Table of Contents

Inkqubo elindelekileyo imele njengenye yezona ntsika zibalulekileyo zenkqubo yomthetho waseMerika, isebenza njengendlela esisiseko yokukhusela abantu kwisenzo soburhulumente esizikhetheleyo kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni kulawulwa ngokusesikweni nangokungaguquguqukiyo. Lo mgaqo-siseko uthintela ukuncitshiswa "ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla" ngurhulumente wesizwe ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho. Ngaphezu kokuba ngubuchule obusemthethweni, inkqubo efunekayo imela ukuzinikela ekubonakaliseni okusesikweni, ukukhanya, kunye nomthetho oye wabumba igetye i-jurispra yaseMelika kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini.

Ukuqonda inkqubo efanelekileyo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela inkqubo yezomthetho yaseMerika esebenza ngayo nendlela amalungelo omntu akhuselwa ngayo kwiinkcubeko zikarhulumente. Olu khokelo lunentsingiselo luhlola imvelaphi, izicelo kunye nenkqubo yendaleko eqhubekayo yokukhuselwa kweenkqubo ezifanelekileyo eUnited States.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko senkqubo elindelekileyo

ICelass yeNkqubo ifunyanwa kuMgaqo-siseko wesihlanu noweshumi elinesine. Ngoxa ezi zindululo zombini ziqulethe ulwimi oluphantse lufane malunga nenkqubo efunekayo, zisebenza kwiinjongo ezahlukeneyo kwaye zisebenza kumgangatho owahlukeneyo karhulumente.

Umgaqo - siseko Wesihlanu Wokulungiswa KaClaus

I-Bas Process Claus of the Find 5 Amendment, eyamkelwa ngowe-1791, iqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu uya "kuhluthwa ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho". Oku kulungisa kuthintela amagunya karhulumente wezwe kwaye kusebenza kuphela kwizenzo. Njengenxalenye yeBhili yaMalungelo angaphambili, uMphengululo wesihlanu ubonakalisa inkxalabo enzulu yoBawo yokufumana inkululeko ekuxhatshazweni ngurhulumente.

UMthetho - ngqangi Weshumi Elinane Ofanele Ucwangciso LukaClaus

ISindululo soMphetho seshumi elinesine se-Access Claus sinikela ukuba akukho mbuso unokuthi uhluthe nabani na ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho. Emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya, iBhunga lamkela amanyathelo aliqela okukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye ekuphazanyisweni ngamazwe, kuquka uMphengululo weshumi elinesine, othintela amaphondo ukuba angahluthi "nabani na umntu wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho".

ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesine, ngokukodwa, samkelwa njengenye yeziHlaliso zoQokelela iMpanzi emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya, sikhusela abantu ekuphazanyisweni zizenzo zikarhulumente. Oku kwanda kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yokukhusela oorhulumente bamazwe kwamela iinguqu ezingundoqo kurhulumente waseMerika, ukuqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo omntu ngamanye aya kukhuselwa kuyo yonke imigangatho karhulumente.

Ingcaciso Ecacileyo NgooClaus Bobabini

INkundla Ephakamileyo ichaze i-Auth Process Clauses kwiSigqibo sesihlanu neseshumi elinesine. INkundla Ephakamileyo ithathe i-Aspect of the 14th Reconstment Clause ijonge i-Claus's Procession ye-14th Recomments (Inkqubo yoLawulo loLawulo lwe-Claus) ukuba imisele iinkqubo ezifanayo kumaphondo njengoko uLawulo lwesihlanu loMbetho lusenza. Le nkcazelo ithe rhoqo iqinisekisa ukuba imilinganiselo esisiseko yokusesikweni isebenza ngokulinganayo kuwo onke amanqanaba karhulumente waseMerika.

Amasebe Amabini Enkqubo Elindelekileyo: Iprocedtal kunye ne-injini

INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ichaza la mabinzana ukuqinisekisa intlobo-ntlobo zokhuseleko: inkqubo efunekayo (kwimicimbi yoluntu neyolwaphulo-mthetho); inkqubo efunekayo (isiqinisekiso samalungelo athile asisiseko). Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwamasebe amabini kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela inkqubo efunekayo esebenza ngayo kumthetho waseMerika.

Yintoni Inkqubo Elindelekileyo?

Inkqubo efunekayo yenkcazelo ibhekisela kwimfuneko yomgaqo-siseko xa urhulumente esenza ngendlela ebangela ukuba umntu ophila ubomi, okhululekileyo, okanye onomdla wempahla, umntu kufuneka anikwe isaziso, ithuba lokuviwa, kunye nesigqibo somenzi wesigqibo sobundilele. Inkqubo efunekayo yezomthetho igxininisa kwindlela abadlali bakarhulumente abenza ngayo izinto, nto leyo emisela iinkqubo zikarhulumente kufuneka zilandelwe.

Inkqubo yenkqubo efunekayo yenkqubo emiselwe ngurhulumente ekufuneka ayilandele ngaphambi kokuba ahluthe umntu ngoko "bomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla". Eli sebe lenkqubo efanelekileyo liqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zikarhulumente zilandela imigaqo elungileyo nemisiweyo, ukuthintela ukwenza izigqibo ezingekho ngqiqweni okanye eziguquguqukayo ezinokubenzakalisa abantu.

Yintoni Inkqubo Elindelekileyo?

