Ukuqonda indlela esenziwe ngayo imithetho kumgangatho karhulumente kubalulekile kuye nabani na onomdla ekugananeni kwebutho labantu, kwinkqubo kawonke-wonke, okanye kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Ngelixesha amaMelika amaninzi eqhelene nendlela esebenza ngayo umthetho karhulumente, inkqubo yowiso-mthetho yesizwe isebenza ngeempawu zayo ezizodwa kunye neenkqubo zayo. Entliziyweni yale nkqubo ingumlawuli, ogunyazileyo umGaqo-siseko kunye nempembelelo yezobupolitika exhomekeke kwiindleko-mthetho kwaye engaluqwalaseli. Le ndlela igosayo ihlolisisa uhambo oluntsonkothileyo lomthetho karhulumente kwaye ihlolisisa indima ephambili yejaji yemithetho elawula isebenza ekuguquleni izicelo zemithetho elawulwayo.

Ukuqonda Ukwakhiwa Korhulumente

Oorhulumente bephondo babonakalisa ukwahlukana kwamandla orhulumente, okwahlula igunya phakathi kwamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo: ezowiso-mthetho, abaphathi-mthetho, kunye nezomthetho. Esi sicwangciso somgaqo-siseko sidala inkqubo yokuhlola nokulungelelanisa okucwangciselwe ukukhusela naliphi na isebe ekuqokeleleni amandla agqithisileyo. Isebe lowiso-mthetho, eliquka amagumbi amabini (iCamelo neNdlu yeBameli okanye iNdibano), linembopheleleko ephambili yokuyila nokudlulisa umthetho. Isebe eliphethe isebe, elikhokelwa yirhuluneli, linyanzelwa yimithetho kunye namaziko equlukileyo. Isebe lezahlulele lichaza imithetho kunye nezicombululo.

Noko ke, la magunya awahlukanga ngokupheleleyo. IiRhuluneli nezindlu zowiso-mthetho ziyabelana ngegunya lokwenza umthetho, kwaye abalawuli kufuneka basebenze kunye okanye ngezindlu zowiso-mthetho zamazwe abo ukuze bafeze phantse zonke iinjongo zabo zokwenza umthetho. Eli gunya lingenayo lithetha ukuba umthetho onempumelelo ufuna intsebenziswano phakathi kwamasebe, irhuluneli isebenza njengeqabane kunye nokuhlola kwisenzo somthetho.

Umgaqo-siseko worhulumente ngamnye uchaza amagunya akhethekileyo anikwe irhuluneli nendlu yowiso-mthetho, okuthetha ukuba igunya lolawulo lombuso lahluka kakhulu kumazwe angamashumi amahlanu. Abanye abalawuli basebenzisa impembelelo enkulu kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngamandla amakhulu, uqingqo-mali, namalungelo okumisa, ngelinye ixesha amanye asebenza ngamandla alinganiselweyo omgaqo-siseko. Ezi ntlobo zibonisa imbali ekhethekileyo yezopolitiko, inkcubeko, nezithethe zomgaqo-siseko.

INkqubo yoMgaqo-siseko weSizwe: Ukusuka KwiIdea Ukuya KwiBhili

Apho Zivela Khona

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho iqala kudala ngaphambi kokuba irejista ifike kwidesika yerhuluneli. Intetho yemithetho emitsha ingavela kwimithombo emininzi. Amaqela abantu ngabanye, amaqela oonontlalo-ntle, amaqumrhu obugcisa, amaqumrhu karhulumente, amaqumrhu orhulumente, kunye nerhuluneli ngokwayo iyakwazi ukucebisa zonke iingcamango zomthetho. Noko ke, ngabagwebi abanyuliweyo kuphela abanegunya lokuzisa amatyala ngokusesikweni kwindlu yowiso-mthetho.

Xa ummisi-mthetho egqiba kwelokuba axhase isibhaka-mali, basebenza nabasebenzi abangoothile abasemthethweni ukuzoba izicelo ngolwimi olufanelekileyo lowiso-mthetho. Le nkqubo yobugcisa iqinisekisa ukuba ityala lihambelana neemfuno zomGaqo-siseko kunye nokudityaniswa ngokufanelekileyo nomthetho okhoyo. Umthetho-siseko ongenisa ityala uba ngumxhasi walo oyintloko, kwaye igama labo livela kumthetho njengoko uhamba kwinkqubo.

IKomiti ijolise ekuhlolweni nasekuhlisweni

Xa zithe zaveliswa, amatyala anikwa iikomiti ezisekelwe kumbandela wazo. Imali ephathelele inkqubo yemfundo iya kwikomiti yemfundo, ngoxa enye ethetha ngobulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho ibhekiswa kwikomiti yejaji okanye yokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. IiBhili ezichaphazela uqingqo-mali lukarhulumente kufuneka ziphinde ziye kwikomiti yezoburhulumente ukuze zihlolwe. Le nkqubo yekomiti ivumela abalawuli bemithetho abanobuchule kwimimandla ethile yemigaqo ethile ukuba baqhube uvavanyo olunenkcukacha lomthetho ocetyisiweyo.

Iikomiti zinika amathuba okuba nenxaxheba kurhulumente kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Abahlali, amaqela abantu abanomdla, namagosa karhulumente angangqina ekuxhaseni okanye ekuchaseni amatyala, anike abamisi-mthetho iimbono ezixabisekileyo ngendlela umthetho ocetyisiweyo ongayichaphazela ngayo imibutho yabo. Amalungu eKomiti aphikisana ngeenzuzo zamatyala, acebisa ukuba kwenziwe izindululo, kwaye ekugqibeleni avote ukuba aqhubele umthetho kwigumbi elipheleleyo ukuze aqwalaselwe.

Ingxoxo yeNkcubeko noLuvo

IiBhili eziqhuba inkqubo yekomiti ngempumelelo zisiya kumgangatho wegumbi ukuze kuxoxwe ngazo zonke iziqu. Ngaphantsi komgaqo-siseko karhulumente, ityala lifundwa izihlandlo ezithathu, ngokufundwa kokuqala okusebenza njengenqanaba lolwazi elilumkisa amalungu emali eza kuqwalaselwa. Ngexesha lokufundwa kwesibini, abenzi bemithetho baphikisana ngeemfuno zemali kwaye bangacebisa ukulungisiswa kolwimi okanye umlinganiselo wayo. Ufundo lwesithathu lufikelela kwivoti yokugqibela kwingxelo yombhalo.

