Ukuqonda indlela amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho ahamba ngayo kwiinkundla kubaluleke kakhulu kuye nabani na ofunda umthetho, imbali, okanye umsebenzi obanzi wenkqubo yokugweba. Le nkqubo asisosiganeko esinye kodwa sisehlo esilungelelanisiweyo kodwa sisemlandelelwaneni wamanyathelo alungiselelweyo, ngasinye enzelwe ukukhusela amalungelo ommangalelwa ngeli xesha eqinisekisa ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kunye nokuziphendulela. Esi sikhokelo sinikela iinkcukacha, uhlolisiso olukhawulezileyo, ukusuka kuphengululo lokuqala ukuya kwinkqubo yokugqibela yokubhenela, kunye neengcaciso ezisebenzisekayo zemigaqo esemthethweni kwisigaba ngasinye.

1. Uphando: Ukwakha Isiseko

Inkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho iqala kudala ngaphambi kokuba inkundla ibandakanyeke. /iinkonzo zomthetho zamapolisa asekuhlaleni, amasebe omphathi-mikhosi, amasebe orhulumente anjenge-FBI/iminite ahlola uphando xa befumana isikhalazo, xa beqwalasela umsebenzi okrokrelekayo, okanye bekhokelwa ligunya eliququzelelayo. Injongo kukuqokelela ubungqina obaneleyo bokufumanisa ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luye lwenziwa nokufanisa umntu okrokrelekileyo. Le nxalenye ilawulwa ngumGaqo-siseko, kuquka ukukhuselwa kwe-Dimpramende yesine ekuphengululeni nasekuxhuzuleni okungekho ngqika nokuxhuzula (bona ISiko seNkuluvo sasemthethweni se-CORnell Information ] ukuze kuqwalaselwe i-mfandla.

Imisebenzi Engundoqo Yophando

  • [[UMTL:0] Ingqokelela yobungqina obubukhali: Izinto ezinjengezixhobo, iminwe, iisampuli ze-DNA, kunye nobungqina bamanani zigcinwe, zigcinwe, zigcinwe, zigcinwe, zithunyelwe, zithunyelwe ukuhlalutya i-ontensic.
  • Udliwano-ndlebe lwamaNgqina: lomthetho uthetha namaxhoba, ababukeli, kunye nabanye abantu abasenokuba nenkcazelo enxulumeneyo. Iingxelo zibhaliwe kwaye zisetyenziswa ukuxhasa okanye ukuvavanya ubungqina obuphathekayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuqwalasela kunye nokugada: i-arhente ingaqhuba ukhangelo lomzimba okanye lombane (ngokufuthi ifuna isiqinisekiso) ukuqwalasela iipateni, ukuqokelela ubukrelekrele, okanye ukuthatha umsebenzi ongavumelekanga.
  • Isiqinisekiso sokukhangela: Xa abaphengululi befuna ukungena kwindawo yabucala okanye ukuthatha izinto ezithile, kufuneka bafumane isiqinisekiso kumgwebi ngokusekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo. Iimeko ezinqamlezayo maxa wambi zivumela uphendlo olungenasiqinisekiso, kodwa ezi ziphantsi kohlalutyo olungqongqo lwetyala.

Uphando lungathatha iintsuku, iinyanga, okanye kwaneminyaka. Kwimeko ezintsonkothileyo . "ezinje ulwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo, ukuqhatha kwelanga, okanye ubugrogrisi() amaqumrhu anokuququzelela ukusebenzisa imikhosi yemisebenzi kunye nemisebenzi edibeneyo. Ubunjani bophando buphembelela ngokuthe ngqo amandla etyala elidlula kwiinkundla.

2. Ukubanjwa: Ukufumana Ityala Ekhohloni

Xa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kunokwenzeka kubangele ukukholelwa ukuba umntu wenziwe ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukubanjwa kungasenziwa. Ukubanjwa kukuncitshiswa kwenkululeko kwaye kufuneka uphile ngemilinganiselo esemthethweni. Ukubanjwa kunokwenzeka ngemvume (egunyazwe ngumgwebi) okanye ngaphandle komnye ukuba umphathi ungqinela ulwaphulo-mthetho okanye unobangela olindelekileyo kunye neemeko ezikhoyo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. igqibe kwelokuba ukubanjwa okungagunyaziswayo kuwonke-wonke kuvumelekile, kodwa ukubanjwa ngaphakathi kwekhaya kudla ngokufuna isiqinisekiso ngaphandle kokuba kuyimfuneko okanye kusetyenziswa (jonga i-parence (] v.[FLT]

