, kunqulo, okanye kuhlanga. Umanyano loluntu lunganceda lwakhe ukuthembana luphucule ubukrelekrele.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ulawulo oluqulethweyo: iikomiti ezinikezelweyo ezinolwahlulo lolwazi kufuneka zihlolisise izenzo zolawulo oluphezulu zize zinyanzelise ubungqina.

Amazwe amaninzi aye enza utshintsho ukuze alungelelanise amalungelo awo ongxamiseko kunye namalungelo abantu. EUnited States, iUSA INKULUXAR ATE ibuyisela ukhuseleko lwangasese. EUnited Kingdom, ukusungulwa kwe-TPIMs kwavela ngolawulo olungqongqo. EFransi, umthetho ochasene nobuphekula wadala umgaqo osisigxina osemthethweni osisigxina kodwa kunye nohlolo lwepalamente. Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukusabela kubugrogrisi ngaphandle kokuphelisa imilinganiselo yedemokhrasi.

Isiphelo

Amandla eemeko zengozi aluncedo ekulweni nobugrogrisi, enika oorhulumente amandla okulwa nohlaselo. Ubuchule babo bokuphazamisa amaqhinga, ukuqokelela ubulumko nokukhusela abemi abanakupheliswa. Kodwa imbali ibonisa ukuba la mandla afanayo, ukuba akanqandwa, anokukhokelela ekuxhatshazweni, ucalucalulo, kunye nokuncitshiswa ngokusisigxina kwenkululeko yabemi. Ucelomngeni lwedemokhrasi kukuyila iinkqubo ezisemthethweni zokoqobo ezisebenza ngokuchasene nobugrogrisi nokulwa nochuku. Oku kufuna ukuqapha okuqhubekayo, impikiswano kawonke-wonke, kunye nokuzibophelela kumthetho. Njengokuba izisongelo zabanqolobi ziphelela amagunya ongxamiseko, ngoko ke kufuneka ukuba imilinganiselo ekhethekileyo ihlale ingaqhelekanga ingaqhelekanga kwaye ingabi yeyona nto iqhelekileyo. Uvavanyo olupheleleyo lwenkqubo yokulwa nongquzukisa i-orchitismism aluyithi qhayi ukuba inqanda okanye ikhusela inkululeko yayo.