Ukuba irejista idlula kwelinye igumbi, iqhubekela kwelinye igumbi apho ihamba inkqubo efanayo yokuhlola ikomiti, ingxoxo yomgangatho, kunye nokuvota. Xa omabini amagumbi evumela iinguqulelo ezifanayo zemali, iyabhaliswa kwaye ilungiselelwe ukunikezelwa kwirhuluneli. Kodwa, ukuba igumbi lesibini lilungisa irejista, kufuneka ibuyele kwigumbi lokuqala ukuze ivunywe ezo nguqulelo. Xa amagumbi engenakuvumelana ekulungiseni, angamisela ikomiti kunye namalungu emizimba yomibini ukuze axubushe uguqulelo oluyekileyo.

Amagunya oMgaqo-siseko weRhuluneli ekwenzeni imithetho

IRhuluneli NjengeNtloko yoMphathi

Enye indima ephambili yerhuluneli kwixesha langoku yeyommisi-mthetho omkhulu, yaye inkoliso yabaqwalaseli igxininisa ukuba abalawuli banempembelelo enkulu kwibala lemidlalo yowiso-mthetho njengeentloko zenkqubo zokuqalisa kunye no "ziphathi-mthetho zokutshintsha". Le ndima iquka ngaphaya kokusayina okanye ukukhupha iindleko. Irhuluneli zibumba imimiselo yemithetho nge-Adresi yabo yeRhulumente, apho zichaza izinto eziphambili zemithetho kwaye zicebisa umthetho othile. Zicebisa ukuba kubekho uqingqo-mali olunzulu olubeka izinto eziza kuqala kurhulumente. Zisebenzisa impembelelo yazo yezopolitiki ukukhuthaza ukuxhasa iindleko ezithandwayo kunye nenkcaso zichasa.

Ibamba lidlala iindima ezintathu ezibanzi ngokunxulumene nezindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente: lingacebisa umthetho lize lidlulisele ezona migaqo zibalulekileyo ngoRhulumente weedilesi zikaRhulumente, linokunikwa igunya lokubiza iintlanganiso ezikhethekileyo zowiso-mthetho ezineenjongo ezimiselweyo kunye nezicwangciso, kwaye lilungelelanisa lize lisebenze neendlu zowiso-mthetho. La mandla asesikweni aqinisekisa ukuba abalawuli bahlala bengabadlali abasembini kwinkqubo yokwenza umthetho ukususela ekuqaleni ukusa ekupheleni.

Igunya lohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali

IRhuluneli ziphuhlisa zize zinikeze uqingqo-mali lwaminyaka le okanye oluzinzileyo ukuze zihlolwe kwaye zivunywe yindlu yowiso-mthetho, kwaye kumazwe amaninzi "ilungu lomgca" umgangatho onamandla okususa iinkcazelo ezichaphazelekayo, zivumela abalawuli nabasebenzi boqingqo-mali ukuba bafeze indima eyomeleleyo ekumiseleni izinto eziphambili zoovimba belizwe. Eli gunya loqingqo-mali limele esinye sezixhobo ezibaluleke kakhulu zerhuluneli ukuphembelela inkqubo karhulumente.

Inkqubo yoqingqo-mali olulawulayo iqala kwiinyanga phambi kwentlanganiso yowiso-mthetho, namasebe karhulumente anika izicelo zemali kwiofisi yoqingqo-mali yerhuluneli. Abasebenzi berhuluneli bahlolisisa ezi zicelo, baqwalasela iiprojekthi zemali, kwaye baphuhlisa isicwangciso sokuchitha ingeniso ebanzi ebonisa ezona zinto ziphambili zenkqubo yerhuluneli. Xa inikwa umthetho wecawa, olu lwabiwo-mali lusebenza njengendawo yokuqala ekuqwalaselwe kuyo uqingqo-mali lwemithetho, inika impembelelo epheleleyo kwisiseko sokuqala semali esetyenziswa ngurhulumente.

Xa Iibhili zifikelela kumgangatho weRhuluneli

Ixesha Lokuzihlola Elikhoyo

Isivumelwano ngasinye sowiso-mthetho esidluliswa liqumrhu lowiso-mthetho likarhulumente sinikelwa kwirhuluneli ukuze kutyikitywe, nemithetho karhulumente echaza ixesha elabelwe irhuluneli ukuba ityikitye okanye iveto umthetho ocetyiweyo olandela ukusasaza, kwaye umthetho ungasebenza ngaphandle kosayino lwerhuluneli emva kokuba ixesha eligunyazisiweyo lidlule. Eli xesha lichaziwe lahluka ngokuphawulekayo phakathi kwamazwe, libonakalisa amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko nezithethe ezahlukeneyo.

Ngeli xesha indlu yowiso-mthetho isekho kwintlanganiso, abalawuli badla ngokuba neentsuku ezilishumi (ababalanga iiCawa) zokutyobela okanye ukuhambisa amatyala adluliswa zizo zombini izindlu, kunye namatyala asayiniweyo abe ngumthetho kwaye arhoxiswe amatyala angawutyiki, nangona ukusilela kwerhuluneli ukutyikitya okanye ukukhupha umthetho ngexesha leentsuku ezilishumi kuthetha ukuba ngumthetho ngokuzenzekelayo. Le nkqubo izenzekelayo ithintela abalawuli ekubulaleni umthetho ngokusuka nje bangavumi ukwenza okuthile kuwo ngexesha lentlanganiso yemithetho.

Imithetho eyahlukeneyo isebenza xa amatyala edluliselwa kwirhuluneli emva kokuba indlu yowiso-mthetho ithunyiwe. Amanye amazwana andisa ixesha lokuziphinda ityala lasemva kwemali, lo gama amanye egcina isakhelo esinye sexesha. Le michaphaza-jiko inokuba nempembelelo ephawulekayo kucwangciso lwemithetho, ingakumbi kufutshane nesiphelo sentlanganiso xa iindleko ezininzi zinokugqithiswa ngokulandelelana okukhawulezileyo.

