Impembelelo Ehlala Ihleli Yeepeyinti Nendlela Elungeleleneyo Ngezigqibo Zemigaqo

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ime njengentsika engundoqo yolawulo lomgaqo-siseko waseMelika, elungiselelwe ukuthintela naliphi na isebe ekuqokeleleni igunya elingathintelekiyo. Olu cwangciso luntsonkothileyo, olufakwe kumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., ukuma komgaqo-siseko ngokuqhubekayo kwiimeko kumgangatho wonke karhulumente. Ngokwahlula amandla phakathi kwegunya, lowiso-mthetho, kunye namasebe okulawula, ukujonga kunye nokulungelelanisa izinto, kwenza imekobume enamandla apho imigaqo imele ihlale ijongekelwe, ilalanise, kunye nohlalutyo lomgaqo-siseko. Ukuqonda le nkqubo kuyimfuneko ekuqondeni indlela esenziwe ngayo imithetho, enyanzeleka, netolikwayo, nesizathu sokuba iziphumo ezithile zivele kwabanye.

Imigaqo Efanelekileyo Yokucombulula Nokulungelelana

Iingqiniba kunye nolungelelwano aziyoengcamango nje ezithethwayo; zinkqubo ezisebenzayo eziqinisekisa ukuphendula nokukhusela inkululeko yabantu. Abaseki abasunguliweyo, betsala kwiinkcuba - buchopho zokukhanya njengoMontesquieu, bayila urhulumente apho isebe ngalinye linokuxhathisa ukungenelela kwabanye. Oku kwahlukahlukana kwamagunya, kudityaniswe neembopheleleko ezihamba-hambanayo, imikhosi encedisanayo kunye nengxabano, ekugqibeleni kuvelisa izigqibo ezithe chatha zemigaqo-nkqubo yegalelo.

Amasebe Amathathu Namandla Awo Okuncedisa

Isebe ngalinye linamagunya ahlukeneyo omgaqo-siseko asebenza njengesixhobo sokulawula amanye:

  • Isebe eliphumezayo: eliphethwe nguMongameli, elinoxanduva lokumisa imithetho karhulumente, lokuqhuba inkqubo yamanye amazwe, nokuyalela umkhosi. UMongameli angamisela umthetho, amisele abagwebi besizwe (kuquka abagwebi abaPhakamileyo eNkundla), kwaye anikezele imiyalelo yegunya.
  • Isebe lesebe elinomthetho: Congress, equka iNdlu yabameli kunye neNdlu yeeNtsimbi, iphethe amandla okwenza imithetho, ukusetyenziswa korhulumente (amandla engxowa-mali), ukubhengeza imfazwe, nokuqinisekisa ukubekwa komongameli. Ngaphezu koko, iBhunga lingayisusa iveto kamongameli kunye noninzi oluzii-3 ezimbini kumagumbi omabini.
  • [[NTL:0] Isebe le-judicial: Ikhokelwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neenkundla ezisezantsi zephondo, ijaji ichaza imithetho, ihlola izenzo zolawulo oluphezulu, kwaye yenza uhlolo lokugweba ukuze kubethelelwe imithetho echasene nomGaqo-siseko. Abagwebi bamaPhondo bakhonza ukumiselwa kobomi bonke, beyikhusela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika.

La mandla adibanisayo adala inkqubo apho izigqibo zenkqubo zinqabile ukuvela kumthombo omnye. Endaweni yoko, kufuneka incoko, ulalaniso, kwaye isoloko idityaniswa, iziphumo ezibonakalisa ukuvumelana okubanzi, okanye ubuncinane indawo eqhutyelwanayo (phakathi kwamasebe.)

