Isiseko sokhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko

IBhili yamaLungelo, eyagunyaziswa ngowe-1791, ekuqaleni yathetha ngenkululeko esisiseko yesizwe esiselula esahlulwe kabukhali luhlanga, udidi, kunye nentanda-bulumko yezobupolitika. AbaLawuli baso abazange bacinge ngemiba emikhulu yamalungelo abantu eyayiza kuvela kwiinkulungwane ezingaphambili. Kodwa iziqinisekiso zoMgqibo Zokuqala ZokuLandlwa koMphengululo azizange zikhankanywe ngokucacileyo, iindibano, kunye nesicelo, kunye nezithembiso ezisisiseko zeSindululo solawulo seNgqozo zokwemvelo esifanelekileyo nesoMfungxubeko elinganayo, ekugqibeleni zalungiselela ukusetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni kwamalungelo ekhubazekileyo. Ngenxa yokumiswa komthetho weBhili yamaLungelo lwamalungelo akuzange nanini nanini nanini nanini nanini-mali, abameli bemithetho-mthetho, nabagwebi benyabe kwafuneka bachaze imigaqo yaso ngokubakho phakathi kwabantu, izimvo, iingqondo, iingqondo, iingqondo, kunye neziphenephenethi, iingxelo ze-All, iingxelo zemali ezimagentene zezigidi zezigidi zezo zomthetho, kunye nama

Ukutolikwa Kwangaphambili Nemida Yamalungelo

Kwinkulungwane ye-19 nasekuqaleni kweye-20, inkundla ayizange isebenzise iBhili yamaLungelo ukukhusela abantu ngokukhubazeka. UmGaqo-siseko wawuqondwa ngokuyintloko njengothintelo kurhulumente karhulumente, hayi njengomthombo wamalungelo okuvuma ukungena okanye ukuhlala. Oorhulumente kunye namaqumrhu asekuhlaleni basoloko bebagweba abantu abakhubazekileyo kwizindlu zezibonelo, iindawo zokuhlala, iinkundla zokhuseleko, kunye "imithetho enzima" eyayivalela abantu abanokukhubazeka ngokubonakala ezikweni zikawonke-wonke. Inkundla ephakamileyo yeU. i-U.S. iNkundla ephakamileyo yezo .Bhawu.[FLT.[FLT:] [197]] [197]) ngokugqithisileyo ukusetyenziswa kwendlela enzima yokusetyenziswa kwemithetho evumela ukunqandwa kwabantu ukuba bangabhaliswa ngokusetyenziswa kwetyalayo, imbono engoonqandwayo, imbono engokubanqanyukileyo yeNkuthelela abantu abakhangelisiweyo ngenxa yokuba imbono yokuba iNkuhlulo-oka ka-1966, imbono ekwa

IGrassroot Igunya

Utshintsho lokuqala lokwenene lwenzeka xa abaxhasi bamalungelo abantu abakhubazekileyo baqalisa ukusebenzisa inkululeko yokuLandlwa kweMimiselo Yokuqala yokuHlaziya ukuze bafune ukubonakala kunye nokutshintsha. Ngoo-1960 kunye nowe-1970, amaqela anjenge-Rollang Quads esekelwe kwiBerkeley kunye nentshukumo ezimeleyo elungiselelwe ukulungiselela imiboniso kawonke-wonke, ukuhlala phantsi, kunye neengqungquthela zokushicilela ezazifuna ukukhuselwa kokuthetha nokuhlangana. Abaquququzeleli abaneziphene zokukhubazeka bavingcamla iibhasi, abahlala kwizakhiwo zikarhulumente, kunye nohambo. Ngaphandle kwamalungelo okuQalatho Lokuqala Lomthetho, ezi zinokupheliswa ngokukhawuleza. Iinkundla zaqonda ukuba iintlanganiso zabantu ezineziphene zezonobugono zobuphene.

Icandelo 504 loMthetho weRehabilitation Act ka-1997 laba ngumthetho wokuqala wesizwe wokunqanda ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwisiphene kwiinkqubo zorhulumente, kodwa kwathabatha iminyaka emithathu yokufumana inkxaso enzulu yokusebenza kwemithetho emiselweyo. Ngo- 1977, abaxhasi bezixeko ezilishumi abaqhutyelwa ukuhlala ngokomthetho eMpilweni, eFregia, nase-Welfare. Umsetyenziso omde kakhulu, eSan Francisco, wahlala iintsuku ezingama-25 kwaye wasasazwa kazwe lonke. Ezo zingxengxengxengelelwa ngenxa yokuba uBill wamaLungelo wavumela abantu ukuba bathethe, bahlanganise, baququze, kwaye banxulumane urhulumente ngaphandle kokuthintelwa. Olu nxulumano phakathi kokuzichaza ngenkululeko namalungelo okukhubazekayo luhlala lusesisiseko: imibutho yomthetho wezomthetho namhlanje ixhomekeke kwienguqulo zolawulo lokuqala, ukupapasha ushishino-o-o-othe, ukuvavanyaza imigaqo-othel-omiscrin.