Iinketho Ezithathu zeRhuluneli

Xa zibekwa ngomthetho, iirhuluneli zijongene nokhetho olusisiseko oluthathu. Okokuqala, zingasayina umthetho, zibonise ukuvunywa kwawo kwaye zenze umthetho uphumelele ngokwemigaqo yawo okanye ngokomthetho karhulumente. Oku kumela eyona ndlela icacileyo yokuba umthetho ube ngumthetho kwaye isenzeka xa irhuluneli ixhasa umthetho okanye iwufumanise wamkelekile nokuba awufezekanga.

Okwesibini, abalawuli bangawukhupha umthetho, bawugatye baze bawuthintele ekubeni ngumthetho ngaphandle kokuba indlu yowiso-mthetho iwushenxise umrhumo. Amatyala ahlawulweyo abuyiselwa kwindlu eyawadlulisa kuqala, kunye nengxelo yesizathu sokungamthobeli kwabo. Esi sigidimi sichaza iimpikiswano zerhuluneli kwaye singaphembelela nokuba abalawuli bazama ukuthoba i-veto okanye ukuhlaziya ityala lokuphinda baphinde bacinge kwintlanganiso yexesha elizayo.

Okwesithathu, abalawuli abanakuthatha nyathelo, bavumele ityala libe ngumthetho ngaphandle kotyikityo lwabo. Oku kuvumela abalawuli ukuba bavumele umthetho usebenze xa bechaza amathandabuzo ngokuqulathiweyo okanye ukusondela.

Ukuqonda Amandla Okukhupha Igalelo

IVeto Eqhelekileyo

Bonke abalawuli abangama-50 banegunya lokuqinisekisa uwiso-mthetho olupheleleyo. Le ngxelo ithe rhoqo okanye "i-"Pilot" ivumela irhuluneli ukuba ingavumi ukuba irhuluneli iphela, ithintele nawuphi na umrhumo wayo ekubeni ibe ngumthetho ngaphandle kokuba indlu yowiso-mthetho iwuyeke uwiso lwephondo.

Irhuluneli ziqhelisela amandla okusebenzisa iveto ngezizathu ezininzi. Zisenokungavumelani nendlela yokuqhuba ityala, zikholelwa ukuba iza kulonakalisa urhulumente okanye abemi bayo. Zingafumana umthetho ongekho simini okanye osemthethweni. Zingachasa impembelelo ekhoyo yemali esetyenziswayo. Okanye zingasebenzisa i-vetoes ngokucwangcisayo ukufumana isixhaso sokuzixhakamfula kwiingxoxo nendlu yowiso-mthetho kwezinye izinto. Nokuba ngaba yintoni na intshukumisa, iveto imele isixhobo esinamandla sempembelelo yegabernatorial kumthetho wesizwe.

IVeto Yomgca

Irhuluneli inga "ilungu lomgca wetyala leveto" amalungu emali, amandla akhoyo kwinkoliso kodwa hayi onke amatyala. Olu hlobo lweveto luvumela abalawuli ukuba babethe iingxelo ezithile ngokuhlawula iindleko ngexesha lokwamkela eziseleyo zomthetho. Umgca-okanye unika abalawuli ulawulo oluqinileyo kuqingqo-mali lwemali karhulumente, nto leyo ebenza bakwazi ukuphelisa ukucinga ukuba badlalele ilahleko okanye okungafanelekanga ngaphandle kokulahla iindleko zoqingqo-mali.

Umlinganiselo womgca-olwahlulo lwegunya lolawulo lwamazwe ahlukeneyo. Amanye amatyala awulinganisela ngokungqongqo kwizinto ezidityanisiweyo kwityala loqingqo-mali. Ezinye zikwandisa nakweyiphi na ireyithi equlethe ulwaleko. Kwinani lamazwe, abalawuli ba "kudityaniswa" okanye "ulwahlulo" okanye "uluhlu lwendawo-luhlulo" okanye "ulawulo" amandla okususa uqikelelo lwento abayenzayo, nezinye iintlobo zevetoes ziquka "ukhuthuzo" (ngalo irhuluneli enokuthi ngelitha umbathiso lwabiwo loqingqo-mali) kunye "ngendlela enokuthi ngerhuluneli ikwazi ukuhlaziya umthetho). Ezi ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo zidala ulungeleno lwegunya phakathi kweerulathi nemithetho ngaphaya kwamazwe.

Ipocket Veto

Kwinani elincinane lamatyala, amatyala azakufa (i-pocket iveto) ngaphandle kokuba irhuluneli imiqondiso esesikweni ngawo, kwakhona phakathi kwenani elichaziweyo leentsuku. Ingxowa iveto iyenzeka xa irhuluneli ingathathi nyathelo kwityala kwaye indlu yowiso-mthetho ithubeleze, ithintele umthetho ukuba ungabi ngumthetho ngokungenamsebenzi. Irhuluneli ingaba "ipeccocket" isibambiso esidluliswayo ebudeni beentsuku ezintathu zokugqibela zentlanganiso ngokungawutyiki ngeentsuku ezili-14 emva kokungagqibi komthetho.

Iveto yepokotho yahlukile kwiveto eqhelekileyo kuba ayinakungathotywa yindlu yowiso-mthetho, ekubeni iseshoni yemithetho iphelile kwaye abenzi bomthetho abasasayi kuququzelela ukuvota edefini. Oku kwenza ukuba ipokotho ibe namandla ngokukhethekileyo, nangona ukusetyenziswa kwayo kulinganiselwe kwiimeko ezichaziweyo kumgaqo-siseko worhulumente ngamnye.

