Ukugxothwa kwesikolo sikawonke wonke kuphakathi kwezenzo eziqatha zoqeqesho ezinokuthathwa sisikolo, kwaye zithwala imiphumo ehlala ihleli kwingxelo yemfundo, amathemba ekholeji, kunye nekamva elipheleleyo. Ngenxa yokuba izibonda ziphezulu, umthetho ufuna ukuba izikolo zilandele imigaqo engqongqo efunekayo yezokhuseleko ngaphambi kokuba zisuse ngokusisigxina umfundi kwimeko-bume yemfundo. Ezi zinto aziyomiqobo yemfundo ephantsi kwemfundo; zilukhuseleko olusemthethweni oluyilwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba kulungile, luthintele izigqibo ezingekho ngqiqwele, luze luxhase umgaqo osisiseko wokuba akukho mfundi ufanele ahluthwe ilungelo lakhe lokufumana imfundo ngaphandle kokuva okusesikweni. Ukuqonda indlela inkqubo ekufuneka ngayo xa kukhutshwa kwemicimbi yokugxothwa, abaqeqeshi, abalawuli, abafundi, nabafundi ngokufanayo.

Yiyiphi Inkqubela Efanelekileyo Kwimfundo?

Inkqubo elindelekileyo yeyomthetho isekelwe kwiSindululo sesihlanu neseshumi elinesine soMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., esiqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu uza kuhluthwa “ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho.” Ngokomo-mongo wemfundo kawonke-wonke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iqaphele kudala ukuba umdla womfundi wokuya esikolweni uyindawo ekhuselekileyo ngokufanelekileyo ngoMgaqo-siseko. Oku kuthetha ukuba phambi kwesikolo singathabatha oko kukuthi, ngokuphuma ngqo okanye ngokugxothwa komthetho, kufuneka kulandele iinkqubo ezithile ukuqinisekisa ukuba isigqibo silungile kwaye kusekelwe kubungqina obuthembekileyo.

Ityala letyala lenkqubano emisela amalungelo afanelekileyo abantwana besikolo sikawonke-wonke nguGos v. Lopez (1975]. Kwimeko enjalo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi abafundi abajongene nokususwa kwemiqathango yexeshana yeentsuku ezilishumi okanye ezingaphantsi banelungelo lokunikwa isaziso esibhaliweyo okanye esibhaliweyo sezityholo, ingcaciso yobungqina, nethuba lokunikela icala labo. Kwiziphenelo ezingakumbi okanye ukugxothwa, iNkundla yabonisa ukuba kwaneenkqubo ezininzi ezisesikweni zisenokufuneka. Ukususela ngoko, iinkundla ezisezantsi kunye nemithetho iye yandisa ezikhoyo ezi ziinqobo, kodwa imigaqo ihlala injalo.

Ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo: Goss v. Lopez

Gos v. Lopez, abafundi abasithoba besikolo sikawonke-wonke saseOhio balekwa iintsuku ezimalunga neshumi ngaphandle kokuthethwa. Inkundla yagqiba kwelokuba ukuvalela kuphule amalungelo abo afunekayo kuba abafundi babenganikwanga isaziso sezityholo okanye ithuba lokuphendula. UJaji Byron White, ubhalisela uninzi, ugxininisa ukuba abafundi banelungelo elisemthethweni kwimfundo kawonke wonke yaye kwaneempempe ezimfutshane zingenza “ngozi enkulu” kudumo lomfundi nenkqubela phambili yemfundo. Isigqibo sabeka umgangatho wesizwe: akukho mfundi anokubekwa okanye agxothwe ngaphandle kwendlela encinane.

Kusukela IGos, iinkundla ziye zasebenzisa indlela yokuqiqa ekususeni nasekugxothweni okude, zifuna iinkqubo ezicazululwe ngakumbi xa ukunqandwa kungaphezulu. Umzekelo, amatyala amaninzi agunyazisa ukuchonga okusesikweni phambi kwebhodi yesikolo yongathathi-nxaxheba, ilungelo lokubiza amangqina, nelungelo lokumela ngokusemthethweni kwiimeko zokugxothwa. Iimfuno ezizo zenyani ziyahluka, kodwa iziseko zesiseko zidityaniswe ngokunqamleza imimandla.

