Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zezolawulo lwezibonelelo zelizwe zingamahashe asebenza eMelika, ajongene nemigaqo emininzi yemithetho echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi bemihla ngemihla babemi bawo. Ukusuka kwinkxaso yemfundo nasemiqathango yezonyango yokulungisa ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nenkqubela-mthetho, imithetho yezorhulumente ibumba ibumba imekobume apho abantu bahlala khona, umsebenzi, kunye namashishini. Ngoxa iUnited States Congress ijongene nomthetho osemthethweni owenziwe yimithetho edluliselwe kwiindlu zolawulo ezingama-50 zikarhulumente iyamangalisa. Le mibutho iqwalasela amashumi amawaka eendleko-mali nyaka ngamnye. Ukuqonda kakuhle indlela ityala eliba ngumthetho kumgangatho wesizwe asiko nje ukuqhelisela uqeqesho kwizezoshishino; lisisisixhobo esisebenzayo kubaxhasi bamashishini, abacholathi bezondaba, iintatheli, kunye nabemi belizwe abanqwenela ukuqhuba inkqubo okanye ukuphembele inkqubo yenkqubo.

Ngeli xesha izipili zesakhiwo esisisiseko semodeli karhulumente, iinkqubo zikarhulumente zahlukile, zahluke, kwaye zisoloko zifikeleleka ngakumbi kuluntu. Zininzi iihambo ezidibeneyo, ezifuna umthetho wokusinda kuhlolo, ingxoxo, kunye nokulungelelaniswa kumacala amaninzi ahlukeneyo. Inyathelo ngalinye lenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho ocetyisiweyo ukhutshiwe ngenyameko phambi kokuba ufikelele iincwadi zomthetho. Le ncamango yenqanaba-mva iyaphuka olo hambo, ukusuka kwintlambo yokuqala yengcamango ukuya kuqikelelo lokugqibela lommiselo omtsha, inika ukhokelo olunegunya kwiyona misebenzi ebalulekileyo karhulumente.

IGenesis yoMthetho KaRhulumente: Ukulungiswa Nokuthotywa Kwezinto

Uhambo lomthetho karhulumente luqala kude phambi kokuba ummisi-mthetho athabathe amanyathelo kumgangatho wegumbi. Iqala ngengcinga. Le ngcamango ingavela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo. Umzabalazo wobunzima obungabangela uqhutyelwa phambili. Iqela elikhuthazayo elimela ushishino oluthile lungacebisa utshintsho kwimithetho yeshishini. Umbutho wesizwe ungachonga umsantsa kumandla akhoyo okuqinisekisa. Ingcebiso yemisebenzi, uphando lwamajelo-ndaba, okanye iqonga lenkqubo yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho lukwanjalo.

Xa ingcamango iqalisiwe, okubhaliweyo okuzizo komthetho kufuneka kuvezwe. Le yinkqubo yobugcisa ephezulu. Ngelixesha ummisi-mthetho esenokuba nosukelo oluphangaleleyo lwenkqubo, ulwimi olusemthethweni olungqalileyo kufuneka luchane ukuphepha iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga nokumelana neengxaki zenkundla. Amazwe amaninzi asebenzisa inkonzo yezomthetho engathathi-nxaxheba, esoloko ibizwa ngokuba yi-Galislative Recountative Services, okanye i-Revisor of Screctes. La magqwetha aguqulela ingqiqo yomphathi-mthetho kwimiqathango esemthethweni yolwimi lomthetho. Ayaziqinisekisa ukuba umbhalo ocetyikisweyo ufanele umgaqo-siseko sorhulumente okhoyo, ulandela iimfuno zomthetho, kwaye ubonakalisa iinjongo zombutho.