Amandla Akhethekileyo Eveto

Amanye amaphondo anika abalawuli bawo amagunya awo awongezelelweyo ngaphaya kokhetho olusezantsi. I-vetrance ivumela abalawuli ukuba babuyisele amatyala kwindlu yowiso-mthetho kunye nezincomelo ezithile zotshintsho, inika abenzi bomthetho ukhetho ukwamkela utshintsho lwerhuluneli okanye ukuqhubekeka nguqulelo yantlandlolo. Eli gunya linceda abalawuli ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kwimithetho ebumba izinto kunokuba bawamkele okanye bayigatye.

Wisconsin unika mhlawumbi eyona ndawo ibanzi yegunya eligqithisileyo kuhlanga. Ngelixesha onke amaphondo angama-50 enika abalawuli amandla eveto kwaye amaninzi evumela i-vetoes engakhethiyo, uWisconsin unika irhuluneli yakhe igunya elibanzi ukutshintsha umthetho ngokugqithisileyo xa kuthelekiswa namanye amazwe. Iveto ekhethayo ivumela iirhuluneli ukuba zibethe amagama, amanani, kwanezithuba ezisuka kwimiqathango ye-appropria, ziphinde zibhale umthetho ngendlela enokuguqula ngokuphawulekayo intsingiselo nesiphumo sawo.

Inkqubela Yomthetho Engalawulekiyo

& Yenza Icebo lokucoca ulwelo

Imithetho ingagqitha kwivetoes, idla ngokuba yivoti ephezulu. Umqobo wokuvota ofunekayo kwinqanaba eliphezulu uyahluka-hluka ngurhulumente, kodwa uninzi lufuna isibini-sithathu okanye isininzi sesithathu se-intshi kwigumbi ngalinye. Irejista inokuba ngumthetho ukuba amalungu amabini-3 endlu nganye avota ukudlula kwirhuluneli. Le mfuneko iphezulu iqinisekisa ukuba izenzeka xa imvume eqinileyo yemithetho ye-gractive ikho kuphela xa ikho kwisivumelwano esingundoqo somthetho we-veto.

Inkqubo yokukhutshwa kwetyala iqala kwigumbi apho umlomo uvela khona. Ukuba amalungu amabini-sithathu ezindlu zombini avota ukudlula iveto, ireji yonke izakuba ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino lwerhuluneli. Omabini amagumbi kufuneka avote ngempumelelo ukuze abe ngumthetho; ukuba naliphi na igumbi aliphumeleli ukufumana i-ethenal, iveto ime kwaye i-veto ayibi ngumthetho.

Umahluko Wokungalisebenzisi Igunya

Imiyalelo engalawulekiyo iyahluka ngaphaya kolawulo olubalulekileyo. Amanye amaphondo afuna ivoti ezimbini-sithathu zamalungu akhoyo kunye novota, ngexa amanye egunyazisa amaqela amabini-sithathu abo bonke abanyuliweyo kungakhathaliseki ukuba baphi abakhoyo. Lo mahluko ungabuchaphazela ngokuphawulekayo ubunzima bokufikelela enkundleni ephezulu, ekubeni kufuneka ii-3 ezimbini zamalungu anyuliweyo onke amisela ibar ephezulu kunesibini-3 zamalungu akhoyo.

Umthetho wahlukeneyo kwimithetho yawo malunga nexesha lokugqitha. Uninzi lwamazwe luvumela ukukhutshwa kuphela ngexesha elinye apho uxwebhu lugqithiselwe khona kwaye lukhutshwe khona. Xa indlu yowiso-mthetho ithe yafumana ithuba lokulawula okuqhelekileyo kuyaphelelwa. Noko ke, amanye amazwe avumela iintlanganiso ezikhethekileyo ukuba zibizwe ngokungqalileyo ukuqwalasela ukudebeselwa, ukwandisa ixesha lesakhelo sendlela yokwenza iwiso-mthetho.

Into eluncedo yeyokuba iveto ihlala inqabile kumaphondo amaninzi. Imfuneko ephezulu yenza umqobo ophezulu ekunzima ukuwufikelela, ingakumbi kumazwe akwimithetho eyahlulekileyo apho iqela lerhuluneli libamba ubuncinane isithathu esinye sezihlalo kwigumbi ngalinye. Oku kuhlola amandla e-veto njengesixhobo solawulo kwaye kuchaza isizathu sokuba abalawuli basoloko benxibelelana neerhuluneli ngexesha lenkqubo yomthetho ukunqanda ukunqanda ukuhlasela kwenqanawa.

Ngaphandle Kokusayina Nokuyibetha Ingxowa: Enye Impembelelo Yokusetyenziswa Kwezinyo

Imiqathango yecandelo

Njengeenkokeli zikarhulumente, abalawuli baqhubele phambili baze balandele iinkqubo ezintsha nezihlaziyiweyo kunye neenkqubo ezisebenzisa iintlobo-ntlobo zezixhobo, phakathi kwazo imiyalelo yezolawulo, uqingqo-mali oluphezulu, kunye nezicelo zowiso-mthetho kunye nee-vetoes. Imiyalelo yegunya ivumela abalawuli ukuba balathise amaqumrhu nemisebenzi yezorhulumente ngaphandle kokufuna imvume yemithetho. Ngoxa imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo ingenako ukwenza imithetho emitsha okanye imali efanelekileyo (amandla agcinelwe kwindlu yowiso-mthetho), inokuba nempembelelo ephawulekayo kwindlela imithetho ekhoyo esetyenziswa nenyanzelelwa ngayo.

Iirhuluneli zisebenzisa imiyalelo yesebe elilawulayo ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo: ukulungiselela amasebe aphetheyo, ukumisela amagosa okanye amagunya, ukuvakalisa amagunya ongxamiseko, ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo zolawulo, nokulawula indlela abameli besizwe abayichaza ngayo imithetho nokuyisebenzisa. Le miyalelo isebenza ngamandla abasebenzi belizwe kunye namaqumrhu, nangona isenokucelw'imbambano enkundleni ukuba angaphaya kwegunya elisemthethweni okanye ukungqubana nemithetho ekhoyo.

