Table of Contents
IFilibuster: Inzulu Ngakumbi Kwisixhobo Senkqubano Sendlu Yoorhulumente
I-filbuster iphakathi kwezona mpawu zahlulayo nezahlulayo zeBhunga leNtsimbi yase-U. Ivumela iqela elincinane labameli ukuba livale okanye lilibazise umthetho, kwanaxa uninzi olucacileyo luwuxhasayo. Abaxhasi, i-filibbuster ikhusela amalungelo eqela elincinane kunye noombango wale ngxaki. Abagxeki, benza ukuba kubekho ukungasebenzi, inika amandla iqela elincinane ukuvala ukuthanda koninzi, kwaye iye yasetyenziswa ukuvala umthetho obalulekileyo wamalungelo abantu. Ukuqonda indlela i-Priverbuster esebenza ngayo ngokwenene — imbali yayo, oomatshini, oomatshini bokulwa, kunye nomongo wangoku — kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo eUnited States kunye nesizathu sokuba i-Catenel isebenze ngokwahlukileyo kwiNdmis Hovers.
Eli nqaku lithetha ngoonobumba abancinane abakwinkqubo yenguqulelo yembali, lize lihlolisise iimpikiswano ezikhoyo nezichaseneyo nokusetyenziswa kwazo kule meko yezobupolitika igabadeleyo.
Yintoni Ijibuster? Inkcazo Esekelwe Kulwazi
I-filbuster liqhinga lepalamente elisetyenziswa kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNkulumbuso ukusasaza ingxoxo engomthetho, ngaloo ndlela ilibazisa okanye ithintele ukuvota kokugqibela. Ngokungafaniyo neNdlu yabameli, ethintela ukuba amalungu anokuthetha ixesha elide kangakanani, iNdlu yeNdlu inesithethe eside kakhulu sengxoxo engenamida. Oku kuthetha ukuba i-sentenent — okanye umbutho wee-sentenethi — unokubamba umgangatho kangangeeyure, iintsuku, okanye kwaneeveki, ixesha elide xa besathetha.
KwiNdlu yeeNtsimbi zale mihla, ngoko, isenzo sokona kuthetha ngamaxesha amade sinqabile. Endaweni yoko, abaququzeleli babonakalisa nje kuphela injongo yabo kwi-nfilibuster, kwaye eso sisongelo sodwa sanele ukuxhobisa umqobo wento eyenzekayo: imfuneko ye 60 yovota ukuphelisa ingxoxo nokushenxa. Lo mqobo — waziwa ngokuba [ umgangatho [[FLT]] — ngumphakathi wamandla e-filibster.
Imfuno yama-60 evote ayikho kumGaqo-siseko. Yenziwa lutshintsho lolawulo lweBhunga elisexesheni. Oku kuthetha ukuba i-nfibuster ayilolungelo lomGaqo-siseko; sisithethe somthetho ukuba iNdlu yeQela ingakwazi ukutshintsha okanye ukuphelisa ngevoti elula, esoloko ibizwa ngokuba “lukhetho lwenyukliya.”
Iintlobo ezimbini zeFilibuster: “Ukuthetha” vs.
Ngokwembali, i-filbuster yafuna abaququzeleli ukubamba umgangatho ngokwasemzimbeni ngokuthetha rhoqo. Le yi “ingxoxo ethethayo ye-finbuster” eyenziwe yaduma ngeziganeko ezifana nentetho ye-Senator Strom Thurmond yeyure ezingama-24 echasene noMthetho wamalungelo e-Politiki ka-1957. Phantsi komlomo we-filibuster, ukuba isithethi sime okanye sikhuphe umgangatho, ingxoxo ingaphela, kwaye ivoti iqhubeke.
Namhlanje, iNdlu yeeNtsimbi isebenza phantsi kwe- “nenbuster engenanto.” Abaququzeleli abafuni kuthetha. Baxelela inkokeli ukuba iza kulwamkela isivumelwano sokuvota. Ngaphandle kwama-60 okucela i-ramera, ityala liphelile ngokunempumelelo, nokuba umxhasi wengingqi akaze athethe nto phantsi komhlaba. Oku kunciphisa ngokuphawulekayo ixabiso lento ethintelayo, kuyenza ibe lula kakhulu kwiqela elincinane ukuvala umthetho ngaphandle kokuhlawula naliphi na ixabiso lezobupolitika.