Ukuxhasa ukuxhasa ipropati yesandla linyathelo elilandelayo elibalulekileyo. Kumazwe athile, kukho imida kwinani labaxhasi abaphambili bemali kwaye iza kuyilawula ngenkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Le ndawo idibanisa amagama ayo kumqondiso wenkxaso, enokubonisa iqondo lemali lokuxhasa ibhipartisn okanye ukubaluleka kwayo kwigumbi lokulala. Kumazwe athile, kukho imida kwinani leekho-ponslars okanye imithetho emalunga nexesha abanokudityaniswa ngalo. Eli qonga lokuqala, ngexa kubonakala ngathi lilawula, limisela isiseko somsinga wolawulo lwezomthetho. Umthetho obanzi, iqela elingafaniyo labaxhasi linokuqikeleleka kokuhambela phambili kunomnye umenzi-mthetho omnye ngaphandle kokuxhasa okubalulekileyo.

Ukwazisa Nokufunda Kokuqala

Xa ityala libhaliwe kwaye likhuselwe, inkqubo yomthetho iqala. Umxhasi uzisa ityala ngokulinika umphathi-mthetho okanye unobhala wegumbi labo. Kumaphondo amaninzi, esi senzo sikhatshwa "sokuqala funda," ngexesha imixholo yemali ifundwa ngokuvakalayo, kwaye yabelwe inani lomthetho. Eli nani lingumqwalaseli wemithetho esemthethweni wentsalela yohambo lwalo (umz. HB 101 we House Bill 101, okanye SB 202 yeNdlu yeeNtsimbiso yeB Bill 202). Eli nani lisetyenziswa kumaxwebhu asemthethweni, iikhalenda, kunye neenkqubo zikawonke wonke.

Imithetho yesiqalo yahluka kakhulu ngokwemeko. Amanye amaphondo anexesha elingqongqo lokunika amatyala kwintlanganiso yowiso-mthetho, lo gama amanye evumayo. Imeko efana neKhalifoniya inesethi "yeminyaka emibini" yeseshini, apho amatyala aqaliswe kunyaka wokuqala angathwaliswa kunyaka wesibini ngaphandle kokuba kufuneke ukuba aphinde afakwe kwakhona. Amanye amaphondo aneentlanganiso zemali apho naluphi na ulawulo lungadlulangafa ekupheleni komjikelezo weminyaka emibini, ifuna ukuqala okupheleleyo kwiseshini elandelayo. Umqulu omkhulu weminxeba oziswayo ungabona amawaka emali edityalwayo kwintlanganiso enye. Lo mqulu ubala ubala ubala ngokukhawulezileyo imfuneko yokulungisa iprojelo: inkqubo yokuqala yokufunda iiprojekti zomthetho kunye neqonga lweqonga lokudwelisa iiprojekthi.

Inkqubo yeKomiti: Apho Iibhiliyo

Inkqubo yekomiti yiyo ingundoqo wenkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Ngokufuthi ibizwa ngokuba yi-"shopshop of the comment," yile ndawo apho iinkcukacha zobugcisa zemali zihlolwa, zidityaniswa, kwaye zisoloko zibhalwa kwakhona. Ngaphandle kwemvume yekomiti, kunqabile ukuba umthetho uqhubele phantsi ukuze kuvotelwe igumbi elipheleleyo. Amandla ekomiti okubumba, ukuphucula, okanye ukubulala umthetho angaphezulu kwaye angundoqo ekusebenzeni kwendlu karhulumente.

Indima Yeekomiti Ezimileyo

Igumbi ngalinye lilungelelaniswe libe lisigxina, amaqela azimeleyo aziziko lomxholo azizikomiti ezimileyo. Ezi komiti zigquma iindawo ezifana ne-Limi, Imfundo, Impilo, Iinkonzo Zoluntu, iJadiary, kunye neMibuliso kunye neNdlela (eziphatha irhafu kunye neNdlela zoqingqo-mali). Isitulo sekomiti, indawo enamandla egcinwe lilungu leqela leqela elininzi, ilawula ucwangciso lwekomiti. Isitulo simisela ukuba yeyiphi irhafuthezo ezifumana ukuviwa yaye ngaluphi ulungelelwano. Ulawulo lwekomiti luchazwa ngemithetho yegumbi, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iindleko ziphindaphindwa ngamalungu anokuko okuninzi okumbandela. Umzekelo, isibhengezo-mthetho esimalunga nomgaqo-nkqubo yezonyango, siya kujoliswe kwiKomiti ye-Agriculture, hayi kwiKomiti yemfundo.