Inkqubo esisiseko esisiseko ngumgaqo wokuba uMgaqo-siseko wesihlanu noweshumi elinesine weSihlaziyo sase-U.S. ukhusela amalungelo asisiseko ekungeneleleni kukarhulumente. Inkqubo efunekayo engaphantsi kwegunya igxininisa kakhulu koko abadlali bakarhulumente banokukwenza, ukukhusela amalungelo asisiseko ngokulinganisela ukungenelela kukarhulumente kwiinkululeko ezithile, njengamalungelo okutshata.

Inkqubo efunekayo ephantsi ikhusela abantu kwiinkqubo zolawulo ezigqitha imiqathango yegunya likarhulumente: iinkundla zingafumanisa ukuba ukumiswa koninzi akungomthetho kwaye akunakunyanzeliswa, nokuba iinkqubo zokumisela nokunyanzelisa zazilunga ngokwenene. Oku kuthetha ukuba nokuba urhulumente ulandela zonke iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo, akunakwaphula amalungelo athile asisiseko.

INkundla ePhakamileyo itolike iSindululo seNkundla sesihlanu neseshumi elinesine soMthetho ka-Awry Procession Clause ukukhusela amalungelo athile asisiseko omgaqo-siseko ekungeneleni kukarhulumente, kungakhathaliseki iinkqubo ezilandelwa ngurhulumente; la malungelo akhuselweyo, nangona engadweliswanga kumGaqo-siseko, agqalwa njengabaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba iinkundla kufuneka zijonge amanyathelo karhulumente achasene nawo ukuze ahlolwe ngokusondeleleneyo.

Izinto Ezingundoqo Zenkqubo Elindelekileyo

Inkundla igqibe kwelokuba inkqubo efanelekileyo ifuna, ngokomlinganiselo ophantsi: (1) isaziso; (2) ithuba lokuviwa; (3) nenkundla engenamkhethe. Ezi mfuneko zintathu zingundoqo zibumba isiseko sobulungisa obusesikweni kwinkqubo yezomthetho yaseMerika.

Phawula: Ilungelo Lokwazi

Imfuneko yesaziso iqinisekisa ukuba abantu banolwazi olufanelekileyo ngemicimbi engokwasemthethweni esenokuchaphazela amalungelo abo. Inkqubo yenkcazelo efunekayo isoloko ifuna urhulumente ukuba anike umntu isaziso kunye nethuba lokumphulaphula phambi kokuntsonwa okunjalo. Isaziso kufuneka sibelwa ngokusengqiqweni ukwazisa iqela elichaphazelekayo ngesenzo esizayo kwaye kufuneka linike iinkcukacha ezaneleyo malunga nendlela ezizokwenziwa ngayo ezi meko.

Isaziso esisebenzayo sisebenza iinjongo ezininzi. Sivumela abantu ukuba balungiselele ukuzikhusela, baqokelele ubungqina, bakhuseleke xa kufuneka. Ngaphandle kwesaziso esifanelekileyo, abantu abanakuba nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwimicimbi enokuchaphazela ubomi babo ngokuphawulekayo, benze nasiphi na isigqibo esilandelayo esingekho sikweni ngokusisiseko.

Ithuba Lokuviwa: Ukuchaza Ityala Lakho

Ithuba lokuva mhlawumbi yeyona nto ibalulekileyo kwinkqubo efunekayo yokuchasa iprocedmine. Ezi zikhuseli ziquka isaziso kunye nethuba lokuviwa, kunye noMenzi wesigqibo ongazimiselanga, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha inkqubo efunekayo engokwengcaciso isenokubandakanya ilungelo lokunikela ubungqina, ilungelo lokunqamleza amangqina aphikisanayo, kunye nethuba lokumelwe licebiso, phakathi kwezinye izinto zokukhusela.

Iinkqubo ezifunekayo zinokuhluka ngokweemeko. Kwizigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ithuba lokuviwa liquka ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokupheleleyo ngokufanelekileyo ngamangqina akhoyo, amangqina aphikisanayo, kwaye enze iimpikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni. Kwimicimbi yelizwe okanye yezolawulo, iimfuno zisenokuba zincinci ngokwesithethe kodwa kufuneka zinikezele ithuba elinentsingiselo kwiqela elichaphazelekayo lokunikela isikhundla salo.

Ityala Elingakhethi Buso: Likhuthaza Ubundilele

Umenzi wesigqibo ongakhethi buso ubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ityala elifanelekileyo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo igqibe kwelokuba kwiimeko ezithile, i-Uccess Clause yeSinyuselo se-14th Amendment ifuna ukuba ijaji izibeke icala ngenxa yomlo onokwenzeka okanye wokwenene womdla. Umzekelo, kwiCaperton v. A. T. Masteral Co. (2009), iNkundla yawisa umthetho wokuba inkundla ePhakamileyo yezibheno zeNtshona Virginia ayinakuba nenxaxheba kwityala elibandakanya umnikeli omkhulu kwinkundla yakhe.

Imfuneko yokungathabathi cala iquka nangaphezulu kwiingxaki ezicacileyo zomdla. Abenzi besigqibo kufuneka bafikelele kwityala ngalinye bekhululekile, bengenalukhethe okanye bengenawo ugwebo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zisekelwe kubungqina nomthetho obekwe, kunokuba zisekelwe kwiminqweno yobuqu okanye kwizigqibo ezimiselwe kwangaphambili.