Ukhuseleko Olulinganayo Nelungelo Lokukhululeka Kucalucalulo

ISinyuso seshumi elinesine soMphetho-mthetho, esagunyaziswa ngo1868, sandisa iBhili yamaLungelo nxamnye noorhulumente bamazwe sathembisa ukuba "ikhuselwa ngokulinganayo kwemithetho." Kwinkulungwane yama-20 yonke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yachaza ukukhuselwa okufanayo kokuthintelwa kocalulo olusekelwe kwisizwe, kwimvelaphi yesizwe, nakwisini. Kodwa kwinkoliso yenkulungwane, ukukhubazeka kwakungaphathwa njengesikhuseli sodidi esikhuselekileyo. Isiseko se-Rationalalnal siqwalasela umgangatho osezantsi wokuvavanyathiswa kwemithetho.

Incam yotshintsho yafika [[[FLT: 0] i-Pennsylvania Association for Retared Children (PARC) v. Ikhomputha yasePennsylvania [[FLT]] [772] kunye [[FLT]]] ne[FLT]Mills v. ibhodi yemfundo yeSithiligini seColunic [[[[FLT:]]]][FLT]]] [[5] i-parcss] PARC[FLT], umyalelo wesizwe oqinisekisa ukuba abantwana abakhubazekile abakhubazekileyo abanamavayo abanayo abanako abanako ukukhubazeka kukhuseleko olulinganayo, ngexesha elingenakukhuselwa ngqo, i-Ekungaxhomekenga kumthetho oluqhelekileyo. [[FFFFF:6] [ev] [ev] umahluko olunganikezele lwabiwo-mthetho olusemthethweni lwezimo: [enye i-Act:] [exakeleleka .] [es]

UMthetho waMalungelo oHlakulelwa

AmaMerika anoBukhubazeko owe-1990 (ADA) asoloko ebizwa ngokuba nguMthetho "wesibhengezo sokudambisa isiphene" kubantu abaneziphene. Ngoxa ingummiselo, kungekhona ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko, iADA imbekisela ngokucacileyo amaxabiso eBhili yamaLungelo. Kwiziphumo zayo, iBhunga lathi "abakhubazekileyo nabakhubazekileyo bangamaxhoba aphezulu kunye nabambalwa abajongene nemiqathango kunye neziphene, abaphantsi kwimbali yokungalungelelani, kwaye bancamathiswe ngokweendleko engakumbi yokungalungelelanisa kwemeko engokobupolitiki kwibutho lethu." Olo lwimi lwaphinda lwane umbhalo odumileyo we- imveliso ze-Callene [1938], eyathi yacebisa ukuba ikhethele ngokuncitshiswa kwe-okromentina kwemiba yolwaphulo-mthetho.

I-ADA iyalwalela ucalucalulo emsebenzini (isiHloko I), iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke (isiHloko II), iindawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke (Isihloko II), kunye ne-tenant (Isihloko se-IV). Kufuna indawo yokuhlala nokulungisa okufanelekileyo ngaphandle kokuba ibeke ityala elingafanelekanga okanye ngokubhekiselele kwimo yenkonzo. Iinkundla zitolike lawachaza la malungiselelo ngelensi ye-lensi yomgaqo-siseko. Umzekelo, [[FLT:]]Timensée v. Lane[FLTY] [FLT] [2004] [2004], iNkumbuso oPhakamileyo wawunokuthi iSihlomelo II se-ADAA. inyani sigunyaze ukuba ukhuseleko lokhuseleko lomthetho kuba lunyanze amalungelo afanelekileyo okufikelela kwiinkundla zezongalathi. Ngokutshona kwemvume yokufumana ityala (imvume yokufumana ityala).