Indlela Ezinokuxilongwa Ngayo Nezigqibo Zemigaqo Ngokungqalileyo

Impembelelo yokuhlola nokulinganisela kwinkqubo iyabonakala kakhulu ngexesha lamadabi amakhulu owiso-mthetho, izenzo zolawulo oluphezulu, kunye nemimiselo yokugweba. Isebe ngalinye lingavala, lilungise, okanye likhawuleze amanyathelo enkqubo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho lucwangciso lunye olulawulayo olungathintelwanga.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yoMthetho

IBhunga lisebenzisa izixhobo ezininzi ezinamandla zokubumba inkqubo yolawulo: Amandla engxowa-mali avumela iBhunga lengingqi ukuba iqokelele okanye iphelise imigaqo ephambili, ukusuka kwiinkqubo zokuzikhusela ukuya kwiinkonzo zentlalo-ntle. Iindlebe ezigqithileyo zihlola ukuziphatha okubi okanye ukungaphumeleli kwenkqubo, ngokufuthi zinyanzelisa utshintsho kwindlela yolawulo. Inkqubo yokuqinisekiswa koonobhala beKhabhinethi, iintloko-zikomponi, kunye nabagwebi besizwe inika iBhunga elingqalileyo lokuba ngubani ophumeza inkqubo. Okokugqibela, ukunyanzelisa inkcitho yenyukliya kusebenza njengendlela yokuxhaphaza okuziintloni, njengoko kubonakala ngexesha le ngqwalasela iWatergate.

Ngokomzekelo, ukuzama komphathi weTrump ukubuyisela imali yomkhosi yolwakhiwo lomda kwacetyiswa enkundleni yaye ekugqibeleni kwachaswa ukuxhathisa kwequmrhu, ekugqibeleni kuthintelwa umlinganiselo wenkqubo. Ngokufanayo, iPhondo eliGcinkileyo le-Obama lathintelwa yinkcaso yequmrhu kwaye kamva laphinda lancitshiswa ngumphathi we-Trump esebenzisa iCongregal Review Act, ebonisa indlela ii-checkss zolawulo olulawulayo ezinokuyiguqula ngayo imisebenzi yequmrhu.

Impinda yogwebo njengecebo lokucoca ulwelo

Iinkundla zisebenzisa uhlolo olunamandla ngokuhlola okugwebayo, igunya lokuvakalisa imithetho okanye izenzo zolawulo oluphezulu ezingekho semthethweni. Eli gunya, elimiselwe ku- Morbury v. Madison (1803), liyijikele inkqubo kwiindawo ekwahlukeneyo njengamalungelo abantu, ulawulo lwempilo, kunye nomthetho wokusingqongileyo. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi- iDevelopide of Independent Business v. Sebelius (20) waxhasa uninzi lwamalungelo olwe-Affordal Act kodwa wabek'uk'uk'uk'umthetho wokusebenza kweMedia, iguqula ngokusisiseko isigqibo somthetho.

Ngaphezu kohlolo lomgaqo-siseko, iinkundla zichaza imimiselo, ngokufuthi zimisela imizekelo enyanzela utshintsho lwezomthetho okanye lwezenzo zegunya kwixa elizayo. Umzekelo, isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi- Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954) ivakalise izikolo ezingalawulwayo, ezinyanzelisa utshintsho kwilizwe. Ngokukhawuleza, izigqibo zeNkundla yezomkhosi kwizempempempe-mali, Citizens United[FC] (20:0]), i-evicesss, i-modelivey yemali yezopolitiki, ibonisa indlela okunokuthi okugweba okuninzi ngayo okunokuyiphumele inkqubo yezomthetho.

Amandla eVoto alawulayo Nemida Yawo

Ubuchule bukaMongameli bokuyilawula nguvavanyo olungqalileyo kwiBhunga. Umthetho unyanzela iKhomfama ukuba ikwazi ukuwulawula ngokunjalo ngeziganeko ezizii-3 ezimbini eziphezulu kakhulu, `ukubonakala okunqabileyo/okanye ukuhlaziya uxwebhu oluthetha ngenkxalabo yomongameli. Eli gunya linika uMongameli impembelelo ebalulekileyo phezu kokuqulathwe yimithetho. Umzekelo, uMongameli Franklin D. Rooseveltvetoto ngokweendleko ezingama-600 ngexesha lokuphatha kwakhe, ukulungisa nokuphucula intlalo. Ngokuphikisana noko, uMongameli uFrank Pierce warhowarces, ityala elithengwa yimali yolawulo lorhulumente.

Nokuba, iveto ayiphelelanga. Ingqungquthela ingadibanisa amalungiselelo aphikisanayo omthetho ogqithayo, enyanzelisa uMongameli ukuba awamkele ukuvalwa kwe-drive karhulumente. Isisongelo seveto singasetyenziswa njenge-chip edityanisiweyo kwingxoxo yenkqubo, ibumba lokugqibela lemithetho efana ne-Inters Cuts kunye noMthetho weSebe ka-2017, obenzelwe ukuzuza inkxaso yobumongameli.