Inkqubo Eqhelekileyo Elandelayo Kwezaphuli - mthetho

Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho zibandakanya ezona nkqubo zifanelekileyo zokukhusela kuba zinokuphumela ekuncitshisweni kwenkululeko okanye ubomi. Kwinkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho, inkundla ikhangela enoba inkqubo urhulumente ayithathi nxaxheba ichasene nengcamango yokusesikweni okusisiseko ukwenzela uhlalutyo olufanelekileyo; ngaloo ndlela ukuhlalutyiswa kwenkqubo efanelekileyo kufuna ukunciphisa iinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ilungelo Lokuvavanywa Ngokufanelekileyo

Inkqubo yomthetho elawulayo iquka imigaqo emininzi yezomthetho elungiselelwe ukukhusela ummangalelwa. Le nkqubo iquka ilungelo lokuxelelwa ngezityholo, ilungelo lokunikwa icebiso elingokwasemthethweni, ilungelo lokuthetha namangqina, ilungelo lokunikela ingxuwa, nelungelo lokumangalelwa ngabachopheli-tyala kwiimeko ezinzulu.

Kwiimeko zolwaphulo - mthetho, uninzi lwale nkqubo ifanelekileyo yokukhusela isohlwayo esihambisana nesokukhusela okungokwesiko okulungiselelwe ngumGaqo-siseko wesiXhosa saseUnited States, okuqinisekisa iinkqubo ezinokuthenjwa ezikhusela abantu abamsulwa ekubulaweni, nto leyo eya kuba ngumzekelo ocacileyo wesohlwayo senkohlakalo nesingaqhelekanga.

Ukukhuselwa Kwiinkolelo Zobuxoki

Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokumangalelwa ngokutsha xa ityala lingazi ukuba alibulungisi ubungqina bobuxoki, yaye le mpazamo inokuba negalelo kwisigqibo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba iinkolelo zisekelwe kubungqina obuyinyaniso nokuba abatshutshisi bayaziphumeza iimbopheleleko zabo zokufuna okusesikweni kunokuba bakhusele iinkolelo.

Ukungabufumani kakuhle ubungqina obufunyenweyo kukwasebenzisa imilinganiselo efanelekileyo yenkqubo ngokuthintela ihambo karhulumente engekho mthethweni nokuqinisekisa ukuba iinkolelo zihlala kubungqina obufunyenwe ngokusemthethweni. Xa ubungqina buqokelelwe ngokwaphulwa kwamalungelo omGaqo-siseko, iinkundla zisenokungabufaki ekucinyweni, nokuba ngenye indlela bekuya kuba negalelo eliphambili kwityala.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo kwimicimbi yamakhaya

Nangona amatyala asekuhlaleni esenokungabandakanyeki kwisisongelo sokuvalelwa, asenokuwachaphazela ngokuphawulekayo amalungelo abantu empahla, umsebenzi, iingenelo, nezinye izilangazelelo ezibalulekileyo. Kwimeko-bume, iinkundla zisebenzisa uvavanyo olulungeleleneyo phakathi kwezilangazelelo zobuqu, umdla karhulumente woluntu, kunye nokungaphili ngokuphosakeleyo kwenkqubo karhulumente yokungakhathalelwa komdla woburhulumente kwihambo yobuqu.

Uvavanyo Lwemathew

INkundla ePhakamileyo ivelise isiseko sokumisa inkqubo efunekayo kumatyala asekuhlaleni. Olu vavanyo lokulinganisela luqwalasela oothunywashe abathathu: umdla wobuqu ochaphazelekayo yisenzo sikarhulumente, umdla karhulumente ekusebenziseni iinkqubo ezithile, nomngcipheko wokungafunwa ngempazamo ngeenkqubo ezisetyenzisiweyo.

Le ndlela ibhetyebhetye iyaqonda ukuba iimeko ezahlukeneyo zisenokufuna imigangatho eyahlukeneyo yokhuseleko lwendalo. Umzekelo, ukuphelisa iingenelo zentlalo-ntle kungafuna imigaqo eninzi kunokukhanyela isicelo sokuqala, kuba lowo uthunyweyo unomdla omkhulu wokuqhubeka efumana iingenelo axhomekeke kuzo.

Iingenelo Ezikhuselekileyo: Ubomi, Inkululeko Nezinto Ezithile

Ngokuthetha ngokubanzi, inkqubo efunekayo yokuchaza ifuna abadlali bakarhulumente ukuba banikele izinto ezithile zokukhusela phambi kokuba bahluthe umntu ubomi obukhuselekileyo, inkululeko, okanye inzala yempahla. Ngaphandle kokuba omnye waloo mdla ukhuselweyo usengozini, i-AT Proce Claus yeNkqubo ka-Claus ayisebenzisi.

Ilayisensi, imisebenzi karhulumente ekhuselwe yinkonzo karhulumente, okanye iindawo ezikumaphepha entlalo-ntle zazichazwa ngemithetho karhulumente njengelungelo lolwalamano lomntu lokuligcina de kubekho isizathu sokulisusa, kwaye ngenxa yoko inkqubo yayifuneka ngaphambi kokuba lithatyathwe. Oku kwandiswa kwezinto ezikhuselweyo kuphawula ukuba abantu abaninzi baxhomekeke kwiingenelo zikarhulumente nasemsebenzini ukuze bafumane iimfuno zabo.