Imizekelo Yokubanjwa

  • [[FLT: 0] Amapolisa abonakala phambi komgwebi, akhoyo afunga ukuba uthanda ukubonakalisa unobangela, kwaye afumana isiqinisekiso esityikityiweyo esigunyazisa ukubanjwa.
  • Ukubanjwa ngaphandle kwengozi kuwonke-wonke: Igosa elibona ityala okanye imposiso, okanye elinobangela onokwenzeka wokuba ityala lenziwe, lingabamba ngokukhawuleza elikrokrelekayo.
  • Ukubanjwa okungenasiphelo ngasese: Ngokuqhelekileyo kungqongqo ogqithisileyo; igosa lingangena kwindawo yokuhlala yangasese ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso kuphela ukuba kukho unobangela onokwenzeka odibanisa nobume obugqithisileyo, obufana nosukelo olushushu okanye umngcipheko wokonakaliswa kobungqina.

Xa ebanjwa, umphathi ufunda ngokuqhelekileyo ukrokrelwa wamalungelo abo (ilungelo lokuhlala buthule kunye negqwetha) ukuba kucetyiwe ukuncinwa kwegunya. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba naziphi na iingxelo ezenziwe kamva zifumaneka ngokuzithandela kwaye ziyafumaneka.

Ukubhala: Ingxelo yolawulo

Ukubhalisa linyathelo lolawulo elidala ingxelo esemthethweni yokubanjwa nokuchanabeka kwetyala okanye ukungabi natyala.

Iinkqubo ezisezantsi zokubhaliweyo

  • Ukushicilela: Iiroli ezilishumi ezishicilelweyo zithathwa ngombane okanye kumakhadi e ink. Ezi shicilelo zahlulwe kunye nereyithingi yelizwe nerejista (umz., AFIS, IAFIS).
  • ukufota ngefoto (i-mogshot): imbonakalo kunye nemifanekiso ekwinkangeleko ithathwa ukuchaza nokugcina ingxelo.
  • Ulwazi lwesiqu salo: Igama, idilesi, umhla wokuzalwa, kunye nomsebenzi ziyabhalwa.
  • Uvavanyo lokubuya ngasemva: lomthetho uqhuba igama lokrokrelelweyo kwisiseko sembali yolwaphulo-mthetho ukuchaza phambi kokubamba, imvume, okanye iinkolelo.
  • Uludwe loluhlu: impahla yobuqu iyaqatshelwa ize igcinwe; umkrokreli usenokukhutshwa impahla yasetokisini.
  • Uvavanyo lobugoci-goci: Imibuzo yempilo esisiseko yezonyango neyezempilo yengqondo iyacelwa ukufumanisa ukuba ngaba umbambeli ufuna ukunyanyekelwa ngokukhawuleza okanye ukujongwa ngokuzibulala.

Inkqubo yokubhala idla ngokuthatha umntu ukuya kwiiyure eziliqela. Isikroti sibanjwa kwisisele de sivele phambi kwejaji (idla ngokubakho phakathi kweeyure ezingama-24 ukuya kwezingama-48, kuxhomekeke kummandla.

4. Imbonakalo yokuqala: Ungquzulwano lweNkundla Yokuqala

Ukuvela kokuqala (okukwabizwa ngokuba kukumangalelwa kwesikhalazo kwezinye iindawo) lusuku lokuqala lomkroti enkundleni. Ijaji yazisa ummangalelwa ngezityholo, iqinisekisa ukuba bayawaqonda amalungelo abo, yaye ithetha ngokukhululwa kwangaphambi kwetyala.

Ilungu lembonakalo yokuqala

  • Ukufunda izityholo: Ijaji ifunda isikhalazo okanye ulwazi oluchaza amatyala atyholwayo. Kwiinkundla ezininzi, ikopi inikwa ummangalelwa.
  • Ijaji iqinisekisa ukuba ummangalelwa unegqwetha. Ukuba ummangalelwa ungenamdla, inkundla iza kuqwalasela ukutyunjwa komkhuseli kawonke-wonke okanye omnye umcebisi omiselwe ngendleko karhulumente.
  • Ukuzimisela kobuBole: Ijaji imisela iimeko zokukhululwa, ezinokuthi ziquke imali yebheyile, ukuphinda ubonwe, okanye iimeko ezifana nokuhlola i-elektroniki, imiqathango yokuhamba, okanye ukunganxibelelani namaxhoba. IsiHlaliso seSiphendu se-Balk sithintela ukugqithisa kwebheyile, kodwa inkundla ingayikhanyela ngokupheleleyo ibheyile yetyala elinzulu okanye ukuba ummangalelwa ubeka umngcipheko okanye ingozi kwingingqi.