Iinguqu Zenkqubo Elindelekileyo

Ngoxa iinkqubo ezingqalileyo zinokuhluka ngokwemeko nganye, ukugxothwa kwezikolo zikawonke wonke kumele kuquka izinto ezithile ezisisiseko ukuze kwaneliswe inkqubo efunekayo yomGaqo-siseko:

  • Amaphengululo ezityholo. Abafundi nabazali babo kufuneka bafumane inkcazelo ebhaliweyo echaza ukwaphulwa komthetho othile, isiseko esiyinyaniso sezimangalo, kunye nesiphumo esinokwenzeka sokuyalela (umz., ukugxothwa). Isaziso kufuneka sinikwe kwaneleyo kusengaphambili ukuze kunikwe ixesha lentsapho ukulungiselela impendulo.
  • Lithuba lokuchotshelwa. Phambi kokuba nakuphi na ukugxothwa kugqitywe, umfundi kufuneka abe nethuba lokuvela phambi komenzi wesigqibo ongakhethi buso (oknanjalo inqununu yesikolo, umphathi ovayo, okanye iqela lebhodi yesikolo) ukuxelela icala labo lebali, ukunikela ubungqina, kunye namangqina ombuzo.
  • Umenzi wesigqibo ongakhethi buso. Umntu okanye indawo yolawulo egqiba ukuba ityala akufunekanga libandakanyeke ngqo kwisiganeko okanye linekhethe lobuqu nxamnye nomfundi. Oku kuqinisekisa isigqibo sisekelwe kuphela kubungqina obunikiweyo.
  • Ilungelo lokubhenela. Ukuba isigqibo sokuqala asilunganga, umfundi nabazali kufuneka babe nendlela yokucel ’ umngeni isiphumo, ngokuqhelekileyo ngokubhenela kwiqumrhu lolawulo oluphezulu okanye enkundleni.

Ezi zinto aziyonto yokuzikhethela; zincinane kakhulu ngokomGaqo-siseko. Izikolo ezitsiba okanye ezinqumla naziphi na kuzo zisengozini yokugxothwa enkundleni.

Indlela Efanelekileyo Yokuqhuba

Le nkqubo iqalisa xa umphathi wesikolo efumanisa ukuba kukho ulwaphulo-mthetho olunokuthi lunyanzelise ukugxothwa `njengemfazwe enzulu, ukuba nezixhobo, amatyala eziyobisi, okanye ukuziphatha okuphindaphindiweyo okuphazamisayo. Ukusuka ngelo xesha, uthotho lwamanyathelo okuzilolonga lutyhila ukuqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni kulungile.

Amanyathelo okuqhubela phambili: Uphando nesaziso

Phambi kwazo naziphi na izityholo ezisemthethweni, amagosa ezikolo kufuneka enze uphando olusengqiqweni. Oku kusenokubandakanya ukubuza amangqina, ukuqwalasela indawo yokhuseleko, ukuqokelela ubungqina, nokuthetha nomfundi otyholwayo. Injongo kukuqokelela izibakala nokugqiba enoba kukho isiseko esaneleyo sokuqhubeka nokugxothwa. Ukuba urhulumente ugqibe kwelokuba agxothe, kufuneka anike umfundi nabazali isaziso esibhaliweyo. Esi saziso kufuneka siquke:

  • Ingxelo ecacileyo yehambo engafanelekanga eyayityholwa, kuquka imihla ethile, amaxesha neendawo.
  • Umthetho okanye inkqubo yesikolo engqalileyo ekuthiwa yaphulwa.
  • Inkcazelo yobungqina obuxhasa ezi zityholo.
  • Imiphumo enokubakho, kuquka ukuba nethuba lokugxothwa.
  • Umhla, ixesha nendawo ekuchotshelwe kuyo ityala (ukuba kukho umntu obekiweyo).
  • Ukwazisa ngamalungelo omfundi ebudeni betyala (umz., ukuthetha, ukunikela ubungqina obukhoyo, ukubiza amangqina, nokumelwa ligqwetha okanye ummeli).

Kufuneka isaziso sinikwe ngexesha elifanelekileyo ngaphambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala, qha, malunga neeyure ezingama-48 ukuya kwezingama-72, nangona amazwe amaninzi efuna ixesha elide lokugxothwa. Esi saziso sikwaxelela abazali ngendlela yokucela indawo yokuhlala, iinkonzo zokutolika okanye ezinye iinkxaso.