Inkqubo ePhakamileyo namaLungelo aPhambili

Inkqubo esisiseko esisiseko yenye yezona ndawo zididekileyo nezityhiliweyo zomthetho-siseko. Emva kokulandelwa kwe-Caroline Projects, i-U.S. 144 (1938), iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yagqiba kwelokuba amalungelo asisiseko akhuselwe yinkqubo efunekayo ngalawo asekelwe ngokunzulu kwimbali nesithethe sase-U.S., ajongwa ngokubhekiselele kwizithethe ezigqwethekileyo zentlalo.

Ukubona Amalungelo Asisiseko

Iinkundla ziye zajonga i-Unit Process Clause yaye ngamanye amaxesha amanye amacandelo omGaqo-siseko njengamkela amalungelo asisiseko "asekelwe kwingcamango yenkululeko eyomelezekileyo". La malungelo awachazwanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko kodwa sekunjalo agqalwa njengayimfuneko kwinkululeko nesidima somntu ngamnye.

Inkqubo esisiseko esisiseko iye yachazwa njengequka izinto ezifana nelungelo lokusebenza kuhlobo oluqhelekileyo lomsebenzi, ukutshata, nokukhulisa abantwana bakho njengomzali. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yawamkela amalungelo angundoqo ahlukeneyo kwiminyaka emininzi, kuquka amalungelo anxulumene nolwalamano lwentsapho, ukuzimela, nokuthembeka komzimba.

Ilungelo Lokuzifunela Uwedwa Nokuzimela

Enye yezona nkqubela zibalulekileyo kwinkqubo encinci yemithetho yesigwebo kukuqashelwa kwamalungelo obuqu. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yachaza inkqubo efunekayo yokuquka ilungelo lokufumana izinto zobuqu, ingakumbi ilungelo lokuthintela ukukhawula, nelungelo lokutshata umntu wohlanga olwahlukileyo.

La malungelo obuqu aye adluliselwa kwiinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo zokwenza izigqibo zobuqu. Inkundla ifumanise ukuba abantu banomdla osisiseko ekwenzeni izigqibo ezinzulu ngomtshato, ulwalamano lwentsapho neminye imicimbi yobuqu ngaphandle kokungenelela kwemithetho.

Ukulingana Nokulungelelana Komtshato

Ku-Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), iNkundla yavuma ilungelo lokutshata njengelungelo elisisiseko, ifumanise ukuba uMphengululo weshumi elinesine ukhusele ilungelo labo lokutshata. Esi sigqibo sibalulekileyo sandisa amalungelo omtshato kwizibini ezingokwasesini esinye, siqonda ukuba ilungelo elisisiseko lokutshata lilelabantu bonke kungakhathaliseki indlela abavakalelwa ngayo ngokwesini.

Isigqibo seObergefell esakhiwa kumatyala angaphambili egqala umtshato njengelungelo elisisiseko. Ilungelo lokutshata umntu wohlanga olwahlukileyo labhekiswa kwiLoving v. Virginia, apho iNkundla yathi, ngo1967, isigqibo sayo sokuphelisa imithetho echasene nomthetho wophicotho-mthetho sisenokugwetyelwa ngenkqubo ephantsi, okanye nge-Ecult Protection Claus.

Indaleko Nempikiswano Ngenkqubo Engagqibekanga

Ingcamango yokungavumelani nenkqubo efunekayo iye yaphikiswa ukutyhubela imbali. Abahlalutyi bathi ivumela abagwebi ukuba banyanzelise amaxabiso abo phantsi kolu khupho lomgaqo-siseko, ngoxa abaxhasi bezama ukukhusela amalungelo asisiseko angachazwanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko.

Ukususela ngo 1980, ngoko, iNkundla (_ngokungaphandle kwamatyala amabini abandakanya ilungelo lezibini ezingokwasemgangathweni(/_yenzile ukuphelisa izenzo zikarhulumente kwindlela efunekayo engaphantsi kwesiseko senkqubo; ngo-2022, iNkundla yabonisa ukurhoxa kwinkqubo engafanelekanga yezoqoqosho xa yaguqula indawo eyayinayo phantse iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu ukubambelela ekubeni ilungelo lokuqhomfa alilo lingundoqo ngokwesiseko semithetho.

Imfundiso Engokwamkeleka: Ukusebenzisa IBhili Yamalungelo EUnited States

Olunye lwenkqubela-phambili kwinkqubo efunekayo yemithetho-mthetho lubandakanya ukhuseleko lweBhili yamaLungelo koorhulumente bakarhulumente. IBhili yamaLungelo .Iziphelo zamalungelo alishumi zokuqala . Ngokusuka nje zasetyenziswa kurhulumente wesizwe kuphela, nabo babefuna ukukhusela amalungelo abo koorhulumente kurhulumente kwakufuneka baxhomekeke kwimithetho-siseko nemithetho; injongo enye yoLawulo lweshumi elinesine lamaNgesinyusi yayikukunikezela ngokhuseleko loluntu ngokwamalungelo oluntu ngokwalo rhulumente.

Indlela Esebenza Ngayo Intetho

Inkundla ibambelele kwelokuba i-Unit Process Claus "incorporates" ezininzi/kodwa asilulo lonke ukhuseleko lomntu ngamnye lweBhili yamaLungelo nxamnye namazwe; ukuba ilungiselelo leBhili yamaLungelo li-"liqukiwe" ngokuchasene namazwe, oorhulumente belizwe, kwakunye norhulumente worhulumente, kufuneka bahlale phantsi kwayo.