Indlela Ifilibuster Echaphazela Ngayo Ukwenza Umthetho: Uqheliselo Lweenkqubo Zokuqhelisela
I-filbuster ngokusisiseko ilungisa indlela esebenza ngayo iNdlu yeeNtlanganiso nendlela edluliselwa ngayo umthetho. Nantsi indlela inkqubo esebenza ngayo:
- Umthetho omninzi ufuna ukuvunywa yiBhunga lokuvota lokugqibela. Ilungu elinye lomthetho linokungavumelani noko, lixhokonxe imfuneko yokuvota.
- Ukubiza ihlwili, [[FLT: 0] amaqumrhu angama-60 kufuneka avote ukuphelisa ingxoxo. Ukuba ngaba abanako, ityala livalwa ngokungenasiphelo.
- Ezinye iindidi zomthetho zikhululwe kwi-filibuster, ngokubalulekileyo bdget comment, efuna kuphela uninzi olulula (ivoti) ukudlula.
- Uhlolo lwezaphuli-mthetho kunye namasebe alawulayo nawo akhululwe kwi-monilbuster ngothotho “lokhetho” lomthetho wenyukliya otshintshayo ngo-2013 nango-2017.
Le ndawo ithenjiweyo ithetha ukuba ukudlulisa phantse nasiphi na isiqwenga esibalulekileyo somthetho, iqela elininzi kufuneka lakhe i-bipartis ephezulu kakhulu yamavoti angama-60 okanye lisebenzise inkqubo yoxolelwaniso emxinwa, enokusetyenziswa kuphela kwimicimbi enxulumene noqingqo-mali phantsi koMthetho woHlahlo-mali ka-1997 [FLT]].
Umda wama-60-evote: Indlela Olawula Ngayo Iqhinga
Imfuneko engamashumi amathandathu aneziphumo ezinzulu kumacebo eBhunga kunye neziphumo. Kuthetha ukuba nokuba omnye umbutho ubambe izihlalo ezingama-55, akanakugqitha ucwangciso lwakhe ngaphandle kophumelele ubuncinane kumalungu amahlanu eqela elincinane. Le mikhosi iyalalanisa, kodwa yenza amandla apho iqela elincinane lingathintela phantse nantoni na eliyichasayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba liphi na imbono kawonke-wonke okanye iziphumo zonyulo.
Umzekelo, isibhaka-mali esinenkxaso yama- 59 e-Icenator siya kusilela ukuba ivoti yama-60 ayikhuselekanga. Oku kunika iqela elincinane labasebenzi abaphakathi kwiqela ngalinye, elinokufuna imvume etshintshiselwano ngenkxaso yabo. Kwakhona kuthetha ukuba umthetho othandwa kakhulu ngabantu baseMelika — njengovavanyo lwesiqalo lokuthengwa kwemipu okanye utshintsho oluthile lokufuduka — ungavalwa liqaqobana liqela labaququzeleli abamele iqaqobana labemi.
Imbali yeFilibuster: Ukusuka kwiRare Tactic ukuya kutsho kwiNkcubeko
I-filbuster inembali ende nentsonkothileyo efunekayo ukuze iqonde indima yayo yangoku. Ngoxa ingxubusho engenasiphelo yayiluphawu lweNdlu yeQela lamandulo, i-filbuster njengesixhobo sophazamiso sokuzithandela ayizange iqheleke de kube sekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19.
Ixesha Lokusekwa Nexesha Leantebellum
Kwindlu yeQela yamandulo, xa igumbi lalilincinci kwaye lingumqobo, kwakungekho mfuneko yamithetho yengxoxo epheleleyo. IBhunga leNtlanganiso yasebenza kakhulu ngokuvumelana. Noko ke, njengoko igumbi lakhulayo kwaye iingxabano zezobupolitika zanda, ukungabikho kwexesha kwingxoxo kwaba sisixhobo sabambalwa.