Ityala: Amalungelo Neenkqubo

Ukuva kusisixhobo esiphambili sokhuseleko olufanelekileyo. Kusindawo esilungelelanisiweyo apho isikolo nomfundi banokunikela khona ityala labo. Ukuchotshelwa kungenziwa ngumlawuli wesikolo, igosa elivayo eliqeshwe lisikolo, okanye iqela lamalungu ebhodi yesikolo. Ngoxa ucwangciso lunokuhluka, ezinye izikhuseli ziyaqondwa ehlabathini lonke:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ilungelo lokuba khona. Umfundi nabazali babo (okanye abagcini) banelungelo lokuya kwityala lonke.
  • Ilungelo lokunikela ubungqina. Umfundi angazisa amaxwebhu, iifoto, ucwecwe, okanye ezinye izinto ezixhasa ukuzikhusela kwabo.
  • Ilungelo lokubiza nokubuza amangqina. Umfundi angabuza abantu ngolwazi olunxulumeneyo ukuze angqine, kwaye bona (okanye abameli babo) banganqumla kwi-examine ebizwa sisikolo.
  • Ilungelo kwisigqibo esibhaliweyo. Emva kokuchongwa, umenzi wesigqibo kufuneka anikezele isigqibo esibhaliweyo esichaza okufunyenweyo kwento nezizathu zokugxothwa (okanye ngesohlwayo esincinane). Isigqibo kufuneka siphawule naziphi na iimbono ezichasanayo ukuba indawo yolawulo ibandakanyekile.
  • Ilungelo lokubhena. Isigqibo sokugxotha sinokubhenela kwibhodi yesikolo yasekuhlaleni okanye kumbutho wemfundo karhulumente, kwaye ekugqibeleni kwinkundla.

Kwizithili ezininzi, ityala lirekhodiwe okanye libhalwe ngoomatshini ukuze kubekho ingxelo echanekileyo yesibheno esilandelayo.

Indima Yomelo Olusemthethweni

Ngokungafaniyo nenkundla yabanye abantu, abafundi abajamelene nokugxothwa abanalo ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokufumana icebiso elingokwasemthethweni (ukutsho oko, umkhuseli kawonke-wonke). Noko ke, badla ngokuba nelungelo lokuqesha igqwetha labo okanye ukuba nomzali, umgcini-mthetho, okanye omnye ummeli okhoyo. Izikolo zisoloko zivumela ngezantsi kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zikhuthaza ukuba ngabazali bazise imvume esemthethweni, ingakumbi kwiimeko apho umfundi anokujamelana nethuba elide okanye apho ubungqina buntsonkothile. Amanye amazwe, njengaseNew York, ngokucacileyo anika abafundi ilungelo lokumela ngokusemthethweni ekuvalweni. Kwanakumazwi athi ukwenza njalo, ukuba ummeli umele aphucule ngamandla omfundi ukuqhuba inkqubo, ukuvavanyaza iziphumo ezimngeni-mngeni.

Amanyathelo Okusebenzisa IDiscopeliance

Iinkqubo ezilindelekileyo azithethi ukuba ukugxothwa akunakunqandwa. Iingingqi ezininzi zinemigaqo ekhuthaza ukuqwalasela amanye amanyathelo okuqeqesha ngaphambi kokuba ufune ukugxothwa.

  • Izigubungelo zesikolo ngenkxaso yemfundo kunye nokucebisa.
  • Iinkqubo zeJaji eziquke i- ezibandakanya umfundi olungisa umonakalo ngencoko kunye nenkonzo yoluntu.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Izicwangciso zongenelelo ezizizo zongenelelo zilungele ukucombulula iziphumo ezingundoqo.
  • [[UMTL:0] I-Transfer kwesinye isikolo [ okanye inkqubo yemfundo enika imeko-bume elungelelanisiweyo.

Izikolo azifuneki ukuba zinike ezinye izinto ezinokusetyenziswa kwimeko nganye, kodwa xa zikho, inkqubo efanelekileyo iqinisekisa ukuba umfundi unethuba lokucebisa ngolu hlobo kwaye ziqwalaselwe ngumenzi wesigqibo.