Emva kokuhlaziywa kohlaziyo lohlaziyo, iNkundla itolike iSindululo seMicimbi seshumi elinesine sika-Celaskoste seSicwangciso sika-Celas ekwimeko yamazwe uninzi lweSiviko samaLungelo, imfundiso maxa wambi ebizwa ngokuba kukudityaniswa ngokuchasene namagunya ngenkqubo ka-Celaske.

Impembelelo Yokunxibelelana

Le mfundiso iquke ngokusisiseko iye yaguqula uburhulumente baseMerika ngokuqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo asisiseko akhuselwa ngokulinganayo kuwo onke amazwe. Ngokubandakanya, ukhuseleko olunjengenkululeko yokuthetha, inkululeko yonqulo, ilungelo lokululeka, ukukhusela ukuphandwa nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni, kunye nezinye iziqinisekiso ezininzi zeBhili yamaLungelo ziyasebenza ngoku kurhulumente nakurhulumente wasekuhlaleni.

Le nkqubela ibibalulekile ekumiseleni imigangatho yesizwe yokhuseleko lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye. Ngaphambi kokuba aququzelelwe, amazwe aye anesibanzi esibanzi sokulinganisela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye ngeendlela ebezingayi kuba zezomthetho ukuba zenziwe ngurhulumente wesizwe. Ulwahlulo luye lwadala isiseko esithe xhaxhe ngakumbi sokhuseleko lwamalungelo oluntu lonke.

Inkqubela elindelekileyo kulawulo

Ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo ludlulela ngaphaya kwengxelo yesithethe yenkundla ekwachotshelweni kwetyala lolawulo nokwenziwa kwesigqibo sikarhulumente. Njengoko urhulumente eye wandisa indima yakhe yokulawula, amaqumrhu olawulo aye abaluleke ngakumbi ekuchaphazeleni amalungelo nezilangazelelo zabantu ngabanye.

Xa ulawulo luhambelana nenkqubo

UmGaqo-siseko awufuni "inkqubo esemgangathweni" yokuseka imithetho; ilungiselelo liyasebenza xa urhulumente elwa nomntu ngamnye "kwimeko nganye" xa kukho uphawu oluthile olubandakanyekileyo kumntu ngamnye. Oku kuthetha ukuba umthetho jikelele ochaphazela wonke umntu awuxhokoxi iimfuno zenkqubo ezifanelekileyo, kodwa uzimiselo oluzimeleyo lwenza.

Imicimbi yolawulo ibandakanya imicimbi emininzi, kuquka ukufakwa kwemiqathango yezobugcisa, iingenelo zentlalo-ntle, ukufuduka, iimbambano zemisebenzi, kunye nokunyanzeliswa komthetho ofunekayo.

Ukulungelelana Kwiinkqubo Zolawulo

Kwiinkulungwane ezimbini ezidlulileyo, ngoko, iimeko ziye zavelisa iinguqu zamaziko neenkqubo zokuphelisa iimbambano. Iinkqubo zolawulo zisenokuba zingekho semthethweni kunengxelo yenkundla kodwa kufuneka zisenokwanelisa iimfuno zenkqubo ezifanelekileyo. Oku kuguquka kuvumela urhulumente asebenze kakuhle ngoxa eqhubeka ekhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Isitshixo kukuqinisekisa ukuba kufanelekile okusisiseko. Kwanakwimimiselo yolawulo engacwangciswanga, abantu kufuneka bafumane isaziso esaneleyo, ithuba elinentsingiselo lokunikela imeko yabo, kunye nesigqibo somenzi wesigqibo ongakhethi buso. Iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo zinokuxoleleka kumongo wolawulo ngoxa zisahlangabezana nezi mfuneko zingundoqo.

Imvelaphi Yembali Yenkqubo Efanele Ilandelwe

Ingcamango yenkqubo efunekayo yavela kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi; umthetho wokuba abantu abasayi kuphulukana nobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kwesaziso nethuba lokuzikhusela kwimigaqo - siseko ebhaliweyo yangaphambili yaye wamkeleka ngokubanzi eNgilani.

UMagna Carta Nomthetho Welizwe

IMagna Chatcha, isivumelwano esatyikitywa ngo1215 esasichaza amalungelo abantu bamaNgesi abachasa ukumkani, ngumzekelo wokuqala wesiqinisekiso somGaqo-siseko senkqubo efanelekileyo; olo xwebhu luquka igalelo elivakalisayo, "Akukho mntu okhululekileyo oya kuthi abanjwe, okanye avalelwe entolongweni... ngaphandle komgwebo osemthethweni woontanga bakhe, okanye umthetho welizwe".

Lo mgaqo wamandulo waseka ukuba kwanokumkani wayebotshwe ngumthetho kwaye wayengenakukwazi ukuwaphanga amalungelo abo. Ibinzana elithi "umthetho welizwe" lajika laya kwingcamango yanamhlanje "yomthetho omiselwe ngoku," ukuthwala ingcamango esisiseko yokuba igunya likarhulumente limele lisetyenziswe ngokwemigaqo nemigaqo emiselweyo yomthetho.