I-finbuster yokuqala ephawulekayo yenzeka ngowe-1837, xa iqela lee-Whig senator lavala umthetho onxulumene nokususwa kovimba belizwe kwiBhanki yaseUnited States. Kodwa kwakungekuphela ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1800 apho i-filbuster yaba liqhinga eliqhelekileyo, elisetyenziswa ngabaququzeleli be-senamente basemazantsi ukuthintela amalungelo abantu kunye namanye amanyathelo abawachasayo.
Utshintsho Lomthetho Wowe - 1917: Ukuzalwa Kokwenziwa Kwesityalo
Ngo1917, ekubongozweni nguMongameli Woodrow Wilson, iNdlu yeeNtsimbi yamaZiko yamkela uMthetho 22, owavumela amavoti amabini anesithathu ukuba aphelise ingxoxo. Olu yayingumthetho wokuqala osemthethweni wokulwa. Olu tshintsho lwenzeka emva kweqela le-12 leenkokeli ze-generiesbuster Wilson izicelo zokwahlula iinqanawa zorhwebo ngexesha lemfazwe yehlabathi, kwaye umongameli wabiza iCantenel ngokuthi “liqumrhu lowiso-mthetho kuphela ehlabathini elingenakusebenza xa uninzi lulungele ukwenza okuthile.”
Kwanasemva ko1917, noko, ukukhutshwa kwamaza kwakunqabile ukusetyenziswa. Inkqubo yendlu yendlu yemikhosi yamaza yahlala inzima ukucela, kwaye i-filbuster yaqhubeka isebenza.
IXesha lamaLungelo Asekuhlaleni Nokuvela KweFilibuster Yale Mihla
I-filbuster yafikelela kwelona xesha layo libi ngexesha lombutho wamalungelo abantu. Abaququzeleli baseMazantsi bayisebenzisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuvala imithetho echasene nokuvota, umthetho wamalungelo ovota, kunye noMthetho wamalungelo oluntu ka-1957 kunye nowe-1964. ISiphathi-mikhosi samalungelo abantu iStrom Thurmond yoMzantsi Carolina samisela ingxelo ende ende kakhulu nge-elo probiabuster kwimbali yeBhunga xa sathetha kangangeeyure ezingama-24 nemizuzu eli-18 ngokuchasene noMthetho kaNovere we-199959.
ISivumelwano samaLungelo esingu-1964 sajongene noMthetho wamaLungelo oMgaqo-siseko oziintsana ezingama-60 iintsuku ezingama-60 ngesivumelwano samaqumrhu asemazantsi. Ekugqibeleni soyiswa kuphela xa iNdlu yeeNtlanga yavotela okokuqala kwityala lamalungelo abantu, abanovotelwa ngama- 71 ukuphelisa ingxoxo — ezine ngaphezulu kwezibini ezi-3 ezifunekayo ngelo xesha.
Utshintsho Lowe - 1970: Ukuthoba Umda Nefilibuster Ethuleyo
Ngo1975, iNdlu yeeNtsimbi yesithintelo yahlisa umqobo wehlwili ukusuka kwisibini sesithathu se-ii-intshi zabaququzeleli ezikhoyo kunye nokuvota kwimfuno yangoku yesithathu sesithathu samalungu e-e-sentath, okanye amavoti angama-60. Oku kwenza kwaba lula kakhulu ukuphelisa ingxoxo, nangona umqobo omtsha wawusemele umqobo ophezulu.
Kwangaxeshanye, iNdlu yeeNtsimbi yabona ukunyuka kohambo olubini, inkqubo yokucwangcisa eyavumela igumbi ukuba lidlulele kwelinye ishishini ngelinye ixesha ifakelwayo yabekwa ecaleni. Le misebenzi yayiphelisa ngokunempumelelo imfuneko yokuthetha nge-filibusters, kuba abaququzeleli babengasanyanzelekanga ukuba babambe umgangatho ukuze bavimbele umthetho. Kwakufuneka nje bavume, kwaye umthetho uzakubekwa ecaleni ngokungapheliyo. Le yimvelaphi ye-'Reenbostbuster'," eyasusa imbonakalo kawonke kunye nokuphendula kwezopolitiko kwisenzo sokuthintela.