Imizekelo e Yandisiweyo yehlabathi Lenene yeepeksi nolungelelwano

Imizekelo yembali neyexesha langoku ibonisa indlela ezijongwa ngayo ize zilungelelaniswe ngayo izigqibo eziqhubekayo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zolawulo neembambano.

Ingxaki Yamanzi: Inkqubo Ephantsi Komjelo

Ihlazo leWatergate yoo1970 lingumzekelo wencwadi esetyenziswayo yokuhlola nokulinganisela emsebenzini. Ukusebenzisa kakubi igunya kukaMongameli Richard Nixon, kuquka ukuqhekezwa kwikomkhulu leKomiti yeDemocratic National kunye nogqumo olulandelayo, kwabangela uthotho lwee-checkss:

  • IKomiti yeNdlu yamanzi eGqibileyo ebambe iindlebe ezibhenqwe ngocingo ezibhenca umlinganiselo wobubi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isenzo sobuJudicial: Inkundla ePhakamileyo ngaxhatha linye yagqiba kuwiso lweUnited States v. Nixon (1974]) apho uMongameli kufuneka athobele ipeyinti ye-Oval metape, angavumi ukuba kunikwe ilungelo elipheleleyo lequmrhu eliphezulu.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuqukumbela kweNtloko: IKomiti yeNdlu eVumiweyo amanqaku avunyiweyo okuthintela ukuthintelwa kokusesikweni, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla, kunye nokudelelwa kweBhunga, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuwisweni kweNixon.

Esi siganeko sabonisa ukuba akukho sebe likhulu eliphetheyo, elingaphaya kwetyala. Iinguqu ezilandelayo, kuquka i-Ethics in Government Act kunye nolawulo loburhulumente, ukubuyiselwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yokuguqula ukubonakala kwegunya kunye nemali yephulo.

UMthetho wokuLangulwa OnokuKhawulwa: Umlo Owenziwe Ixesha Elide

Ukudlula nokusinda koMthetho weNkxaso eNgamandla (ACA) phantsi koMongameli uBarack Obama ubalaselisa indlela yokuhlola nokulinganisela inyathelo elingundoqo lenkqubo:

  • [[NKQUBO:0] Inkqubo e-Legislative: I-ACA yaxoxwa kakhulu, yalungiswa, kunye nemiqobo ye-procedves kwiBhunga, kuquka isisongelo sempumelelo se-monibbuster kwiNdlu yeNtlanganiso efuna ukusetyenziswa koqingqo-mali ukuze kudlule.
  • Ulungelelaniso olusebenzayo: Ulawulo lwakhupha amakhulu emimiselo kunye nezithinteli, lulungisa impembelelo yomthetho. IiRiphabliki zasebenzisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo iCongregational Review Act ukuvavanya le mithetho.
  • [[FLT: 0] Uxanduva lweNkundla oluPhakamileyo: Umthetho ujongene namatyala amaninzi eNkundla ePhakamileyo. NFIB v. Sebelius, iNkundla yaxhasa ugunyaziso lomntu ngamnye njengerhafu kodwa elinganiselweyo ye-Medicaid. [[FLT:] uKinglb v. Burwell[ (2015), iKonqueror inte ekhuselekileyo ye-inshorensives ethengwayo kwintenxa yomthetho.

Ukusinda kweACA kwiinzame zomthetho eziphinda-phindiweyo, imiyalelo yegunya kunye nenkundla kugxininisa indlela uvavanyo nolungelelwaniso oludala ngayo ukumelana nemeko-bume.