Ukufumana Abantwana Abangatshanga Nabaninzi EMerika

Abaseki bamaMerika, abaphenjelelwa ngokunzulu yizithethe zomthetho zamaNgesi, baquka ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo kwinkqubo emGaqo-siseko. Noko ke, iinkundla zaseMerika ziye zandisa ezi nqanaba leengaphaya kwengqiqo yazo yantlandlolo yesiNgesi, ziphuhlisa imilinganiso yesithethe kunye neyokungalingani kwenkqubo efunekayo enika ukhuseleko olunamandla lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Indaleko yenkqubo efanelekileyo kumthetho waseMelika ibonisa ukutshintsha kweemvo zamalungelo abantu, indima efanelekileyo karhulumente, kunye neemfuno zobulungisa obusisiseko. Oku kuqhubekeka kubonakalisa ubuchule bomGaqo-siseko bokuqhelanisa neemeko ezintsha ngoxa ugcina imigaqo engundoqo yokusesikweni nenkululeko.

Inkqubela efanelekileyo nokhuseleko olulinganayo

Nangona imigaqo eyahlukileyo yomgaqo-siseko, inkqubo efanelekileyo nekhuselwa ngokufanayo isoloko isebenza kunye ukukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Uhlaziyo lweshumi elinesine luqulethe i-Act Procession Claus ne-Aumestial Protection Clause, yaye maxa wambi iinkundla zihlolisisa izenzo zikarhulumente phantsi kwamalungiselelo omabini.

Ukukhusela

Inkqubo efunekayo igxininisa ukuba urhulumente ulandele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo nokuba uphule na amalungelo asisiseko. Ukhuseleko olulinganayo lugxininisa ekubeni urhulumente ubaphathe ngendlela efanayo abantu ababekwe ngokwahlukileyo na.

Ezinye iimeko zinokuqwalaselwa ngamanye amaqela. Ngokomzekelo, imithetho ethintela amalungelo omtshato iye yacelw ’ umngeni njengenkqubo efunekayo (ukulwa nokuphulwa kwelungelo elisisiseko lokutshata) nangokungakhuselwa ngendlela efanayo (ukusetyenziswa kwamaqela awahlukeneyo abantu ngokungafaniyo).

Amalungelo enkqubela afanelekileyo

INkundla ePhakamileyo ibisoloko iqonda ukuba abantu abangengabo abahlala kwintsimi yase-U.S. banelungelo lokukhusela inkqubo efunekayo; kwiYick Wo v. Hopkins (1886), iNkundla yavakalisa ukuba ukhuseleko loMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine ludlulela "kubantu bonke abakwimimandla ephantsi kweUnited States", kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngabami.

Lo mgaqo ubonisa ukuqonda ukuba ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo lusekelwe kumntu kunokuba lube ngummi. Ukusetyenziswa komGaqo-siseko wegama elithi "person" kunokuba "benze" kwi-Active Process Clauss kubonisa ukuba ezi ndlela zingundoqo zisebenza kubo bonke abalawulwa ngurhulumente wase-U.S.

Noko ke, iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo ezifunekayo kwimicimbi yokufuduka zisenokuhluka kwezinye ezikweminye imeko. Iinkundla ziye zaqonda ukuba urhulumente unegunya eliphangaleleyo kwimicimbi yokufuduka, nangona nakule ndawo, imigaqo esisiseko efunekayo efana nesaziso nokuchotshelwa phambi komenzi wezonyuso ongakhethi buso isebenza ngokuqhelekileyo.

Indima yenkqubo elindelekileyo ekuthinteleni inyathelo lorhulumente lobugcisa

Enyanzelweni yayo, inkqubo efunekayo isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola igunya likarhulumente elizimeleyo. IziHlayisho, ezikwabizwa ngokuba yi-Adred Process Clauss, zikhusela abantu xa urhulumente ebahlutha ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, kwaye zimisela imiqathango ekusetyenzisweni ngokungenalusini kwamandla orhulumente.

Ukwenza isigqibo esicacisiweyo kwakhona

Iimfuno ezifanelekileyo zenkqubo zinyanzelisa amagosa karhulumente ukuba achaze izizathu ezicacileyo zesigqibo sawo nokusekela izigqibo ezisekelwe kubungqina nomthetho kunokuba asekele kwintshukumisa okanye kwikhethe. Kwakhona urhulumente kufuneka abonise ukuba kukho imilinganiselo ecacileyo yokuziphatha ngenxa yezenzo zawo ngokuzithethelela ngokwaneleyo.

Le mfuneko yokwenza izigqibo eziqiqekileyo ifeza iinjongo ezininzi. Inceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zisekelwe kwizinto ezinxulumeneyo kunokuba ziqwalaselwe ngokungafanelekanga. Inika ingxelo enokuhlolisiswa ngamagunya aphakamileyo okanye iinkundla. Yaye ikhuthaza ukuphendula ngokufuna amagosa ukuba achaze aze athethelele izenzo zawo.

Ukukhusela Ukusetyenziswa Kakubi Kwegunya

Ngokuseka iimfuno ezicacileyo zomgaqo-siseko kunye nezithintelo ezincinci, inkqubo efanelekileyo inceda ekuthinteleni amagosa karhulumente ekusebenziseni kakubi igunya lawo. Imfuneko yesaziso iqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente akanakusebenza ngokufihlakeleyo. Ithuba lokuviwa livumela abantu ukuba bacel ’ umngeni izenzo zorhulumente eziphosakeleyo okanye ezingekho bulungisa. Imfuneko yomenzi wezigqibo ongakhethiyo ithintela iimbambano zomdla ekungcoliseni izigqibo.

Ezi zikhuseli zibaluleke kakhulu kubemi abasengozini abasenokungabi nagunya okanye ubuncwane bokuzikhusela kwinkqubo yezopolitiko. Inkqubo elindelekileyo inika ucwangciso olusemthethweni lwezenzo zikarhulumente ezicel ’ umngeni kungakhathaliseki impembelelo yezobupolitika okanye imeko yentlalo.