Ukhuseleko olulindelekileyo kunye notshintsho lweziko

Imo-nkqubo elindelekileyo ([FULT:][1999]) ichazwa nguMphetho wesiHlawuli wesihlanu noweshumi elinesine weSindululo, iye yaba yeyona nto ibalulekileyo kubantu abaneziphene ezijongene nokumiswa kwequmrhu, ukugcinwa kwendlu, kunye nokuphathwa ngendlela engalawulekiyo. INkundla ePhakamileyo i-LT. L.[[FLT]] [[99] [1999] [ukwamkeleka izigqibo zolawulo lwe-ADA] [zigunyazwe]] [1999]), ifuna ubungqina obucacileyo nobucacileyo phambi kokuba umntu anokunikwa imilinganiselo ephezulu yengqondo. Kodwa inkqubo efunekayo ikhusela ikhusela ikhubazekelele imvume ephambili kwimfuno ebonakalisa ukukhuthane nentelekele intenxa-thu.[4] Ngokunjalo, ithelela i-Cheasethi yeza i-FFoff.[4] Izinyukthe ezithene zezo ezitheneyo zigo ezininzi kakhulu.[4]

Ukhuseleko kunye nokuzilungiselela

IBhili yamaLungelo eSigqibo soMgaqo-siseko ugxininise kwinkululeko yomntu ngamnye ukwakhuthaza intshukumo yokuthatha indawo yenkqubo yokukhusela ngokuxhasa izigqibo. Kwiziko lokhuseleko lwesithethe, inkundla ikhupha umntu oneziphene ezibalulekileyo zelungelo lobuqu, lonyango, okanye izigqibo zemali. Oku kungakufa kwabemi. Imingenisko yoMgaqo-siseko ithe yaphikisa ukuba ukudinwa okugqithisileyo kwaphula umthetho ongaphantsi kwendlela yokuzikhuselayo ngokufanelekileyo. (*ekukokukokuba nelungelo lokwenza ukhetho lomntu ngezonyango, ngokuhlala, nangobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ngexesha limbalwa inkundla eziye zalawula kumgangatho womgaqo-siseko wogcino, imigaqo yemithetho yamaLungelo iye yaphembelela umthetho wemo. I-Creardiardiastriant, i-Conservationsting, kunye nezinye izicwangciso zokukhusela (UGOPA) zigxininisa imiyalelo ekufuneka zizezona nqwanezo ezifanelekileyo kubantu abafuna ukulawulwa.

Intetho, Intetho Nolwimi Olungathandekiyo

UHlaliso Lokuqala luye lwayila indlela ekuxoxwa ngayo nokumelwe ngayo. Abantu abakhubazekileyo baye balwa ukulawula ulwimi olusetyenziselwa ukuluchaza ngezantsi, "beyalwa amagama afana "nomlomo owenziwe ngenkani" okanye "owahlawulwe" bekhetha "abantu abakhubazekileyo" okanye "abakhubazekileyo" (abaxhomekeke kwizinto ezikhethwa ngabantu ngabanye kunye nabantu). Ngexesha kungekho mthethwe-mgaqo-siseko onelungelo lokulawula amagama abantu, uMbeki weSinyuko ukhusela ilungelo labantu bonke lokukhusela abantu abakhubazekileyo lokuxhasa ulwimi olunentlonelo kunye nokugxeka ukuchaza iintetho ezisemgangathweni nakwintetho kawonke. Ngo-2010, uMongameli Barack Obama watyikitya uMthetho kaRo, owathatha indawo "umkhubazeko" ngomthetho oqhelekileyo oqhelekileyo. Oko kwabangelwa kukutshintsha iminyaka yengxaki yesizwe kunye nokuzingcakaza ngokuzigxeka ngomlomo.

Ukungavisisani, Ukuthiya Intetho Nokufikelela Kuwe Nge - Internet

Izithuba ze-intanethi, apho intetho kawonke-wonke ikhoyo ngoku, yenza ucelomngeni olukhethekileyo kubantu abakhubazekileyo. Ukufumaneka kwe-Web site akukhankanywi ngokucacileyo kwiBhili yamaLungelo, kodwa isiqinisekiso sokuLandlwa kweMimiselo Yokuqala sithetha ngokukhululekileyo sithetha ukuba abantu abakhubazekileyo bamele bakwazi ukufikelela kumaqonga okusebenzisa oku. Ukusukela 2016, iinkundla ziye zathi iADA isebenza kwiiwebhsayithi nakwizindlwana zokuhlala kawonke-wonke-wonke. [[FLT:] Robles v. Domino's PLC[FL:] [20] [20], i-G.209], iNTS. i-Grandslaye yalawula ukuba ii-Domino ze-Domino zimele ukuba abasebenzisi bazo bangene. Le migaqo i-AUmthetho iyaqhubeka i-A i-AD, kodwa inxibe ingqiqo kumaxabiso ayo ukuba i-gropulkthelela abantu abasebenzi bayo, i-ographic.