Umgangatho wegunya elilawulayo wolawulo uyahluka-hluka phakathi kwamazwe asekelwe kumalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko neenkcazelo ezigwebayo. Eminye imimiselo yomthetho inika abalawuli igunya elibanzi, ngelinye ixesha abanye belichaza ngokufutshane kakhulu igunya lolawulo. Iinkundla zisebenza njengabameli abapheleleyo bemiyalelo ethile yegunya eliphakamileyo ukuba ikho kusini na kumandla asemthethweni erhuluneli okanye ukungenelela ngokungafanelekanga kwigunya lomthetho.

Name

Kumaphondo amaninzi, abalawuli banamandla okubiza indlu yowiso-mthetho kwintlanganiso ekhethekileyo ngaphandle kwekhalenda yowiso-mthetho eqhelekileyo. Eli gunya linceda abalawuli ukuba banikele ingqalelo kwimicimbi yowiso-mthetho engxamisekileyo engenakulinda de kube yintlanganiso elandelayo eqhelekileyo. Xa bebiza intlanganiso ekhethekileyo, abalawuli bamisela ucwangciso, bebeka umda wemixholo enokuthethwa yindlu yowiso-mthetho ebudeni bentlanganiso.

Amandla okubiza iintlanganiso ezikhethekileyo anika abalawuli ababalulekileyo abamisela iingcebiso. Banganyanzela ukuqwalaselwa kwemithetho yezomthetho ngezinto eziza kuqala, baphendule kwiimeko ezimanqam, babangele uxinzelelo lwezopolitiko ukwenzela isenzo kwimibandela ethile. Kodwa ke, ukuphumelela kweentlanganiso ezikhethekileyo kuxhomekeke kubuchule berhuluneli bokwakha inkxaso yemithetho-mthetho kwiingcebiso zabo, ekubeni ukubiza intlanganiso akuqinisekisi ukuba uwiso-mthetho wendlu yowiso-mthetho uza kugqitha umthetho othandwa yirhuluneli.

Amandla Edinga

Iirhuluneli ziphumeza ulawulo lwazo kunye neembopheleleko zokhokelo ngokuxhaswa lisebe kunye neentloko zoorhulumente, ezininzi zazo ezinikwe amandla okumisela, kwaye uninzi lwabalawuli banegunya lokumisela iinkundla zenkundla yorhulumente ngokufanayo, kwiimeko ezininzi ukusuka kuludwe lwamagama abekwe yikomiti echazayo. La magunya okumisela avumela abalawuli ukuba balungise inkqubo yesebe eliphetheyo kwaye aqinisekise ukuba izinto eziphambili kuwo zimiselwe kulo lonke urhulumente.

Umlinganiselo wegunya lokumisa elingumlawuli wodidi lomthetho wahlukene kakhulu phakathi kwamaphondo. Abanye abalawuli bamisela amagosa aphezulu, ngoxa abanye besabelana ngegunya lokumisa nendlu yowiso-mthetho okanye bejongene neemfuno zomGaqo-siseko zokuba ezinye iindawo zigcwaliswe ngonyulo oludumileyo. Olu tshintsho luchaphazela indlela abalawuli abalawula ngayo imisebenzi karhulumente kunye nokuphunyezwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo.

Ukhokelo Lwezobupolitika Neqela

Iinkokeli zingasebenzisa indima yazo njengeenkokeli zeqela ukukhuthaza ukuxhaswa kweenkqubo zowiso-mthetho, kunye neentloko zesebe kunye nabasebenzi, zingafuna ukuphembelela inkqubela yomthetho ngeentlanganiso ezithe rhoqo nabamisi-mthetho, amagosa owiso-mthetho nabanye abangenisi-mthetho. Le mpembelelo ingacwangciswanga idla ngokungqineka ibalulekile njengamagunya omgaqo-siseko asesikweni ukumisela iziphumo zomthetho.

Irhuluneli zisebenzisa isikhundla sazo njengelona gunya libonakalayo linyuliweyo kwiphondo ukubumba uluvo lukawonke-wonke nokukhuthaza inkxaso kwiinkqubo zazo eziphambili. Zisebenzisa imbonakalo yejelo-ndaba, iziganeko zikawonke-wonke, kunye namajelo eendaba oluntu ukunxibelelana ngqo nabemi, zibangela ingcinezelo yezopolitiko kwimithetho ukuxhasa okanye ukuchasa amatyala athile. Zisebenza neenkokeli zemithetho ukuvelisa ubuchule bokuqhubana, kunye nokwakha imibutho. Zisebenzisa inkxaso yazo yemali kunye nenkxaso yokuxhasa inkxaso enxulumene nabo bachasanayo kunye neentshaba.

Le mithetho yezobupolitika ilawula igunya lolawulo isebenza ngakwicala lamagosa omgaqo-siseko asemthethweni yaye idla ngokugqitha amagunya asemthethweni. Irhuluneli enobuchule bezobupolitika enomqathango onamandla kawonke-wonke ingaphumelela naxa kukho igunya elilinganiselweyo elisesikweni, ngoxa irhuluneli ebuthathaka okanye engathandwayo isenokuzama ukuhambisela phambili ucwangciso lwayo phezu kwako nje ukuba namagunya omgaqo-siseko onamandla.

Ukudibana phakathi kweeRhuluneli neMithetho

Ukusebenzisana Nengxabano

Ulwalamano phakathi kweerhuluneli kunye neendlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ludibanisa iziqalelo zentsebenziswano kunye nongquzulwano. Omabini amasebe abelana ngembopheleleko yokuthetha ngeengxaki zelizwe kunye nokunceda abasebenzi, edala izikhuthazo zokusebenzisana. Kodwa akwamela iinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo kunye neembono, neejaji zelizwe ezinyulwe ngokubanzi kunye nemithetho emele izithili ezithile. Olu xinzelelo lulawula intsebenziswano kunye nengxabano zibumba amandla okuyila urhulumente.

Xa irhuluneli nemithetho ephambili ikwiqela elinye lezobupolitika, intsebenziswano iyanda kwaye ihla ingquzulwano. Ukunxulumana kweqela elinye kubangela iinjongo eziqhelekileyo zenkqubo kunye nentshukumisa yezobupolitika yokusebenza kunye. Noko ke, kwanorhulumente omanyeneyo akaluphelisi uxinezeleko, njengoko izilangazelelo zombutho kunye neemfuno zomntu ngamnye zisenokuvelisa ukungavisisani phakathi kwamasebe.