Umahluko Ongaphaya Kwamazwe

Inkundla ePhakamileyo icwangcisa isiseko somgca kwi Gos v. Lopez, kodwa urhulumente ngamnye unegunya lokunikezela ukhuseleko olungaphezulu. Ngenxa yoko, ukusetyenziswa okukhethekileyo kwenkqubo efunekayo ekugxothweni kwiimeko kungahluka ngokuphawulekayo kuxhomekeke kwindawo ahlala kuyo umfundi. Umzekelo:

  • [[NTLA: 0] ICalifornia ifuna ukuba ukugxothwa kuvunywe ngokusemthethweni phambi kwebhodi yesikolo, enemilinganiselo engqongqo yexesha nemfuneko eqwalaselwe sisithili yenye indlela yokufakwa phambi kokugxothwa. Abazali banelungelo lokuhlola bonke ubungqina phambi kokuva nokumelwe sisiluleko.
  • [[NTL: 0] Igunyazisa ukugxothwa kwetyala elinzulu (njengokuzisa umpu esikolweni) kodwa kwakhona kufuneka uviwo kwinani elithile lentsuku. Abafundi bangabekwa kwinkqubo yenye inkqubo yemfundo yoqeqesho (DAEP) njengenye indlela.
  • INew York [[FLT: 0] inika abafundi ilungelo lokucebisa kwaye ifuna ukuba igosa elivayo libe ngumntu ongakhethi buso ongasebenzi kwisithili sesikolo apho umfundi aye khona. Isithili kufuneka sinike umfundi uluhlu lwamangqina anokwenzeka kunye noshwankathelo lobungqina ababulindeleyo.

Amanye amaphondo aneenkqubo ezininzi zobuhlobo babafundi, ezifana nokufuna ukuba isikolo sihlawulelwe umcholacholi-ndaba wenkundla okanye sivumele igqwetha lomfundi ukuba libuze abasebenzi besikolo. Amanye asenokuba angakwazi ukubhalwa magama kakhulu, anika iibhodi zesikolo ubuchule obuphangaleleyo. Kubalulekile ukuba abazali nabafundisi baqhelane nemimiselo nemigaqo yesizwe. (Ngokomzekelo, Isebe lemfundo lephondo leNew York iSebe lemfundo kuqeqesho lwabafundi [ okanye [FLT:][FLT]][FLT]][FLT]][FLT][FLT]41][FF:][FLT][41]][Alinialiniasss'ievices showumes showumbiaaumes izibonelelo zezwe lemfundo zolawulo zolawulo lwezwe lombuso lombuso-Emfundo yokwalu .)

Uxanduva Neengxaki Zokwenene Zehlabathi

Naxa izikolo zilandela iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo, inkqubo efunekayo iyodwa ayinakuqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo zifezekile.

  • [[NTL: 0] Bangaqondi kakuhle. Abazali abaninzi nabafundi abawazi amalungelo abo. Basenokungaceli ukuva, bangabufumani ubungqina bokukhupha, okanye baphose ixesha elimisiweyo lokufaka isibheno kuba nje bengaqhelananga nale nkqubo.
  • ukungalingani kwamandla. isithili sesikolo sifumana icebiso elingokwasemthethweni kunye nobuncwane obungekhoyo kwintsapho eqhelekileyo. Kwanaxa umfundi enelungelo lokuzisa igqwetha, abaninzi abanako ukulithenga. Oku kunokukhokelela ekumeleni okungalungelelaniyo.
  • Uphando oluthe rhoqo lubonisa ukuba abafundi abamnyama, aba-Speyin, kunye nabodwa bemfundo babizwa ngokungalinganiyo ukuze bagxothwe. Iinkqubo zenkqubo ezifanelekileyo zinokusetyenziswa ukufihla imfihlelo engaphantsi kweemeko ukuba abenzi besigqibo abaqeqeshelwa ukuzibona. Amaqela e-Advocacy afana ne ACLU[ zibizwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukhuseleko lwenkqubo lungaluqwalaseli ubuchule obukwinkqubo obufunekayo obungakhange buqaleli ukuthatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yobugcisa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Izikolo zokugxothwa. zingasusa umfundi ngoko nangoko ukuba ziyingozi kukhuseleko. Ngoxa ezi “zicima-zinyuko” zivumelekile, zifuna ukuva phakathi kwefreyim efutshane yexesha (ngokufuthi iintsuku ezilishumi) ukuqinisekisa isenzo. Noko ke, ukuqhelisa, umgca phakathi kwenkxalabo yokhuseleko kunye noncedo loqeqesho lungafinyeza.