Indlela Yokukhetha Inyukliya: Indlela Iingxelo Zomthetho Zawuguqula Ngayo Lo mdlalo
Kwimbali emininzi yaseMerika, ukuchophela amagunya etyala kwakungathotyelwanga kumphathi wenkqubo. Isithethe sasisithi iNdlu yeeNtsimbi yayiza kuqinisekisa abagwebi ngokubanzi, nangona abaququzeleli ngabanye babenokulibazisela ukuvota kwizinto ezibambayo okanye kwezinye iindlela. Oko kwatshintsha ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama- 2000, xa omabini amaqela aqalisa ukusebenzisa i-monicbuster ukuvala ii-mine zezomthetho abazichasayo.
Ngowama-2003, iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimbi ze-Democrats filbuster eziliqela zikaMongameli uGeorge W. Bush’s apnellate nkundla echaphazelekayo. Ekuphenduleni, iiRiphabliki zeeNtlanganiso zasongela ukuphelisa i-monixbuster ukuze kucelwe izicelo zokugweba ngokuhamba kwesixhobo sokulungisa iprojekthi ngokubizwa ngokuba “lukhetho lwe-cul.” Ulwaphumo lwe-biparstan olwaziwa lwaziwa ngokuba yiGag yayizi-14 okwethutyana layithintela le ngxaki, kodwa umba owe-2013.
Ngo-2013, iNdlu yeeNdlu yeNdlu yeeNkundla ePhakamileyo, ephazanyisiwe yiRepublican filbusters kaMongameli Barack Obama kunye nesebe eliphetheyo, yacela ukhetho lwenyukliya kwi- ithathela i-monicster zonke iimposiso ngaphandle kogwebo lweNkundla ePhakamileyo. , iBhunga leNtlangathamshela-mali landisa ukhetho lwenyukliya kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo, likhulula indlela yokuqinisekiswa kweJalk Gor Gowfow.
Ezi nguqulelo zayiguqula ngokuphawulekayo inkqubo yokuqinisekiswa. Namhlanje, zonke iimvume — ukusuka kubagwebi benkundla yesithili ukuya kutsho kumagosa eKhabhinethi — zingavunywa ngoninzi oluqhelekileyo, ziphelise imfuneko yama-60 eemali eyayisetyenziswa ngaphambili.
Isizathu Sokuba Abaxhasi Bathethelele Ifilimu
Abaxhasi be-nfillbuster banikela iimpikiswano eziliqela zesizathu sokuba imfuneko yama-60 eevoti kufuneka igcinwe, ingakumbi ukwenzela umthetho.
Ukulalanisa Okukhuthazayo
Impikiswano eyomeleleyo exhasa i-filbuster kukuba inyanzela iqela elininzi ukuba lithethe nabambalwa. Ngokufuna ukuba ityala elininzi lidlule, iNdlu yeNdlu yeQela inyanzela imibutho enqamleza imigca yeqela. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi oku kwenza umthetho uqine ngakumbi, uxhaswe ngokubanzi ongaphenduliyo ngawo onke umjikelo wonyulo. I-Dialbuster, kule mbono, isebenza njengokuhlola i-cribster.
Ukukhusela Amalungelo Amancinane Kwinkqubo Yesikhulu
IBhunga leNtsimbi lenzelwe ukuba libe liqumrhu elizimelayo apho abambalwa banelizwi elinamandla. Amagama eminyaka emithandathu ee-senetor ayenzelwe ukubagquma igqume kwiingcinezelo zezobupolitika ezifutshane. I-filbuster yandisa olu qikelelo ngokuqinisekisa ukuba uninzi lungenakukwazi ukukhupha nje umphunga kwimiba ephikisayo. Abaxhasi, oku akuthinteli; kusisikhuselo kwingcinezelo yabaninzi.