Ukubhalisa Amalungelo nokufikelela kwibhola

Ilungelo lokuvota alichananga ngokungqalileyo kwiBhili yamaLungelo kodwa likhuselwe ngokulandelayo ngokulungiswa kwabantu abangaphantsi kwenqanawa. Imithetho yoncedo lwaseMelika (ngolweshumi elinesihlanu, ngowesi-19, ngowe-24, neyesi-26) kunye noKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Celalas. Abantu abakhubazekileyo baye bajongana nemiqobo engokwembali yokuvota, kuquka iindawo zokuvota ezingenakufikeleleka, ukunqongophala kwezixhobo zokuvota, kunye nemithetho esusa abantu abaphantsi kwemiqathango yokuvota. Imigaqo yoncedo i-Melika i-Octive Vote ka-199 (HA) ifuna ubuncinane umatshini obulula bokuvota okhoyo kwindawo nganye yokuvota kwaye iseke i-othelela i-othe. Njengo 20222, i-Rhovisi ye-Rhulumente efumaneka phantsi kwemiqatha, i-DM, i-ocet. Ingubonke ingunxa efunekayo kwimiqatha yemiqatha ekhoyo ekhoyo ekhoyo ekhoyo ekhoyo, i-Dievice i-Diev.[10

Iintsebenziswano zaNgoku kunye neBhili yamaLungelo

Iingxoxo zakutshanje ezingokwasemthethweni zibalaselisa ukuba iBhili yamaLungelo ihlala iyisixhobo esiphilayo ekukhubazekeni. Isifo se-COVID-19 sazisa ungquzulwano lwangaphambili phakathi kwemiqathango yempilo kawonke-wonke namalungelo eziphene. Amanye amaphondo akhupha imilinganiselo yenkxalabo yokuba abantu abakhubazekileyo abaneziphene zokukhupha iziphene okanye iibhedi zeICU. Iintlangano zamalungelo amalungelo oluntu azifakanga mingeni-mgaqo-siseko phantsi kweSikhuseli soKhuselo esilinganayo kunye ne-Sective Projects Clauss, ziphikisa ukuba imigaqo enjalo ibalazwe ngokwezizizikhundla zesiphene. Iinkundla ezininzi zakwalathisa ezithiwayo njengezibanzi kakhulu okanye ezingakabi zivuthangavuthanga, kodwa imbambano ebhetyeni eqhubekayo: uxanduva lwamalungelo eebusweni eepolitikini, kwaye uqoqoshongo lwempilo oluthelelwa ngolwayo

Enye indawo yoxinezeleko lulwalamano phakathi kokhubazeko kunye namalungelo okuqhomfa. Isiqinisekiso soMphetho we-14 wokuzilawula sona sasisiso isiseko se- Roe v. Wade kunye namaDobs v. Jackson's Health Organization [2022], esiye saphelisa ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko wemithetho-siseko wokukhupha isisu. Abameli bahlukeneyo bayahlukana: uloyiko lokuba ukuphelisa ukukhulelwa okusekelwe ekufunyanisweni kwe-Down syndrea okanye ezinye iimeko zibangela ukuba ubomi bungasebenzi; abanye bakhuthaza ukuqhamisa njengokuyimfuneko kumabhinqa akhubazeke, ajongene nenani eliphezulu lokuzalwa. Ii-Rogramya awona mpikiswano azisombululi, kodwa zinika ingxubuliso kwiingxoxo ezininzi zobudipo ezininzi.

Isiphelo

IBhili yamaLungelo, ebhalelwe ibutho labantu abangaqondiyo ukuba likhubazekile njengembambano yamalungelo abantu, sekunjalo iye yaba yenye yezixhobo ezinamandla zokukhusela ukulingana okuya phambili. Ukuchazwa kweBhunga, iinkundla, kunye nabameli baye badibanisa ukukhubazeka kwinkululeko yomgaqo-siseko. IsiHlaliso sokuqala sinika ilizwi kwizithuba zoluntu kunye nabaxhasi abaphambili. Ukukhusela u-Cetacial Claus kufuna ukuba abantu abakhubazekileyo bajongelwe ngabantu abafanele ukukhubazeka. Ukukhusela okungathintelwayo kuthintelwa yimithetho yezenziwa. Kwamanye amaMelika amele akhusele imigaqo yokungalawulekiyo. Imigaqo e-Cethelela ukumiswa kwale mithetho esemthethweni inguQumgane, i-octivecureaty, int, intsebenzi, kunye ne-teogromation ayipheli. Kodwa akukho nto eguqulwayo ekuthetheni kwesizathu soburhulumente soluntu.