Ukwahluka Ekuqeqesheni

Inkqubo elindelekileyo ayiphelisi ukucalulana. Uphando oluvela kwiSebe lemfundo ye-Ofisi ye-Polity for Civil Rights lufumanise ukuba abafundi abaNsundu bagxothwa ngesantya esiphindwe kathathu kubafundi abamhlophe xa besophulwa ngendlela efanayo. Ngokufanayo, abafundi abaneziphene banyanzeleka ukuba basuswe ixesha elide. Ngoxa inkqubo elindelekileyo inika i-athom ukucel ’ umngeni ezi zizinto zahlukeneyo, umthwalo udla ngokuwa kwiintsapho eziphantsi kwecala ukuze babonise ucalucalulo olufanayo okanye olufanayo.

Uqheliselo Oluhle Lwezikolo

Ukuqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo efunekayo isetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo nangokufanelekileyo, izikolo kufuneka zithathe ezi nkqubo zilandelayo:

  • [[UMTL:0] Iqeqesha bonke abalawuli kwiimfuno zomgaqo-siseko ukwenzela isaziso, ukuva, nokwenziwa kwesigqibo sokungakhethi. Olu qeqesho kufuneka lugubungele imithetho ecacileyo yemo kunye nomthetho wemeko wakutshanje.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iprojected ecacileyo, efikelelekayo kwiintsapho malunga nenkqubo, kuquka izinto eziguqulelweyo kunye neenkonzo zokutolika zabazali abangeyosiNgesi.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Sebenzisa igosa elinobundilele lokuva elingaqeshwayo sisikolo somfundi okanye elibandakanyeke ngqo kwisiganeko. Izithili ezininzi ziqesha abagwebi abathatha umhlala-phantsi okanye abalamleli abaqeqeshiweyo.
  • Uxwebhu lonke uxwebhu lwenkqubo, kuquka isaziso esinikezelweyo, ubungqina obujongwe, kunye nokuqiqa okusemva kwesigqibo sokugqibela. Ingxelo epheleleyo ikhusela isigqibo sesikolo kucelomngeni olusemthethweni kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba ityala lixhomekeke kumthetho.
  • [[FLT: 0] Cwangcisa iindlela zokubuyisela umva [[FLT: 1] phambi kokuba ugxothe. Inkqubo elindelekileyo ayifuni isikolo ukuba sigxothe; kufuna nje ukuvalwa kakuhle ukuba ugxotho lusetafileni. Isithili ezininzi zifumana ukuba ukulungisa kwakhona okusesikweni kunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwakhona konyango kwaye kugcina abafundi esikolweni.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Jonga rhoqo ugcino-lwazi [ ukuchonga nokuphendula ubuhlanga, ubuhlanga, okanye ubulwelwe obusekelwe ekugxothweni kwerhafu kunye neziphumo.

Isiphelo

Imigaqo efunekayo yokukhusela ukugxothwa kwesikolo sikawonke wonke ikho ukuze ixhase okusesikweni kwinkqubo enamandla okuphazamisa ngokusisigxina uhambo lwemfundo lomntu oselula. Ngokusuka kwisaziso sokuqala setyala lokubhenela kwisicelo sokugqibela, inyathelo ngalinye lomthetho lenzelwe ukuthintela izigqibo ezizenzekelayo, isiqinisekiso sokuba ilizwi lomfundi liyaviwa, kwaye isohlwayo sifanelekile xa kusenziwa isohlwayo singekakhuselwa ngaphandle kokunikela amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Kubafundiswano kunye neentsapho ezifanayo, nangona isiseko somthetho sibekwe kwindawo yokuqala kamashumi eminyaka, ukuphunyezwa kwaso kufuna ukuphaphakanyiswa okuqhubekayo kubafundisi-mfundo, ukuqeqeshwa kwamagosa esikolo, ukuqeqeshwa kwabazali, nokufundiswa ukuba abazali bafumane ulwazi lokungafundiswanga. Ngokuqonda nokuhlonela oku, izikolo zinokuhlala zifunda ngokukhuselekileyo ngaphandle kokuzinikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Kwizikolo kunye neentsapho ezifanayo, ukuqinisekisa inyathelo lokuqala lokufumana uqeqesho olufanelekileyo phantsi komthetho.