Ukuchotshelwa Kwetyala Nobungqina

Enye yeengongoma ezifikelelekayo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho kukuchotshelwa kwabantu. Eli lithuba eliphambili lokuba abemi, iingcaphephe, abahlali, kunye namagosa karhulumente banikele igalelo elingqalileyo. AmaNgqina angangqina ngokobuqu, ngokubhala, okanye ngokukhula. Anokuthetha ngokuxhasa umthetho, ngokuchasene nawo, okanye anikele amacebiso okulungisa. Ukuva kukawonke-wonke kusebenza umsebenzi wedemokhrasi, ukuvumela ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba nokunika abenzi bemithetho yehlabathi imigaqo yokwenene abanokungawuva ngandlela ithile. [Ingqungquthela yephondo yoRhulumente (NTSL)) esetyenziswa yinkundla yezomthetho kamva.

Inkqubo Yokuphawulwa Nokuhlaziywa

Emva kokuchotshelwa kwasekuhlaleni, ikomiti ingena kumgangatho "wokuphawula". Ngexesha lokuphawula, amalungu ekomiti acebisa, ingxoxo, kunye nokuvota ekulungisweni kwemali. "Ukulungiswa" kungacacisa ulwimi oludidayo okanye ukuvala irhintyela lobuchule. "ukulungisa" kungayitshintsha ngokuphandle injongo yetyala, ngamanye amaxesha njengecebo lokuvota ngokwaneleyo ukuze idlule, okanye ngokuphikisanayo, ukubhenca ubuthathaka bayo. Inkqubo yokunyusa isenokukhawuleza ukucacisa iindleko ezininzi ze-gxalelo okanye inganweba ngaphezulu kwezininzi zentlanganiso entsonkothileyo okanye ibekwe umthetho wezopoliti.

Icebiso eligqitha kunye nePigeon ereyitha

Emva kokuchongwa, ikomiti iyavota ukuba ingawuthumela na umlomo kwigumbi elipheleleyo. Uvoti ekhuthazayo ibizwa ngokuba yi "Indlela yokugqitha" uncomelo. Ngamanye amaxesha, iikomiti zinika u "Indlela yokugqitha njengo-Amented" icebiso, ichaza ukuba ityala lifanele liqhubeke kodwa lineenguqu ezamkelwayo ngexesha lokunyusa ixabiso. Ukuba ikomiti ayiphumeleli ukusebenza kwisivumelwano, okanye ivote ngokuchasene naso, ityala lifile ngokunempumelelo kweso seshicicilo. Oku kusoloko kubhekiswa ku-"pigeonling" okanye "tabling" inkqubo yemali. Ngoko ke, isebenza njengecebo elinamandla, iqinisekisa ukuba kuphela isakhiwo esisebenza, umthetho osebenzayo ufikelela kumgangatho opheleleyo wegumbi lokuhlala. Ubuninzi bemali ekwakhiwe kwikomiti yemithetho elawula le komiti.

Ingxoxo yeNkcubeko nokuHlanganisa kwiNdlela yeMveli

Xa kuxelwa kakuhle isibham kwikomiti, sibekwa kwikhalenda ukuze kuqwalaselwe umgangatho. IKomiti yeMimiselo kwigumbi ngalinye ilawula ukuqhubekeka komthetho ukuya phantsi, imisela indlela amatyala axutyushwa ngayo. Lo ngumsebenzi onamandla wokucwangcisa, njengokuba ubekwa emva kwexesha kwikhalenda ingawanciphisa ngokuqatha amathuba okudlula phambi kwesiphelo seseshini.