Urhulumente owahluleleneyo, apho irhuluneli kunye namagumbi owiso-mthetho alawulwa ngamaqela ahlukeneyo, ngokufuthi anyusa ingxabano kwaye enza kube nzima ngakumbi ukulalanisa kwemithetho. IiRhuluneli zingasebenzisa iivetoes rhoqo, kwaye izindlu zowiso-mthetho zingangakulungelanga ukuhlalisa izinto eziphambili eziphambili. Kodwa urhulumente owahluleleneyo unakho ukuvelisa intsebenziswano ye-bipartistiki xa omabini amacala eqonda ukuba kufuneka acombulule iingxaki zikarhulumente aze abonise amandla awo okulawula ngokunempumelelo.

Ukuxokelelwa nokuyekelela

Uninzi lwenkqubo yowiso-mthetho ibandakanya ingxubusho phakathi kweerhuluneli neenkokeli zowiso-mthetho. Kunokuba zilinde ukupheliswa kwetyala abachasayo, iirhuluneli zisoloko zisebenza nabalawuli ngexesha lokwenziwa kwemithetho kunye nokulungiswa kwenkqubo yokubumba umthetho ngendlela eyamkelekileyo. Oku kuthembisana okunempembelelo kuvumela abalawuli ukuba baphembelele iziphumo zenkqubo ngoxa bephepha iindleko zezopolitiko zezixhobo zokulwa nokuphumelela kwiimfazwe.

Iinkokeli ezilawulayo ngokufanayo zinezisusa zokunxibelelana neerhuluneli. Zifuna ukubeka umthetho oya kuba ngumthetho kunokuba ube ngunobuzala, kwaye ziyaqonda ukuba iirhuluneli zingasebenzisa impembelelo yazo yezobupolitika ukunceda okanye ukuthintela ezona zinto ziphambili zemithetho. Oku kuxhomekeka koluntu kukhuthaza unxibelelwano oluqhubekayo nokulalanisa kuyo yonke inkqubo yemithetho.

Inkqubo yengxoxo idla ngokukhula kufuphi nesiphelo seentlanganiso zowiso-mthetho, xa imiqathango yexesha enika uxinzelelo lokucombulula ukungavisisani okubalaseleyo. Amatyala ohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali afuna ingxubusho eninzi phakathi kweerhuluneli neenkokeli zemithetho, njengoko omabini amacala efuna ukuhambisela phambili ukusetyenziswa kwawo koovimba abakhoyo. Oku kuqulunqwa kwentlanganiso kungenza izivumelwano ezibanzi ezibangela imibandela emininzi yepakethi yemali kunye, zivumela omabini amacala ukuba afumane ulo lwawo lwawo.

Umahluko Kumandla Alawulayo Aphesheya Kwamazwe

Ukwahluka komGaqo-siseko

Nangona abalawuli benendima neembopheleleko ezininzi ezifanayo, umlinganiselo wamandla e-gubernerate uyahluka ngokwemeko ngokwemithetho-siseko yombuso, umthetho, nesithethe. Ezi ntlobo zidala ulwahluko lwamandla ombuso, ezinye iijaji eziphezulu phakathi kwabalawuli abaphezulu abanamandla kurhulumente waseMelika kunye nezinye ezisebenza ngegunya elilinganiselweyo.

Amaphondo anamandla alawulayo abonakalisa iimpawu eziliqela: irhuluneli inamagunya aphangaleleyo okumisa phezu kwamagosa esebe aphetheyo; igunya elikhulu leveto eliquka i-rom-tem-tem kunye nezinye iivetoes ezinokusetyenziswa ngokukhethekileyo; ukukwazi ukusebenzisa amabinzana amaninzi ngaphandle komda womgaqo-siseko; kunye negunya elininzi lokwenza uqingqo-mali. La mandla enza ukuba abalawuli bakwazi ukulawula inkqubo yokwenziwa kwenkqubo kwaye basebenzise ulawulo olubalulekileyo kumsebenzi worhulumente.

Amaphondo abuthathaka, ngokwahlukileyo, adla ngokunciphisa igunya lobugcisa ngamalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko anyula amanye amagosa aphezulu esebe ngokuzimeleyo, alinganisela amandla okumisa, alinganisela igunya, abeka imida, okanye anciphisa amandla oqingqo-mali. Kula maphondo, abalawuli kufuneka babelane namanye amagosa anyuliweyo kwaye bajongene nobunzima obukhulu ekuzalisekiseni imigaqo yabo.

Indaleko Yembali

Amandla e-gubernatoriator athe anyuka ngexesha eliqhelekileyo njengoko urhulumente eye waguqula oorhulumente bawo kwaye wasabela kwiingxaki ezikhulayo. Umgaqo-siseko wombuso wangaphambili wadala iinkomfa ezibuthathaka njengentsabelo ngokuchasene namabamba obukumkani, ukususa amandla obugqeba phakathi kwamagosa amaninzi anyuliweyo kwaye ubeka imiqathango ye-gubernatoria. Inkulungwane yamashumi amabini yabona utyekelo lokomeleza igunya le-gubernatorator ngoncedo lweziphenelo kunye neenguqu ezinyusa amandla olawulo oluphezulu, imida ekwandisiweyo, kunye nokwandisa imiqathango yemithetho yoqingqo-mali.

Le ndaleko ibonisa utshintsho olukhoyo olumalunga nolawulo lwezikhundla. Abalawuli bale mihla kulindeleke ukuba banikele ulwalathiso lwenkqubo, balawule imikhosi entsonkothileyo karhulumente, baphendule kwiimeko ezinzima, basebenze njengobuso bukarhulumente karhulumente. Olu themba luqhubele phambili utshintsho olunika abalawuli izixhobo ezifunekayo ukuze baphumeze ezi mbopheleleko zokhokelo ngokunempumelelo.