Ukukhuthaza Ukuzinza Ngokucotha Utshintsho Olukhawulezileyo
Ngokukwenza kube nzima ukumisela umthetho, i-filbuster ibambezela isantya sokutshintsha umthetho wesizwe. Oku kunciphisa ubungozi bokucingela amatyala ngokungafanelekanga, kwaye kunika amaqela kawonke-wonke kunye nabantu abanomdla ixesha elininzi lokusabela nokulungelelanisa. Kwinkqubo yamandla ahlukeneyo, i-filibuster yongeza umaleko owongezelelekileyo wokhuhleko olubonwa ngabaninzi njengobenzekileyo ukuze balawule.
Isizathu Sokuba Abahlalutyi Babize I - Filibuster Probletatic
Abachasi benkqubo yemveli bathi iindleko zayo zingaphezulu lee lee kweengenelo zayo, ingakumbi kwixesha langoku lokuhlaliswa kwabantu abahlala ezindaweni eziphantsi.
Yenza uviko lwegridi kwaye inqanda inyathelo lomthetho
Eyona njongo ithe ngqo ye-paribuster kukuba ithintela iNdlu yeQela ekwenzeni izinto ezixhaswa sisininzi. Kule mihla, apho kungekho namnye umbutho onokufumana ngokuthembekileyo izihlalo ezingama-60, i-monicbuster ngokunempumelelo ithetha ukuba uninzi alukwazi ukudlula kwimimiselo ngaphandle kwemvume yabambalwa. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni iqhina legrid eligqithiseleyo kwimibandela esusela kumalungelo okuvota ukuya ekungeneni kwimozulu.
Akusekelwanga KumGaqo-siseko
I-filbuster ayiveli kumgaqo-siseko. Yadalwa ngumthetho weNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, kwaye abachasi baphikisa ngelithi ukusekwa kooTata kwakungayimiselanga ukuba kumiselwe umthetho olula wesithethe ukuba ufune ngokunempumelelo ukusetyenziswa kwawo onke umthetho obalulekileyo. UmGaqo-siseko ufuna ngokucacileyo izinto ezibalaseleyo kwiindawo ezimbalwa ezikhethekileyo (ezifana nokuqinisekisa izivumelwano okanye ukutyhalela ityala elingomeleyo), kwaye abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi oku kubonisa ukuba abasunguli bayazi njani ukufuna iivoti ezinkulu xa befuna omnye.
Indima Engokwembali Ekuthinteleni Amalungelo Asekuhlaleni
I-filbuster inembali enzulu enengxaki. Yasetyenziswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kuyo yonke inkulungwane yama-20 ukuvala imithetho echasene nokuvota, ukukhusela amalungelo okuvota, kunye noMthetho wamalungelo abantu ka-1944. Abachasi baphikisa ngelithi nasiphi na isixhobo sobuprocedro esasisetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo ukukhusela ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kufuneka sijongwe ngokuthandabuza okugqithisileyo, ukuba asipheli.
Amandla Amancinane Ezintlola Ezimela Ubuncinane Babemi
Inikwe irejista ezimbini zelizwe ngalinye, kungakhathaliseki ukuba baphi na abemi, iNdlu yeQembu sele imela ngaphezulu, amaphondo asemaphandleni. I-finbuster iyaludibanisa olu lungelelwaniso. Umnqongo wamalungu amela kancinci njenge 18 ekhulwini labemi base-U.S. ngokokuqikelelelwa okuthile. Oku kuthetha ukuba inani elincinane lee-sentenethi elimela inxalenye encinane yabantu baseMelika linokuthintela isenzo esixhaswa luninzi lwelizwe.
Utshintsho Olucetyiswayo Nekamva Leli - Filibuster
Ingxoxo ngentshontsho yentshontsho iye yakhula kwiminyaka yakutshanje, yaye iingcamango eziliqela zotshintsho ziye zanikelwa ingqalelo enzulu eWashington naphakathi kwabahlalutyi bezobupolitika.