Kwimimandla emininzi, imbonakalo yokuqala ifutshane, ngokunjalo ingaphantsi kwemizuzu elishumi, ngaphandle kokuba kukho imibangxuma ngebheyile okanye umelo. Oku kuva kubangela ukuba iwotshi ivele kwiziganeko ezilandelayo, ezifana nokuva kokuqala.

5. Ukuva ngaphambi kokuba Uve: Ukuvavanya Ubungqina

Ukuchotshelwa kokuqala kusisiqinisekiso esibalulekileyo. Asilotyala elibalulekileyo kodwa kukuxilonga okuqhubekekayo ukufumanisa ukuba kukho isizathu esinokwenzeka sokukholelwa ukuba ummangalelwa wenze ulwaphulo-mthetho olubekwa icala. Ukuchotshelwa kubanjelwe phambi kwejaji, hayi umgwebi, kwaye ingtshutshiso kufuneka inike ubungqina obaneleyo bokuhlangabezana nomgangatho olindelekileyo onokuba ngunobangela osezantsi kunangephi na ngokungenakuphikiswa.

Injongo Nenkqubo

  • Ubalo lwamandla obungqina: Umtshutshisi uchaza amangqina, amaxwebhu, kunye nobungqina obuphathekayo. Ukuzikhusela kungabonisa ukunqamleza kwe-examine kwaye kuvavanye ukudityaniswa kobungqina.
  • [[UMTLL: 0] Unobangela olungileyo ofunyanisiweyo: Ukuba ijaji ifumana unobangela olindelekileyo, ityala liqhubekela phambili. Ukuba akunjalo, izityholo zingarhoxiswa, nangona umtshutshisi enokuthi ngamanye amaxesha aphinde apeyine ukuba kuvela ubungqina obutsha.
  • Ithuba lokufumana: Ukuva kokuqala kukwasebenza njengesixhobo sokufumana ukhuselo, ezivumela ukuba zibone imeko karhulumente kunye nobungqina bobungqina.

Asingawo onke amagunya aququzelela amatyala. Kwamanye amazwe, ityala liqhubeka ngokungqalileyo ligwetywa liqulunqwa liqulunqwa liqulunqwa ligosa elikhulu. Ukuba ityala langaphambili libanjelwe kwaye kumele ukuba kufunyanwe unobangela, ityala libotshelelwe kwinkundla evavanyayo.

6. Isifungo okanye ulwazi: Ulawulo oluqhelekileyo

Emva kokwenza ukuzimisela, isixhobo esibhatalayo esisemthethweni sikhutshwe. Iindlela ezimbini ezingundoqo zikhona: [[FLT: 0] idict (iqumrhu elingumgwebi) okanye i-information (ifakelwe ngumtshutshisi).

Umahluko nemisebenzi

  • Ityala: Iqumrhu elizukileyo labachopheli-mthetho (iqumrhu elipheleleyo) lihlanganisene ngokukhethekileyo ngenxa yale njongo", lifumana ubungqina emfihlekweni kwaye ligqiba enoba kunokwenzeka ukuba kucelwe ityala elisemthethweni. Amatyala asisigxina afuna ukuchotshelwa kwetyala elikhulu labachophele inkundla phantsi koMphetho-Mbetho wesihlanu. Malunga nesiqingatha samaphondo asebenzisa izijunga ezinkulu zezityholo okanye zonke iityala zetyala zetyala letyala.
  • Ulwazi: Kwiinkqubo ezininzi zenkundla yeli lizwe, umtshutshisi ufakela uxwebhu olukhohlakeleyo olubizwa ngokuba lulwazi emva kolwazi lokuqala olungqina isizathu esinokwenzeka. Ngoko ijaji ityikitya “umthetho wokwenyaniso” womangalelo kwimimandla ethile, ngoxa kwezinye ulwazi ngokwalo lumi njengetyala.

Enoba iliphi na ikhondo, ityala lidwelisa ulwaphulo - mthetho olungqalileyo ummangalelwa atyholwa ngalo, kuquka neziqalelo urhulumente amele azingqine xa kuchotshelwa ityala.