Iingxaki Nempikiswano

Inkqubela eqhubekayo iyaqhubeka iguquka njengeenkundla ezilwa nocelomngeni olutsha nokutshintsha kweemeko zentlalo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nemfihlo

Inkqubela kwezobugcisa iye yadala imingeni emitsha yokukhusela imigaqo efunekayo, ingakumbi ngokuphathelele amalungelo obuqu. Imibuzo ephathelele ukujongwa ngurhulumente, ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi, kunye nokugcinwa kwemiqathango yamanani iphakamisa imibandela ebalulekileyo ngendlela imigaqo efanelekileyo esetyenziswa ngayo ngexesha lobugcisa. Iinkundla zimele zilungelelanise izilangazelelo ezisemthethweni zikarhulumente ngokhuseleko nokugcinwa komthetho nxamnye namalungelo obuqu kwixesha elinamandla angazange abonwe ngaphambili.

Inkqubo yoKhuseleko lweSizwe kunye neNkqubo eBekiweyo

Uxanduva phakathi kwenkxalabo yokhuseleko nenkqubo efunekayo luye lwanda. Imibuzo ephathelele iinkqubo ezifunekayo zokuvalelwa kwabanqolobi abarhanelwayo, iinkqubo zokuhlola nokunyanzelisa abahlali iphakamisa imibandela enzima ngendlela yokulungelelanisa iimfuno zokhuseleko neemfuno ezisisiseko.

Nangona iinkundla ziye zaqonda ukuba urhulumente unokuba bhetyebhetye kwimicimbi yokhuseleko lwesizwe, ziye zagxininisa ukuba ukukhuselwa kweenkqubo ezifanelekileyo akunakuyekwa ngokupheleleyo nangamaxesha amanqam. Ukufumana ulungelelwano olufanelekileyo kuselucelomngeni oluqhubekayo.

Amalungelo ezoqoqosho kunye nenkqubo elindelekileyo

Ngaphambili kwimbali yayo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yahlola eminye imithetho yezoqoqosho ngelensi yenkqubo encinci efunekayo, kodwa ngokuyintloko iye yayishiya le ndlela. Ukurhoxa kweNkundla kwinkqubo ephantsi kwezoqoqosho kubonisa ukuba inkundla zifanele zilumkele uwiso-mthetho ngokwesiqhelo kwizigqibo ezingomgaqo-mthetho zobupolitika.

Noko ke, iingxoxo ziyaqhubeka zokuba imigaqo ethile yezoqoqosho isenokuba yeyobuqu okanye icinezelwe ngokokude ingquzulwane nenkqubo efanelekileyo. Indima efanelekileyo yeenkundla ekuhloleni umthetho wezoqoqosho iseyingxoxo yophando nowezomthetho.

Imiphumo Esebenzisekayo Yenkqubo Efanele Ibekho Kubomi Bamihla Le

Nangona inkqubo efanelekileyo isenokubonakala njengengcamango engekho ngqiqweni engokwasemthethweni, inempembelelo ecacileyo kubomi babantu bemihla ngemihla. Le migaqo ichaphazela ukunxibelelana norhulumente nakuwo onke amanqanaba, ukusuka kumatyala olawulo asekuhlaleni ukuya kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho orhulumente.

Umsebenzi Neengenelo

Kusetyenziswa ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo xa abasebenzi bakarhulumente bejamelene nokupheliswa okanye xa abantu befumana iingenelo zikarhulumente. Ngaphambi kokuba umqeshwa karhulumente agxothwe okanye iingenelo zemali zingapheliswa, inkqubo efanelekileyo idla ngokufuna isaziso ngezizathu kunye nethuba lokusabela. Olu khuselo luqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo ezinjalo azikwenziwanga ngokuzenzekela okanye ngokusekelwe kwiimeko ezingafanelekanga.

Imfundo

Abafundi kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke neeyunivesithi banamalungelo afanelekileyo xa kujongwa inyathelo loqeqesho. Ngaphambi kokuba umfundi apheliswe okanye agxothwe, izikolo kufuneka ngokuqhelekileyo zinike isaziso ngezityholo kunye nethuba lokuba umfundi achaze imbali yakhe. Iinkqubo ezifunekayo zixhomekeke kubukhulu besohlwayo esinokwenzeka nezinye iimeko.

Ukunika Imali Abacebisi

Oogqirha abaphethe amalayisensi karhulumente afakwe kumavolontiya orhulumente banamalungelo afanelekileyo enkqubo ngaphambi kokuba loo maphepha-mvume asuswe okanye asuswe. Iibhodi ezinika isaziso sokwaphulwa kwamagama kufuneka zinike isaziso kunye nethuba lokuba imvume ikwazi ukuzikhusela ngaphambi kokuba ithathe inyathelo elinokuchaphazela indlela yokuziphilisa.

Inkqubela Elindelekileyo Ehlabathini Lonke

Ngoxa eli nqaku ligxininisa kwinkqubo efanelekileyo eUnited States, iingcamango ezifanayo zikho kwiinkqubo zomthetho ehlabathini lonke. Amazwe amaninzi ayayiqonda imigaqo yokungagwebi nokukhusela amalungelo asisiseko, nangona iinkcazelo neezicelo ezikhethekileyo zingafani.