Ukubuyela kumxholo othi “Incoko Yepibuster”
Olunye utshintsho oluxutyushwa ngokubanzi kukubuyisela “i-filbuster ethethayo,” efuna abaququzeleli ukubamba umgangatho kwaye bathethe ngokuqhubekayo ukuvala ityala. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi oku kuza kunyusa ixabiso lezopolitiko ngokunyanzela abachasi ukuba bakhusele isikhundla sabo esithe tye. Phantsi kwalo mzekelo, abambalwa bebenokuwulibazisa umthetho, kodwa kuphela ukuba bebekulungele ukwenza ukuma okubonakalayo, okuqinileyo. Olu tshintsho belungagcina i-efalbuster ngexa kushenxwe isithintelo esithe cwaka esibonakalisa inkqubo yangoku.
Ukuhlisa Umda Wokwehla
Olunye ukhetho kukuhlisa inani levoti ezifunekayo kwihlwili, ukusuka kuma-60 ukuya kuma-55, 53, okanye kwanakuninzi olulula. Oku kungenza kube lula ukuba uninzi loyise isithintelo ngexa lufuna iqondo elithile lenkxaso yokunqamleza. Abameli benkqubo yangoku baphikisa ukuba nakuphina ukuncitshiswa komnyango kunganyusa intsingiselo kulawulo oluphezulu kunye nokwanda kokungaguquguquki kwemithetho.
Ingqalelo- ngaphandle yohlobo olukhethekileyo lomthetho
Abanye abaguquli bacebisa ukuba ahlukane ngokusisigxina iindidi ezithile zomthetho kwi-filibuster, ezifana nohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali sele lukhululekile. Umzekelo, kuye kwenziwa izicelo zokukhulula umthetho wamalungelo okuvota, amanyathelo athile okhuseleko lwesizwe, okanye amatyala anxulumene nobalo-manani olupheleyo kunye nokuphinda kuphinde kubekwe. Oku bekuya kuvumela uninzi ukuba luthabathe inyathelo kwimibandela ethile ngaphandle kokuyiphelisa ngokupheleleyo i-ficialbuster.
Ukukhuselwa kweMithetho yeLifa leMveli
Ekugqibeleni, inani elandayo lamazwi liphikisana ngokuphelisa iprojekthi yemithetho-siseko. Phantsi kwesi siganeko, iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zeMasa kwiimeko ezininzi, ininzi lazo lanele ukudlulisela umthetho. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi oku kuya kwenza iNdlu yeNtlanganiso ivukelwe ngokungakumbi kwaye ibe yeyedemokhrasi, ngoxa abachasi belumkisa ukuba ikhokelele kumjikelo okhawulezileyo wenkqubo egqithisileyo njengoko izandla zamandla zitshintsha.
Iimbambano Zakutshanje Nemeko Yezobupolitika
KwiBhunga le-117th Congress (2021-2023), i-nfilibuster yayisesazulwini sengxoxo enkulu yezobupolitika. Ngokwahlukana kweNdlu yeNtsimbi yamaCamelo 50-50 kunye noMongameli onguMongameli Kamara Harris efaka amavoti okrwelelo, uDemocrates waba namavoti amaninzi angenawo amavoti angama-60 afunekayo ukuqhubela phambili umthetho omkhulu. Oku kwakhokelela ekubizeni abaxhasi abaqhubela phambili kunye nabaquququzeleli bedemo-democratic bezokuphelisa okanye baguqulele umlawuli we-Preasbester ukuze kuphulwe umthetho wamalungelo okuvota, i-Rhudoma i-Vote, kunye noMgastie Agastice Act.
Abaququzeleli bomkhosi wesithintelo se-Joe Manchin (D-WV) kunye neKyrsten Sinema (I-AZ) baphikisa ekuhleni ukutshintsha i-Ndlubuster, bephikisa ngelithi ikhusela amalungelo abambalwa kwaye iya kuwaphelisa amacandelo ahlukeneyo. Inkcaso yabo yathintela utshintsho, kwaye amaphepha okuvota awaphumelelanga. Endaweni yoko, uDemocrates wasebenzisa inkqubo yocazululo ukudlula kuMthetho we-Inflaise Repuction ka-2022, imomential kunye nenk yempilo engundoqo engenakudlula phantsi komda wama-60 evote.