7. Ulungelelwaniso: Ukungena KwiPlea

Ulwaphulo-mthetho yimbonakalo kawonke-wonke yommangalelwa enkundlani ukuze aphulaphule izityholo ezisemthethweni aze angene esibongozweni. Ngokufuthi ludityaniswe nokubonakala kokuqala kwamanye amazwe, kodwa kwamanye lityala elahlukileyo emva kokumangalelwa okanye ukuchazwa.

Iinketho ze KPlae

  • [[FLT: 0] I-Guilty: Ummangalelwa uyavuma ukuba unetyala kwaye ukhulula ilungelo kwityala. Ijaji kufuneka iqinisekise isibongozo sokuzithandela kwaye sikrelekrele, kwaye kukho isiseko esiyinyaniso setyala.
  • Akanatyala: Ummangalelwa uyawakhanyela amatyala kwaye elityala liqhubeka lihamba kwintshukumo zangaphambili zomthetho kunye nokuvavanywa.
  • Akukho khuphiswano (nolo imattere): [ Ummangalelwa akavumi ukuba unetyala kodwa wamkela isohlwayo ngokungathi unetyala. Esi sibongozo siphepha ukuvunywa kwemvume enokusetyenziswa ekumangalelweni kwemibutho yasekuhlaleni. Ezinye imigaqo zithintela ukusetyenziswa kwayo.
  • Awubobo tyala ngenxa yokugula (kweminye imiqathango): Isibongozo esikhethekileyo esibangela uvavanyo lwengqondo kunye neziganeko ezinokwenzeka zokuzibophelela.

Ukuba ummangalelwa ucela ukuba angabi natyala, ijaji imisela ucwangciso lokuthatha inyathelo langaphambili letyala nomhla wokuvavanya. Ingxoxo yetyala isenokuqhubeka phakathi kokhuseleko nokumangalelwa ngalo lonke ixesha.

8. Intshukumo zangaphambili: Ukujika ibala ledabi

Phambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala, amacala omabini athatha inyathelo kunye nenkundla ukusombulula ityala. Ezi zintshukumo zingabuchaphazela kakhulu ububanzi kunye nesiphumo setyala.

Intshukumo zangaphambili eziqhelekileyo

  • Ukuququzelela ukucinezela ubungqina: I-Argues zokuthi ubungqina obuthile bufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni (umz., ukukhangela okungekho mgaqweni, ukuvunywa ngenkani) kwaye kufuneka kukhutshwe ekuvavanyweni.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Isicelo sokutshintsha indawo: izicelo ezishenxisela ityala kwenye indawo ukunqanda usasazo lweziko lobugcirha okanye ikhethe loluntu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukukhupha izityholo: ichaza isiphene esibulalayo kwimeko yejaji, njengokungagunyazi, ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo ovavanyo akhawulezileyo, okanye ubungqina obunganele.
  • [[NTL: 0] Ukuqulunqwa kokufunyanwa: kuxhasa ukuchotshelwa kwetyala ukunikezela ubungqina obulungileyo kwi-state (inkcazelo yekhampasi phantsi Brady v. Maryland) kunye noluhlu lwamangqina.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umbutho kwi-limine: ufuna umthetho wokuba ingaveliswa kusini na ubungqina obuthile okanye ubungqina ekucinyweni, ukuphepha ikhethe phambi kokuba abachopheli betyala balive.

Imiphumo idla ngokuchaza ubungqina nezimpikiswano eziya kunikelwa kwinkundla yabachopheli - tyala.

9. Ukuvavanywa Kwetyala: Ukugwetywa OkuseMbindini

Ityala kukuvavanywa okusesikweni kwetyala phambi kwejaji okanye abachopheli-tyala. Lisisiqinisekiso sokuqhubeka apho umtshutshisi ethwele umthwalo wokungqina zonke izinto zolwaphulo-mthetho ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okufanelekileyo. Ukhuseleko lunelungelo lokunikela ubungqina, amangqina anqamlezayo, kwaye luphikisa ukukhulula.