Amaxwebhu alwela amalungelo abantu ehlabathi lonke, anjengeSindululo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu neSivumelwano seZizwe Ngezizwe Samalungelo Abantu, ayayivuma imigaqo efanelekileyo yokusebenza. Le migaqo yezizwe ngezizwe ibonisa ukungqinelana kwehlabathi lonke ukuba iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo asisiseko ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokusesikweni nomthetho.

Uhlolisiso lokuthelekisa ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo kwinkqubo yomthetho eyahlukeneyo lunganika ingqiqo exabisekileyo kunye neembono. Ngoxa indlela yamaMelika yahlukile kwezinye iinkalo, yabelana ngezizathu ezifanayo nezinye iinkqubo zomthetho wedemokhrasi ekuqondeni ukubaluleka kokhuseleko lobulungisa bobuntu namalungelo aphantsi.

Ikamva Lenkqubo Elindelekileyo

Inkqubo elindelekileyo iza kuqhubeka iguquka njengoko iinguqu zebutho labantu kunye neengxaki ezintsha zivela. Iziphumo eziliqela kunye neembambano ziyakwazi ukuguqula inkqubela phambili yexesha elizayo yenkqubo yemfundiso efunekayo.

Ukuqhelana Notshintsho Lobugcisa

Njengoko ubugcisa buqhubeka, inkundla kuza kufuneka imisele indlela esetyenziswa ngayo inkqubo yesiqhelo kwiimeko ezintsha. Iingxoxo ezifana nokwenza izigqibo zemithetho-siseko, ubukrelekrele obungeyonkqubo, kunye nokuzimela kwamanani kuza kufuna uqwalaselwa olululo lokuqinisekisa ukuba kunjani ukusesikweni nokukhusela amalungelo kwizenzo zobucukubhedengu zorhulumente.

Ukulungelelanisa Ubuchule Nobulungisa

Urhulumente ujamelana noxinzelelo oluzingisileyo lokusebenza kakuhle nokulawula oovimba abalinganiselweyo. Iinkundla ziya kufuneka ziqhubeke zilungelelanisa imfuneko yemisebenzi karhulumente esebenzayo ngokuchasene neemfuno zenkqubo efanelekileyo. Olu lungelelwano lulucelomngeni ngokukodwa kwiindawo ezifana nokufuduka, apho ukuthwalwa kweemeko ezinkulu kunye nezithintelo zezibonelelo zingenza uxinzelelo kwiinkqubo zomsinga.

Ukuchaza Amalungelo Asisiseko

Umlinganiselo wenkqubo efunekayo yokuzithethelela uya kuhlala uphikiswa. Iinkundla ziza kuqhubeka zijongene nemibuzo ephathelele ukuba ngawaphi amalungelo afanelekileyo njengasisiseko nafanelwe yinkuselo engakumbi.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho

Inkqubo elindelekileyo ihlala iligumbi lenkqubo yomthetho waseMelika, inikela ukhuseleko oluyimfuneko kwisenzo soburhulumente esisisigxina nokuqinisekisa ukuba ityala liqhutywa kakuhle. Iimfuno, ezibizwa ngokuba "zizizinto ezisesikweni ngokwezengqondo," zikhusela abantu ekuncitshisweni koncedo olungekho semthethweni okanye okungeyomfuneko kwenzala.

Inkqubo yokukhusela amalungelo abantu kunye nokumisela igunya lorhulumente isebenza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni nasekuthinteleni igunya lorhulumente. Inkqubo yenkqubo efunekayo iqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente ulandela iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo phambi kokuba ahluthe abantu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Inkqubo efunekayo ephantsi ikhusela amalungelo asisiseko ekungeneleni korhulumente kungakhathaliseki ukuba ziziphi iinkqubo ezisetyenziswayo.

Indaleko yemfundiso yenkqubo efanelekileyo ibonisa amandla omGaqo-siseko okuziqhelanisa neemeko eziguqukayo ngoxa kugcinwa izibophelelo ezingundoqo kubulungisa nakumalungelo abantu ngabanye. Njengoko kuvela imingeni emitsha, iinkundla ziza kuqhubeka zichaza zize zisebenzise imigaqo efunekayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba igunya likarhulumente lisetyenziswa ngokusesikweni kwaye amalungelo omntu akhuselwe.

Ukuqonda inkqubo efanelekileyo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela inkqubo yezomthetho yaseMerika esebenza ngayo nendlela amalungelo omntu ngamnye akhuselwa ngayo. Le migaqo ichaphazela intsebenziswano eninzi phakathi kwabantu norhulumente, ukusuka kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho ukuya kumatyala olawulo ukuya ekugqalweni kwamalungelo asisiseko. Ngokufuna iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo nokukhusela inkululeko eyimfuneko, inkqubo efunekayo inceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo engokwasemthethweni iphumeza unobangela wokusesikweni kubo bonke.

Ulwazi olungakumbi ngamalungelo omgaqo-siseko kunye nenkqubo yomthetho, tyelela i i-Anvocation ephuma kwiThala leencwadi leBhunga, okanye uphando lwezibonelelo ezisuka kwi Legegal Information Institute eCornell Law School [. [[FLT:]] Ikomkhulu leMgaqo-siseko wesizwe [[[[FLT]]] ibonelela nezinto zokufundisa ezintle malunga nenkqubo efanelekileyo neminye imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko. [iNkuhlela] [iiindlela yolwazi oluluncedo]