Imithetho Yokufunda Nempikiswano

Impikiswano epheleleyo yegumbi ityala. Imithetho yengxoxo iyahluka, kodwa jikelele, umxhasi uqala ngokuchaza injongo yemali kunye nenjongo yayo. Amalungu atshintshana ngokuthetha okanye ngokuchasene nemali. Izinyusi zinganikelwa ukusuka kumgangatho ngexesha lengxoxo, nangona amanye amaphondo efuna ukuba kulungiswe ukubhalwa kwabhalwa kusengaphambili. Oku "ukufunda okwesibini" kubandakanya ukuphengululwa kwemali nokuqwalaniswa kwemali, ngelixa "ukufunda kwesithathu" kuyindlela yokugqibela yokufundwa phambi kwevota. Amanye amaphondo afuna isibhengezo sokufundwa ngokupheleleyo ngeentsuku ezintathu ezahlukeneyo, nangona lo mthetho usoloko umiswa ngevoti enkulu. Oku kuvumela inkqubo yokucombulula ngokucokisekileyo incoko yasekuhlaleni.

Iindlela zokusasaza

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe zisebenzisa iindlela ezininzi ukushicilela amavoti. Ilizwi (lithi "yeya" okanye "nay") lisetyenziselwa imicimbi engeyoyongxelo apho isiphumo sicacile khona. ivoti yecandelo yindawo emileyo apho amalungu amele abalwe khona. Umqulu ubiza iingxelo zevoti yelungu ngalinye, ekufuneka ukuba liyidlulise ngayo ityala ngalinye okanye ityala elidibeneyo. Ukuba uxwebhu lwerola lungumbandela wengxelo kawonke wonke, uvumela iivoti ukuba zibone kakuhle indlela abameli bazo abavote ngayo. Uninzi lwamalungu alula akhoyo navota, ukuthatha i-vrambulo kukhoyo (ngokuqhelekileyo uninzi lwamalungu onke), kufuneka lugqithe ngayo kumthetho. Ukuba umbalo lufumana uninzi lwesithathu lokufunda, luye lwaziwapapasha "kukhutshelwa" kwigumbi lokuposa.

Icandelo Lesibini: Ukudlula Kwibheri Ethe Tyaba

Xa umlomo ugqithisa elinye igumbi, udluliselwa kwelinye igumbi ukuqalisa inkqubo entsha. Umyalezo uthunyelwa ngokusesikweni komnye umzimba, kunye nekopi edibeneyo yomlomo edibanisa zonke iindibaniselwano ezenziwe kwigumbi lokukhupha. Igumbi lesibini malidlulise uxwebhu ngendlela efanayo ukuze luqhubeke kwirhuluneli.

Inkqubo kwigumbi lesibini asisiso isitembu serabha. Idlula kuzo zonke iimatshini zemithetho kwakhona: okokuqala ukufunda, ikomiti ebhekisa phambili, ukuva kukawonke-wonke, ukunyusa, ingxoxo yomgangatho, kunye nevoti yokugqibela. Igumbi lesibini linamandla apheleleyo okulahla ityala, liwudlulise ngaphandle kotshintsho, okanye ulidlulise ngokulungisa. Ukuba igumbi lesibini lidlulisa uxwebhu ngaphandle kotshintsho, libizwa ngokuba "liyi-concurrence," kwaye irekho isaziso sithunyelwa ngqo kwirhuluneli. Noko ke, oku kunqabile ukubekwa komthetho obalulekileyo. Ngokufuthi, igumbi lesibini licebisa ukuba lizihluphalo lwalo, lithumela isibhengezo esibuya emva kwigumbi lokuyila.

Ukulungisa Iingxabano: IiKomiti zeNgqungquthela

Ukuba amagumbi amabini akanakuvumelana ngolwimi lokugqibela lwemali, kusekwa ikomiti yengqungquthela. Le yikomiti yexeshana, edityanisiweyo eqanjwe ngamalungu amancinane avela kwigumbi ngalinye, ngokuqhelekileyo amalungu aphezulu ekomiti emileyo enxulumene nemigangatho yokuqala yomthetho. La malungu atyunjwa nguSomlomo weNdlu yeNdlu kunye neCandelo (okanye uMongameli weNtsimbi).