Imiyalelo yesebe kunye nolawulo lwayo lwejaji

Imiyalelo yabalawuli inamandla okulungisa inkqubo ngaphandle kwemvume yombutho, kodwa baphantsi kokuhlola ityala. Abameli abavela kuwo omabini amaqela baye basebenzisa imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo ukuqhubela phambili, njengoMongameli Harry Truman's desebutional of joning of journe der 9981 (Ulawulo 9981) okanye uMongameli uDonald Trump's ulungiso (Umthetho onyanzelekileyo we-13769), inkundla yesizwe ivimbele umyalelo womGaqo-siseko kunye nesiseko somthetho, enyanzela ulawulo ukuba luyilungise izihlandlo ezininzi. Ekugqibeleni, iNkundla ePhakade ```Trum''''. Hawaii v[FLT] , projectives proces translatedments translatedment'.[FUP]

Iingxelo Zokunyanga Nezokusebenzisa I-Interbranch

Izigqibo zomgaqo-siseko wamazwe angaphandle nazo ziyehla phantsi kovavanyo kunye nolungelelwano. UMongameli uququzelela izivumelwano, kodwa iNdlu yeQela kufuneka ivume ngabaninzi ababini-bathathu. Le mfuneko ikhokelele ekusileleni okunjengoMongameli Woodrow Wilson weSivumelwano seSizwe se-Verce(191919) kunye noMongameli Bill Clinton’s Compreensive Night-USTION-Ban Treart Treaty (1999). Kwanesivumelwano solawulo lwesebe, esiphazamisa iNtsimbi yeNQento, singeniswa nemithetho evumela inkqesholo yemiqatha, ingathi ikhontrawuza iziphumo ezininzi zemithetho yamazwe angaphandle.

Iindlela zomgangatho weRhulumente kunye noLungelelano

Ngeli xesha inkqubo karhulumente idumile kakhulu, amaphondo akwasebenzisa ii-checks kunye nolwahlulo. Umgaqo-siseko ngamnye worhulumente wahlula amagunya phakathi kwerhuluneli, indlu yowiso-mthetho, kunye nejaji yesizwe. Amazwe amaninzi anika irhuluneli i-winto ngomgca we-veto (ngokufana noMongameli), evumela ukuba ibethe umphako othile wemali ovela kwimiqathango yezomthetho. Amanye amazwe nawo aneziquququ ezizimeleyo zokuzinzisa iinkonzo zokunqanda ukunqanda i-gerrymanning, ukukhangela amandla emithetho-ografini. Igalelo phakathi korhulumente kunye norhulumente orhulumente norhulumente.

Indima Yokuhlola Nokulungelelana Kwimfundo Yomcimbi

Ukuqonda iitsheki nokulungelelana akuyonto nje efundiswayo; kubalulekile ekulungiseleleni abemi abathembisi. Ootitshala banokusebenzisa olu cwangciso ukufundisa abafundi indlela eyenziwa ngayo izigqibo zenkqubo nesizathu sokuba ngokufuthi zibandakanya impikiswano engapheliyo nokulalanisa.

Ukufundisa Ngeklasi

  • [[NTLA] Impikiswano yomgaqo-nkqubo ocazululiweyo: Yabela abafundi indima njengamalungu eBhunga, uMongameli, kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo ukuxubusha inkqubo yokuqikelelwa, njengomgaqo wokusikelwa kwemeko- bume okanye utshintsho lwezempilo. Le ntshukumo-ngakujongwa kwayo ibonisa amandla evetoes, uhlolo lwezomthetho, kunye neevoti.
  • [[FLT: 0] Uhlalutyo lofundo: Abafundi banalo uphando lwezigwebo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo (umz. ] Marbury v. Madison, [[FLT]]] Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[, ]Roev.[FLT]][FLT]][FTY]]
  • Iziganeko zangoku zilandela inqaku labafundi, elifana notshintsho okanye ulawulo lwemipu, kwaye lichaze indlela isebe ngalinye eliyiphembelela ngayo inkqubo ngokuchongwa, ngokulawulwa, okanye ngokulawulwa, okanye ngokwemithetho yenkundla.
  • URhulumente woMgaqo-siseko: ungenisa iingqikelelo kunye nomlinganiselo kwamanye amazwe, njengenkqubo yepalamente yeUnited Kingdom (engenalo ulwahlulo oluqinileyo lwamagunya) okanye inkundla yengingqi yengingqi yeJamani, ukugxininisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokumisela igunya likarhulumente.

Abafundi abayiqondayo indlela esebenza ngayo iingcebiso nemigaqo elungeleleneyo banokukwazi ukuhlolisisa iimpikiswano zezobupolitika, baqonde ukubaluleka kokukhusela iziko baze babe nenxaxheba kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi.