Oopopayi

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukukhetha (ukungalawuleki): kunye nejaji ibuza abachopheli bejaji ukuba bachonge ikhethe iqela elingakhethiyo. Icala ngalinye lingasebenzisa imingeni kunye nocelomngeni ukwenzela injongo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iingxelo ezivulayo: Ukutshutshiswa nokuzikhusela kuchaza amatyala abo. Akukho bungqina bunikiweyo; ezi ngxelo zishwankathela oko kwicala ngalinye liceba ukukungqina.
  • Ukunikezelwa kobungqina: Ingxengxezo ibiza amangqina ize izise imiboniso. Ingqwalaselo yetyala ingqina ngalinye. Emva kokurhoxa, ukuchasa kunganikela ubungqina bakho, kuquka ukubiza amangqina kunye nobungqina bommangalelwa. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokungangqini.
  • [[FLT: 0] Impikiswano ezicacileyo: Attney zishwankathela ubungqina kwaye zibongoza abachopheli-tyala ukuba benze izigqibo ezikhethekileyo. Ityala lihamba kuqala, emva koko likhusele, kwaye abatshutshisi banganika ukuphicotha.
  • Imiyalelo enzima: Ijaji ifunda imilinganiselo yomthetho ekhokelayo, kuquka ingcaciso yolwaphulo-mthetho, umthwalo wobungqina, kunye nezigqibo ezinokwenzeka.
  • Isigqibo se-JURY: Abachopheli-tyala bathatha umhlala-phantsi kwigumbi labucala ukuze baxubushe kunye nokuvota. Izicelo zingathatha imizuzu, iiyure, okanye iintsuku. Ukuba abachopheli-mvo abakwazi ukufikelela kwisigqibo esidibeneyo, lilungu lejaji elixhotyiweyo, kwaye inkundla ingavakalisa ityala eliphosakeleyo.

Ityala likaBench (ngaphandle kwenkundla yabachopheli - tyala) lilandela ulandelelwano olufanayo, kodwa ijaji kuphela egqibayo ngesigqibo.

10. Isifungo: Isiphumo

Emva kokuququzelela, abachopheli-tyala (okanye abagwebi kwityala lebheri) bavakalisa isigqibo enkundleni evulekileyo. Iziphumo ezinokwenzeka zezo:

  • [[FLT: 0] I-Guilty: Ijaji ifumanisa ukuba ityala liyingqinela yonke into ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okufanelekileyo. Ummangalelwa ugwetyelwe.
  • Ayinatyala: Ijaji igqiba ukuba ityala aliphumelelanga ukuhlangabezana nomthwalo walo. Ummangalelwa ukhululwe ngetyala elinye (ukhuseleko oluphindwe kabini lomngcipheko).

Kwezinye iindawo, amajaji asenokubuyisela isigqibo esikhethekileyo (ukuphendula imibuzo engoonobangela) okanye isigqibo esithe sayalelwa ukuba ijaji igqibele ngokusemthethweni ayinele. Ukuba isigwebo sinetyala, inkundla iyaqhubeka igweba.

11. Ukugwetywa: Isohlwayo Esishwabadelayo

Ukugwetywa kukwityala elahlukeneyo emva kokugwetywa. Ijaji ibeka isigwebo esisekelwe kwimigaqo esesikweni, uhlobo lolwaphulo-mthetho, imvelaphi yommangalelwa, nomphumo kumaxhoba. Amaphondo amaninzi asebenzisa imigaqo yokugweba encomela ukunyuka kwezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Iinkalo Eziqwalaselwa Ngumgwebi

  • Unyanzelo lolwaphulo-mthetho: ihomicide, ii-feloni zogonyamelo, kunye nezenzo zesini zidla ngokuba nezigwebo ezide. Iimpazamo zikhokelela kwisohlwayo esiphantsi.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ingxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho ephinda-phindiweyo: Abaphuli-mthetho bajongana nesohlwayo esinyusiweyo phantsi kwemithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho eqhelekileyo okanye imithetho emithathu.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Iingxelo ezithintelayo: amaxhoba okanye iintsapho zabo zingathetha okanye zinikeze iingxelo ezibhaliweyo ezichaza umonakalo owenziweyo.
  • [[NTL:0] Iimeko ezinyuswayo: Ukuzikhusela kunganika ubungqina bokuba ubuhlungu, ukugula ngengqondo, intsebenziswano namagunya, okanye isiqalo esinzima. Ingtshutshiso ingabalaselisa inkohlakalo, ukucwangcisa, okanye ukungcatsha ukuthembana.
  • Imigaqo yokufaka ipesenti: Iimeko ezininzi zinendawo edityanisiweyo okanye igridi ezinyanzelekileyo ezithelekelela umgama weenyanga okanye iminyaka. Ijaji ingasuka kwisikhokelo ngolungiso.