Ikomiti yengqungquthela iqhuba iintlanganiso ukuze ikhuphe ulwamkelo. Injongo kukuvelisa uhlobo olunye lwemali enokwenziwa ngala magumbi omabini. Isiphumo somsebenzi wabo yi "ingxelo yenkomfa," ekwingxelo epheleleyo, ebhaliweyo kwakhona. Le ngxelo inikelwa emva kwamagumbi omabini aphezulu evoti. Akukho zindululo zivumelekileyo kule sigaba. Abenzi bomthetho mabayamkele yonke ingxelo yengqungquthela okanye bayilahle ngokupheleleyo. Le "yithabathe okanye uyishiye" iqwalasela amandla abalulekileyo ezandleni zamalungu ekomiti yengqungquthela. Ukuba omabini amagumbi avumela ingqungquthela, isaziso sibhaliwe kwaye sithunyelwe kwirhuluneli. Ukuba omnye okanye omabini amagumbi ayala, uxwebhu lungafa okanye ikomiti ye-mali.

Inyathelo Lokuqalisa: Inyathelo Lokugqibela

Imali, emva kokuba iphumile kwithala leenkqubo zowiso-mthetho, ihlala kwidesika yerhuluneli. Iinketho zerhuluneli ziyahluka ngokomgaqo-siseko wesizwe kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo ziquka ezi zenzo zilandelayo:

  • Uphawu kuMthetho: Irhuluneli iyavumelana nomthetho nemiqondiso, iwenza umthetho karhulumente osemthethweni. Oku kudla ngokukhatshwa ngumsitho kawonke-wonke.
  • [[FLT: 0] IVEto: Irhuluneli iyala ityala ilithumele kwigumbi lokwamka neveto umyalezo ochaza ukuphikisa. Iveto nguvavanyo olunamandla kwindlu yowiso-mthetho.
  • [[NTL: 0] UVumela Ukuba Abengumthetho Ngaphandle kotyikityo: Kumazwe amaninzi, irhuluneli ayinakwenza nto. Emva kwenani elichaziweyo leentsuku (ngokufuthi iiCawa, okanye iintsuku ezingama-30 ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho ithunyiwe), irejista ngokuzenzekelayo iba ngumthetho ngaphandle kotyikityo lwerhuluneli. Oku kungaba lukhetho olucwangcisiweyo ukuba irhuluneli ayifuni ukuncomela ngokupheleleyo ireji kodwa ayinqweneli ukuyifaka.
  • Umgca- owenziweyo: Okhethekileyo kwityala lokubonisa (iiigwebu), i-layini- into ivumela irhuluneli ukuba ibethe izinto ezithile okanye iimali zedola ngexa ivumela zonke eziseleyo zemali. Oku kunika abalawuli amandla athe kratya kuqingqo-mali nolawulo lwemeko kunye nokuchitha izinto eziza kuqala.

Ulwenziwo & Lwesiqinisekiso

I-gubernonatorial vento ayisosiphelo sesivumelwano. Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zelizwe zingawudlulisa umlomo ngokuwudlulisa kwakhona umthetho ngevoti enkulu. I-aspermajorial idla ngokuba zii-3 ezimbini zamalungu anyuliweyo kwigumbi ngalinye. Oku kusisithintelo esiphezulu ngempazamo ukucacisa, kwaye ukuwehlula akuqhelekiyo. Zizenzeka ngokuphezulu kwi-vhoti okanye inkqubo ebalulekileyo apho i-ontaramente ivakalelwa inamandla ukuhlanganisa iivoti ezifunekayo. [IziGawula-mikhosi yelizwe (NGLA)] (https.w.w.w.g.org/) inikezela ngolwazi olucacileyo kwiinkqubo ze-vetototo kunye nenkqubo zelizwe ngalinye, ukunyusa imigaqo yelizwe elibalulekileyo.