Ukukhuthaza Ukuziphendulela Nomthetho

Iingqinipho kunye nolungelelwano luqinisa umthetho, luqinisekisa ukuba amagosa asebenza ngokwemida yomgaqo-siseko. Ukufundisa lo mgaqo kunceda abafundi baqonde isizathu sokuba iinkqubo zimele zisetyenziswe (*."kungoko umlawuli we-veto efuna ukulawulwa, kutheni iijaji zikarhulumente ziphila ubomi obungcono, kwaye kutheni iBhunga lingenakusuka nje lingazikhathaleli izigwebo zenkundla. Olu lwazi luchasa ukugxeka urhulumente luze lukhuthaze intlonelo ngamaziko olawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Ucelomngeni Lwanamhlanje Nenkqubo Yokutshintsha Kweendlela Zokwenza Izinto

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ayimi ndawonye. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ukutshintsha kwemilinganiselo yezopolitiko, ubugcisa, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-trantication kuvavanye ukusebenza kwayo. Umzekelo, ukwanda kokusetyenziswa kwemiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo kunye nezenzo ezingekho mthethweni zoomongameli zivuselele impikiswano ngokukhukuliseka kwegunya lemithetho. Unyuko lwejikelezo-jiko-ntengingingi nenkqubo ye-monicbuster yenze kwaba nzima kakhulu kwiKhomishini yeBhunga, inyanze inyanzelele inkqubo engakumbi kwi-gqeba eliphetheyo nakummandla olawulayo. Abanye abaphengululi baphikisa ukuba inkqubo iyaqhubeka iqinile, njengokuba isenza iziganeko ezifana nezilingo zikaMongameli uClinto neDonald Trump kunye noHlump kunye nohlaluko lweNkuhlola inkundla ephakamileyo yeCurmperavey.

Ngaphezu koko, isizukulwana samanani siye savelisa iingqikelelo ezintsha kunye nolungelelwano ngoluvo lwamapolisa, uphando lwenkqubo yejelo leendaba, kunye neqela labanomdla. Nangona le mikhosi ingalawulwa ngokusemthethweni, inamandla aphembelela iinkqubo eziphembelela ngamandla, ngokufuthi inyanzelisa amasebe ukuba aphendule kwingcinezelo yangaphandle. Ngokomzekelo, indima yamajelo eendaba entlalo ekukhuthazeni ukuqhatha kweenguqu zamapolisa okanye ukutshintsha kwemozulu iye yakhokelela kwizenzo zolawulo lwezikhundla kunye nezicelo zomthetho, ebonisa ukuba uphando nokulungelelaniso ngoku kudlulele ngaphaya kwemibutho yorhulumente esemthethweni.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Nokulungelelana

Iingqinipho kunye nolungelelwano luhlala lusesona siseko sedemokhrasi yaseMerika, ukubumba izigqibo zenkqubo ngokungqubana kwamasebe. Ukusuka kumandla olawulo kunye nolawulo lombutho woburhulumente ukuya kuqwalasela ukuququzelelwa kwesivumelwano, ezi nkqubo ziqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zibhalwe kakuhle kwaye zibonise iimbono ezininzi. Ngoxa le nkqubo ingagqibeleli kakuhle. "Ingavelisa iqhina okanye ukunxunguphala okanye ukudimazeka" kunokuthi ekugqibeleni kukhusele ukulawulwa okanye ukukhuselwa kwezenzo zobuzwilakhe kwaye kukhuthaze ukuphendula kwityala. Kubafundi, abafundisi-bafundisi-, nabemi, ukuqonda okunzulu kweendlela zokuhlola kunye nokulungele ukulingana kuyimfuneko ekuqhubeni iimpembelelo zezixhobo zolawulo nokulondoloza imigangatho yedemokhrasi. Ngokufunda indlela esi sisebenza ngayo kwinkcazelo nangendlela yokusebenza, abantu ngabanye banokuwaxabisa kakuhle onke amandla kunye nokukhuthaza ukuphendula kwenkqubo yabo yezobupolitika, benziwazisa iziphumo zenkqubo yabo yezobupolitika, begunyaze iziphumo ezisemthethweni.