Iindlela zokugweba ziquka ukuvalelwa entolongweni, ukuvavanywa, ukuhlawuliswa kwemali, ukunceda abantu, ukujongwa kwezeelektroniki, okanye ukudityaniswa. Kwimeko zokufa, icandelo elahlukileyo lesigwebo limisela ukuba ukubulawa kufanelekile kusini na. Isigwebo sinikwa kwinkundla evulekileyo, kwaye kunokuthiwa kuyalelwe ukuba kukhululwe yaye kubuyiselwe.

12. Izibheno: Hlolani iNkundla Ephakamileyo

Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho alipheli de zonke izibheno ziphele. Ummangalelwa (ngoku ongummangalelwa) unelungelo lokubhenela kwityala eliphakathi okanye kwisigwebo. Kumazwe amaninzi, kukho isibheno esinye esingesokunene; uhlolo olubhekele phambili kwinkundla ephakamileyo yelo lizwe okanye iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S.

Iziseko Zokubhenela

  • [[UMTL:0] Iimpazamo zemali ekuchotshelweni: ezingafanelekanga ukuvuma ubungqina, imiyalelo ephosakeleyo yabachopheli-tyala, ukuziphatha okubi komtshutshisi, okanye uncedo olungasebenziyo lwesiluleko.
  • Ubungqina obungonelanga: Ummangalelwa uthi akukho sizathu esivakalayo senyaniso esinokufumana ityala ngaphandle kobuthandabuza obufanelekileyo obusekelwe kubungqina obunikiweyo.
  • Iimpazamo zentengiso: Isigwebo sasingekho mthethweni (Ngaphandle komthetho omkhulu) okanye ngokucacileyo asikho ngqiqweni.
  • Ubungqina obufunyaniswe ngokutsha: Kwimeko ezisikelwe umda, ubungqina obutsha obunokuthi butshintshe isiphumo singanyuswa kwisibheno okanye kwintshukumo yasemva kokukhupha.

Inkundla yetyala echazayo ihlola ingxelo yerekhodi("iirekhodi zoshicilelo, ii-screens, ubungqina , kwaye ingasiva impikiswano yomlomo. Ingakuqinisekisa ukuqinisekiswa, ukubuyiselwa nokubuyiselwa kwetyala elitsha, ukuguqula isigwebo, okanye ukugxothwa komyalelo. Ityala lidla ngokungabinakubhenela ekukhululweni, kodwa lingabhenela kwimimiselo ethile yangaphambili okanye isigwebo apho kugunyaziswe umthetho. Izibheno zingathabatha iinyanga okanye iminyaka, kwaye ngexesha elo mmangalelwa afakwa ngalo ngaphandle kokuba unikezelo lunikwe.

Ngapha koko:

Emva kokuba isibheno esingqalileyo sigqibile, abamangalelwa basenokufuna isiqabu kwinkundla yesizwe ukuba baphikisa ngelithi ukunyanzeliswa kwabo okanye isigwebo siphula amalungelo omgaqo-siseko wesizwe. Oku kusisenzo soluntu esilucelomngeni kumthetho wokuvalelwa. Amabanjwa aseburhulumenteni kufuneka akhuphe umbane wezonyango zikarhulumente kuqala. Izicelo ngokufuthi zikwinqanaba lokugqibela phambi kokuba isigwebo siphume, kwaye baphantsi kwemithetho engqongqo nemithetho engqongqo yemiqathango. Kumthombo onegunya kwi-habeas corpus, bona [[FLT: 0].S.

Isiphumo: Inkqubo

Inkqubo yetyala yenzelwe ukulinganisa umdla woluntu ekusohlwayeni ityala ngelungelo lomntu ngamnye kwinkqubo efanelekileyo. Iqonga ngalinye (ukusukela ekuphengululeni ngokubhena) liye lavela kwiinkulungwane zesithethe esisemthethweni kunye nenkcazelo yezomGaqo-siseko. Ukuqonda la manyathelo kunika ifestile kwindlela ephathwa ngayo okusesikweni nendlela amalungelo akhuselwa ngayo. Ukuqhubeka kufundo lwenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho, [[FLT:] U.S. iSebe locazulu lomthetho wenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho yezezolwaphulo-mthetho linika isishwankathelo esicacileyo, kwaye IJaji ye-Calvin Reference Servery Services Services [] inikela ulwano lwemiqathango kunye nenkqubo. Oku kusebenza njengomthombo wokufundisa, abafundi, nawuphicotho, nabani nabani nabani ofuna ulwazi olunzulu lomthetho.