Imihla Esebenzayo Nomanyano

Xa ityala lityikitywa yirhuluneli (okanye liba ngumthetho ngomnye umGaqo-siseko), lisaziwa ngokusemthethweni njenge "umthetho opeyintiweyo" umthetho awusoloko usebenza ngoko nangoko. Imithetho emininzi yorhulumente iquka "umhla osebenzayo" wonyaka. Imithetho emininzi isebenza ngomhla okhethekileyo, njengoJanuwari 1 wonyaka olandelayo, okanye iintsuku ezingama-90 emva kokugqitywa kwentlanganiso yomthetho. Oku kulibazisa kuvumela abameli borhulumente ukuba balungiselele ukuzalisekisa umthetho kwaye banike abemi ixesha lokuqonda iimfuno ezintsha. Amanyathelo angxamiseko, afana neenkqubo ezifunekayo ukugcina urhulumente esetyenziswa okanye imithetho ethetha ngesisongelo sikawonke wonke, zinokuba nesiphumo ngoko nangoko kwimimiselo lwerhulu.

Emva komhla ophumelelayo, umthetho omtsha uqukwa kwingqokelela esemthethweni yemithetho esisigxina karhulumente, eyaziwa njenge "ikhowudi yesizwe," "imithetho eguquliweyo," okanye "imithetho emiselweyo" le nkqubo yomanyano. Le nkqubo idibanisa ilungelelanisa umthetho ngemibandela. Umzekelo, umthetho omtsha malunga nemfuno yokufundisa ngesiqinisekiso uza kuqukwa kwisihloko semfundo sekhowudi yorhulumente. Le ntlangano yobume yindlela imithetho efikelelekayo kuwonke wonke, kumagqwetha, abagwebi, nakumaziko karhulumente. Iinkonzo ezifana [ovula i-Shovers] (i-/openstations.org/) zinikezela ngezitimela ezintle zokukhupha iindleko zogcino-mkhondo ngomgaqo-mthetho nokufumana imithetho.

Ukuqonda Uhambo Lomthetho Karhulumente

Inkqubo yokudlulisela umthetho karhulumente intsonkothile ngenjongo kwaye ibekwe ngobuninzi. Ibandakanya amasango amaninzi, amathuba olwazi olungenano, namandla ahlukeneyo enzelwe ukunqanda umthetho wengxakeko okanye oqwalaselwe kakubi. Ukusuka kwiplagi yokuqala nohlolo lwekomiti ukuya kwiingxoxo zomgangatho kunye nohlolo lwesixhobo somgangatho, inyathelo ngalinye longezelela umaleko wokuphendula kwaye liqinisekisa ukuba umgama obanzi wamazwi unethuba lokuviwa. Le nkqubo yokuhlola nolungelelwaniso, ngelinye ixesha icothayo kwaye idima, lisesona siseko sokuzinzisa, ulawulo olungummeli.

Ukuqonda le nkqubo kunika abemi amandla okuba babandakanyeke ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi norhulumente wabo. Nokuba ngaba ingqina ekuchotshelweni kwabantu, ukunxibelelana nommisi-mthetho ukuze avakalise uluvo, ukulandela inkqubela yemali ngophawu lwekomiti, okanye ukuvota nje ngolwazi ngendlela enokwenziwa ngayo imithetho, ukuba nenxaxheba kule nkqubo kubalulekile kwimpilo yabo. Urhulumente usoloko engumgangatho karhulumente osondelelene nabantu, kwaye inkqubo yakhe yemithetho yenzelwe ukuba ifikeleleke. Ngokuqonda amanyathelo adweliswe apha, nawuphi na umntu okanye umbutho onokuthi usebenzise kakuhle inkqubo yokulungisa inkqubo yezo zolawulo nokwenza umsebenzi olawula uluntu.