Impembelelo Yokusetyenziswa Kwesigulo Kumthetho KaRhulumente

Xa Iibhiliyoni Ziba Ngumthetho

Xa ityala lityikitywe yirhuluneli okanye liba ngumthetho ngezinye iindlela, lingena kwikhowudi yomthetho karhulumente lize linyanzeleke ukuba linyanzeliswe. Noko ke, ixesha lokusebenza kwemithetho liyahluka. Ezinye iindleko ziquka imihla esebenzayo, ngelixa ezinye zisebenza ngokwemimiselo yomthetho jikelele. Imithetho emininzi emitsha isebenza kwintlanganiso ye-Agasti 1 ngaphandle kokuba umthetho ukhankanya olunye umhla, ngaphandle kokuba ucaphulo lwemali oluqulathe iindleko, oluba lusebenza ngoJulayi 1, umhla omnye wonyaka oqalisayo.

Olu suku lunempumelelo lungachaphazela ngendlela ephawulekayo ephunyezwa ngayo umthetho kunye neziphumo zawo ezisebenzayo. Ixesha elikhawulezileyo elisebenzayo livumela imithetho ukuba icombulule iingxaki ezingxamisekileyo ngokukhawuleza kodwa lisenokunganiki malungu ixesha elaneleyo lokulungiselela ukuthobela. Ixesha elilibazisiweyo linika ixesha lokuzalisekisa ucwangciso nemfundo kawonke-wonke kodwa lihlehlisa iinzuzo okanye iimfuno zomthetho.

Isenzo

Emva kokuba imithetho isebenze, isebe eliphetheyo lithatha imbopheleleko yokusebenzisa nokuliqinisekisa. Amasebe karhulumente avelisa imimiselo, ayila iinkqubo zolawulo, anike ubuncwane ukuze aphumeze izindululo zowiso-mthetho. Indima yerhuluneli kule nkqubo yokuzalisekisa ibalulekile, njengoko amagosa esebe eliphetheyo ekhangele kwirhuluneli ukuze afumane ukhokelo kwezona ziphambili kunye nokutolikwa kwenjongo yemithetho.

Iirhuluneli ziphembelela ukuphunyezwa kweenkqubo ezithile. Zimisela iintloko zemibutho ezinolwahlulo lweenkqubo eziluvo. Zinika oovimba oovimba ngeenkqubo ngocwangciso, zibone ukuba ziziphi iinkqubo ezifumana inkxaso efanelekileyo ukuze ziphumeze impumelelo. Zikhupha imiyalelo kunye nemiyalelo ekhokelayo ekhokelayo indlela abameli abachaza ngayo imithetho baze basebenzise ngayo. Yaye zisebenzisa impembelelo yazo yezopolitiko ukukhuthaza okanye ukudima iindlela ezithile zokuzalisekisa.

Eli gunya lizalisekisa lithetha ukuba impembelelo yegabernar presence idlulela ngaphaya kwesigqibo sokuqala sokutyikitya okanye ukukhupha umthetho. Kwanemithetho edluliselwe kwi-veto yerhuluneli mayisetyenziswe ngamasebe aphetheyo phantsi kolwalathiso lwerhuluneli, inika abalawuli amathuba okulungisa indlela loo mithetho esebenza ngayo.

Iingxaki Nemikhwa Yangaphambili

Name

Ukwanda kokubekwa kwemimandla ephakamileyo yephondo kuye kwachaphazela ukubekwa komthetho kumgangatho karhulumente kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Njengoko amaqela ezobupolitika eye ahlukana ngokunzulu kwaye asebenzisana ngaphakathi, urhulumente owahluleleneyo uye waba nengxabano engakumbi. IRhuluneli nezindlu zowiso-mthetho ezilawulwa ngamaqela ahlukeneyo zisoloko zizama ukufumana iindawo ezifanayo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekusetyenzisweni kakhulu kweevetoes, imigudu yokuzilawula rhoqo, kunye nobunzima obukhulu ekudluliseni umthetho omkhulu.

Oku kuthatyathwa kolawulo kwakhona kuchaphazela indlela abalawuli abawasebenzisa ngayo amagunya abo. Bambi abalawuli baye bathembela kakhulu kwimiyalelo yabalawuli nakwizenzo zolawulo ukuhambisela phambili iinjongo zomthetho xa intsebenziswano yowiso-mthetho ibonakala inzima. Abanye baye basebenzisa amandla abo okulawula ngamandla angakumbi, begatya amanani amakhulu eendleko, besebenzisa iiveto njengeengxelo zezobupolitika kunokuba basebenzise izixhobo zenkqubo nje.

Amandla Eengozi

Iziganeko zakutshanje, ingakumbi indyikitya ye-COVID-19, iye yabhekisa ingqalelo kumagunya ongxamiseko akhoyo. Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe omninzi unika abalawuli igunya elibanzi lokusabela kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo, kuquka amandla okukhupha izibhengezo zongxamiseko, ubuncwane obuthe ngqo borhulumente, kunye nokusebenzisa imilinganiselo yokwexeshana ngaphandle kwemvume yomthetho. Ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwala mandla ngexesha lesifo esidala ingxubevangeeee mpikiswano ngokulungelelanisa okufanelekileyo phakathi kwegunya eliphetheyo kunye nolawulo lwemithetho ngexesha longxamiseko oluqhubekayo.

Amanye amaphondo aye aphendula ngokumisela umthetho olinganisela ixesha lezibhengezo zongxamiseko, ofuna imvume yowiso-mthetho yolwandiso, okanye athintele izenzo ezithile zolawulo ngexesha longxamiseko. Olu tshintsho lubonisa inkxalabo eqhubekayo phakathi kwemfuneko yokuthatha inyathelo elikhawulezayo lolawulo oluphezulu ngexesha lobunzima nenkxalabo ngokungathintelwa kwamandla omthetho.

Ubandakanyeko Lwasekuhlaleni

Ubugcisa buye batshintsha indlela abemi ababandakanyeka ngayo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho kunye nenkqubo yokuhlola imicimbi. Ngoku izindlu zowiso-mthetho zelizwe zinikezela nge-intanethi kwii-intanethi kumatyala, kwiikomiti zokuchonga, kwiingxoxo zomgangatho, nakwiingxelo zokuvota. IGalume lisebenzisa imithombo yezonxibelelwano yezentlalo kunye nonxibelelwano lwamanani ukuchaza iindidi zalo kumthetho kwaye lakha inkxaso kawonke-wonke ukwenzela ezona ziphambili. Amaqela oonogxabhabha akhuthaza abaxhasi ukuxhasa amaphulo akwi-intanethi kunye nokulungelelaniso lwamanani.