Oku kubonakalisa ukuxinezeleka okusembindini wengxoxo ye-filibuster: inkqubo yoxolelwano ivumela ooDemocrates ukuba badlulise umthetho obalulekileyo, kodwa yafika inemithetho engqongqo eyabathintela ekuchazeni ezinye izinto eziza kuqala. Umbuzo wokuba ngaba i-monicbuster ifanele ukusebenza kuwo onke umthetho, omnye umthetho, okanye akukho na ehlala ingalungiswa.
I-pilibuster kunye nolawulo-melo lwaseMelika: Umbuzo Wokwandisa
Ingxoxo nge-filibuster ekugqibeleni yingxoxo emalunga nemibono emibini ekhuphisanayo yedemokhrasi. Enye imbono ibeka ulawulo oluphambili lobunyani , iphikisa ngelithi iqela eliphumelela unyulo lifanele likwazi ukulawula nokuzalisekisa ucwangciso lwalo. Olunye umbono luzimisela ngokubalulekileyo izikhuseli [ zobumthunzi , liphikisa ngelithi idemokhrasi ifuna ukhangelo kumandla amaninzi ukukhusela ingcinezelo yabambalwa.
Yomibini imibono ifanelekile, kwaye zombini zifakwe kwinkqubo yomgaqo-siseko waseMerika. Indlu yabameli ibonakalisa umgaqo oyintloko, ngelixa iNdlu yeNdlu yamaGama ibonisa ukukhuselwa korhulumente nezilangazelelo ezincinane. I-Divbuster ihleli ekudibaniseni la migaqo, kwaye ikamva layo liya kugqitywa ziimpembelelo zezobupolitika kwiminyaka ezayo.
Abanye abaphengululi bathi i-filbuster ayivumelani nolawulo lwale mihla kuba imfuneko yama-60 eevote inika amandla amancinane asoloko ekwilizwe elithile kwaye ahluke kakhulu kwisininzi. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi ukususwa kwe-monibulister kungasuka nje kumgangatho weNtlanganiso ukuya kwezinye iindawo zenkqubo yezobupolitika, njengemiyalelo yegunya okanye uhlalutyo olulawulayo.
Isiphelo: IFilibuster njengeSipili Semithetho
I-filbuster asingomthetho wesithethe ongekho ngqiqweni okanye umgaqo ongcwele womgaqo-siseko. Sisixhobo esiye saguquka ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, esibunjwe ziimfuno kunye namaqhinga eengingqi eziye zayisebenzisa. Ngoncedo lwaso, iye yakhuthaza ukuqiqa, ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo amancinane, kwaye yathintela umthetho ongxamisekileyo. Okubi kakhulu, iye yenza ukuba kubekho isiphazamiso, igcine ukungabikho kokusesikweni kobuhlanga, kwaye yenza urhulumente wesizwe afe ingasebenzi.
Nokuba ngaba i-filibuster ihlaziywe, igcinwe, okanye iphelisiwe, ingxoxo ngekamva layo ibonisa impikiswano enzulu malunga nemo yedemokhrasi yaseMelika. Ukuba ngaba iNdlu yeNtsimbi ifanele ibe yindawo apho ulawulo oluninzi lulawulwa yimvume yabambalwa, okanye ingaba yindawo apho uninzi lungalawula ngaphandle kokulibazisa? Impendulo iya kugqiba kungekuphela indlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo, kodwa kwanamazwi ayo avalwayo kwiiholo zamandla.
Ukuqwalasela ngokunzulu imithetho yangaphakathi yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi kunye nembali yamahlwili, isikhokelo esisemthethweni se- se-Renentate kwi-filibbuster kunye ne-drives inika uqwalaliso olucokisekileyo. [ Ingxelo yophando lobuGcisa [Flt] nge-Dalorialbuster [ inika uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha, olungadityanisiweyo lwendaleko kunye neziphumo zayo. Ekugqibeleni, ngenxa yomongo kwingxoxo yakutshanje, inika iBrentenan Center yeJastial mentsting projectives [FFFFFFFFD]].