Oku kuvela okuthe kratya nokufumaneka okuthe kratya kuye kwasebenzisa udemokhrasi ekuthatheni inxaxheba ekumiseleni umthetho karhulumente, kuvumela abemi abangakumbi ukuba balandele umthetho, baqhagamshelane nabameli babo, baze benze amazwi abo aviwe. Kukwaye kwandisa ingcinezelo kumarhuluneli nakwimimiselo yokucacisa nokuthethelela izenzo zabo kubantu abanokujonga izigqibo zabo ngokulula.

Izicelo Ezisebenzisekayo Kubemi Nabameli

Ukuqonda Le Nto

Kubemi abafuna ukuphembelela inkqubo karhulumente, ukuqonda indima yerhuluneli ekwenzeni umthetho kubalulekile. Ukusebenza ngokunempumelelo kufuna ukubandakanyeka kwiingongoma ezininzi kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, hayi kuphela xa kuxoxwa ngamatyala kwikomiti okanye kumgangatho. Ukunxibelelana neofisi yerhuluneli ejongene nomthetho obekwe phantsi kungaphembelela ukuba amatyala atyikiswe okanye afakwe phantsi. Ulwalamano olunempembelelo kunye nabasebenzi bequlubhata-mthetho kunye nonyulo lungachaphazela indlela imithetho esetyenziswa ngayo emva kokuba kungenelwe.

Abameli kufuneka baqonde iimpembelelo zezobupolitika phakathi kwerhuluneli nendlu yowiso-mthetho. Kumaphondo kunye norhulumente omanyeneyo, ukubhekisa imigudu yokuphatha ukhokelo loninzi lungaphumelela kakhulu. Kurhulumente owahlulekileyo, ukwakha iminqophiso ye-bipartisan nokubonakalisa inkxaso kawonke-wonke ebanzi kuba baluleke ngakumbi ekuphumeleleni kwe-gabernarial chutes okanye inkcaso yemithetho.

Iqwalasela izenzo zegubernator

Abahlali bangaqwalasela izenzo zolawulo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Inkoliso yee-ofisi zabalawuli igcina ii-website ezidwelisa iindleko ezityikityiweyo nezityikityiweyo, kunye nemiyalezo echaza izizathu zokuchaswa. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ziyakwazi ukuqwalasela amatyala adluliselwe kwirhuluneli nakwezona zimo zazo ziphambili. Ingxelo yamajelo eendaba ngezigqibo ze-gabernarcator kunye neziphumo zazo zenkqubo.

Ukuqonda ixesha elilingeneyo lesenzo sobucukubhede kukwabalulekile. Ukwazi xa amatyala edluliselwa kwirhuluneli naxa ixesha lohlolo liphelelwa kuvumela abaxhasi baxesha lonxibelelwano lwabo ngokunempumelelo kwaye balungiselele iimpendulo kwizigqibo zolawulo. Olu lwazi lunceda ukudibanisa okulungeleleneyo nokunempumelelo kwinkqubo yokwenza umthetho.

Isiphumo: Indima ephambili yeRhuluneli

Indima yerhuluneli ekwenzeni umthetho karhulumente idlulela kude ngaphaya kwesenzo esilula sokutyikitya okanye ukurhoxa amatyala. Irhuluneli ibumba imimiselo yemithetho ngezicelo zayo zomthetho kunye nokuncomela uqingqo-mali. Iphembelela intsingiselo yomthetho ngokuthetha nenkokeli yowiso-mthetho. Igqiba ukuba zeziphi iindleko eziba ngumthetho ngotyikityo, iveto, okanye ukungasabeli. Yaye zichaphazela indlela imithetho esebenza ngayo ngolawulo kukuphumeza ulawulo lwesebe eliphetheyo.

Le ndima iphindiwe yenza abalawuli abaphambili kurhulumente wesizwe babe ngabadlali abaphambili, babelane ngegunya lokwenza umthetho nezindlu zowiso-mthetho kwinkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano olulungiselelwe ukukhusela naliphi na isebe ekulawuleni inkqubo. Abalawuli abathile bamagunya basebenzisa ngokwahlukahlukana kwiimeko ezisekelwe kumalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko, kodwa bonke abalawuli basebenza njengamaqabane kunye nokuhlola kwisenzo somthetho-mthetho.

Ukuqonda indlela abalawuli abathatha ngayo inxaxheba ekubekeni umthetho kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda urhulumente okanye inkqubo karhulumente enempembelelo. Amandla asesikweni okutyikitya nokulawula, adityaniswe nempembelelo engacwangciswanga kunye negunya lezobupolitika, enza abalawuli babe nenxaxheba ababalulekileyo ekudaleni nasekuphumezeni umthetho karhulumente. Njengoko oorhulumente besaqhubeka becombulula imingeni entsonkothileyo, indima yerhuluneli ekubekweni komthetho iza kuhlala iyinkalo ebalulekileyo yolawulo lwezwe lwaseMelika kunye nolawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi ngeenkqubo zowiso-mthetho, iNgqungquthela yesizwe yoMagunya eSizwe inikela ubuncwane obubanzi ngendlela amatyala aba ngayo imithetho kumaphondo awahlukeneyo. IGawula-Rhuluneli zoMbutho woMzwelo [ inikela iinkcukacha ezineenkcukacha malunga namandla olawulo kunye noxanduva lwawo onke amazwe angamashumi amahlanu. Ulwazi lorhulumente---e-99 lungafunyanwa ngemithetho yendlu yowiso-mthetho nganye yephondo kunye neewebhsayithi ze-ofisi ze-ofisi, ezinikezela ukufikelela kumthetho okhoyo, i-veto, kunye nezinye izinto ezibonisa inkqubo yokwenza umthetho.