Ukwazisa

Xa inkanyamba yenza ukuba kungquzuke umhlaba okanye umlilo odakumba uthe gqaba-gqaba, ukusabela okukhawulezileyo kuvela kummelwane, umlwi womlilo wasekuhlaleni, okanye urhulumente. Kwiyure ezimbalwa, loo mpendulo inyuswa lilungiselelo elikhethekileyo laseMelika: uMgaqo-mkhosi wesizwe. Ukusebenza njengamandla karhulumente axhotyisiweyo kunye nomkhosi wesizwe, igalelo lomkhosi lomkhosi, iBhubhele isithuba esinzima phakathi kwabaphendula abantu basekuhlaleni kunye noncedo olupheleleyo lwesizwe. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iindima ezithile zokusebenza, abaphathi-mthetho, amandla omthetho, amandla ombane, kunye nezakhiwo zentlangano ezenza uMkhosi noMkhosi we-Airvior National usebenze njengentsika enkulu yendlela yokuphendula yentlekele yesizwe.

Igunya lemo yobuDual: Isizathu sokuba Abalindi baphendule ngokukhawuleza

Umahluko osisiseko phakathi komkhosi wesizwe nowomkhosi osebenzayo ulele kumyalelo kunye nolawulo. Iqela elisebenzayo elisebenza phantsi kolawulo lorhulumente (isihloko 10, iKhowudi yase-U.S.), elifuna umyalelo womongameli kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo libandakanya inkqubo ende yokusebenza. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ugada weSizwe, jikelele usebenza phantsi kolawulo lorhulumente (isihloko 32, U.S.Umthetho) ngexesha longxamiseko lwasekhaya. Lo mahluko uneziphumo ezinzulu ezisebenzayo kwisantya sokusabela kwintlekele.

Irhuluneli ibamba igunya lokuvulela amandla omkhosi karhulumente ngokukhawuleza xa eqonda isisongelo. Eli gunya livumela amaqela ukuba avule izithuthi zamanzi aphezulu, iilori zepetroli, kunye nezinto zezamayeza ngaphambi komhlaba woqhwithela. Irhuluneli igcina umyalelo wamandla, kodwa urhulumente unika imali yokusebenza ngaphantsi kweSihloko 32, egcina imeko yamalungu enkonzo njengamagosa asemthethweni ukwenzela iinjongo ezisemthethweni. Oku kubhetyebhetyebhetyeshela-bhetye kuyimfuneko kwimpendulo ekhawulezileyo, enokusheka.

Ulawulo Olusebenzayo

Kwezinye iimeko, amatyala enza amalungu abalindi asebenze phantsi kweState Active Duty (SAD), apho urhulumente afumana imali epheleleyo kunye nolawulo. Oku kuqhelekile kwiziganeko ezincinane ezifana nezikhukula okanye izichotho zasebusika. ISAD ivumela abalawuli ukuba baqokelele izinto ngaphandle kwemvume karhulumente, banikezele isantya esiphezulu kwimisebenzi ekhawulezileyo ekhusela ubomi.

Ingqokelela yoncedo lolawulo lwexesha likaxakeka (EMAC)

Xa intlekele igqitha kumsebenzi worhulumente omnye, abalawuli bangacela uncedo oluvela kwamanye amazwe ukudlula kwi-Emergency Management Active Compact (EMAC). Lo mnqophiso ugunyazisiweyo uvumela elinye ilizwe ukuba liboleke izinto zokhuselo kunye nabasebenzi kwenye. Umzekelo, ngexesha lenkanyamba yesihlanu, iFlorida ingaboleka amaqela enqwelo moya eTexas ukukhangela nokuhlangula kwalo. I-EMAC i-mbuyence kunye nokhuseleko olusemthethweni, iyenze inkqubo eqhelekileyo yokuphendula kwentlekele yamazwe amaninzi.

I-Puses esebenzayo: Ukusuka ekuchacheni ngaphambi kokuba uphinde ubuye

Igalelo lesizwe logada kwimpendulo yentlekele aliphelelanga kwinqanaba elinye. Igalelo lalo lilandela umjikelo olungelelanisiweyo: imisebenzi ecwangcisiweyo, ekhawulezileyo ekhusela ubomi, exhasa ugcino-lwazi, kunye nenkxaso yokuchacha.

Uphako lwangaphambili nolwangaphambili

Ukubekwa kwenqanawa kungumsebenzi oyintloko kwabacebi bogada. Njengoko inkanyamba ikhula kwiAtlantiki okanye kwi-Gulf, abaphathi-mikhosi bokhuselo bachaza iindawo ezintle ngaphandle kwelo candelo lixelwa kwangaphambili. Izithuthi zamanzi aphezulu, ipetroyile, amanzi akhutshwayo, kunye nezixhobo zonxibelelwano ziyasuswa zisiwe kwezi ndawo zigcina iimpahla zokucoca indlela, kuquka iilori zokulahla iilori kunye neenqanawa zomatshini zokulwa, zilungele ukusika ukungcola kunye neendlela ezivulekileyo ukwenzela iinkonzo zongxamiseko.

Izinto zorhwebo, kuquka UH-60 Black Hawk kunye ne-CH-47 Chinoke, zisiwa kwizikhululo zenqwelo-moya eziphakathi komhlaba ezineenqwelo-moya eziqinileyo ezixhotyiswe ngemiphakamo eqinileyo. Ezi nqwelo-moya zixhotyiswe ngezixhobo ezingaphandle zomthwalo ezibalulekileyo kuncedo lwaseluphahleni kunye nokuthumela izinto ezifumanekayo kumazwe ahlukeneyo. I-Federal Emergency Management Management Agency (FEMA) ilungelelanisa ngokusondeleleneyo nabaphathi-nqwelo moya ukubeka iipaseji ezithile kunye neenjongo zothumo zothulo ngexesha lokuphuma.

Imisebenzi yokukhangela nokuhlangula (SAR)

Eyona nto iphambili emva kwentlekele kukufumana nokukhupha abasindi. Ugada weSizwe usebenza amandla akhethekileyo eSAR ancedisa umlilo wasekuhlaleni namaqela okuhlangula.

Uphendlo lonikezelo kunye nohlangulo: Iiyunithi zomkhosi womkhosi ziqhuba uphengululo lwe-elyane usebenzisa i-UH-60 Black Hawks. La maqonga axhotyiswe ngezixhobo zokunyusa abasindi abaliqela kuphahla, izithuthi eziphuphumayo, okanye indawo engafikelelekiyo. Iintloko kunye namaziko omkhosi aqeqeshelwe kwintambo ekhawulezayo kunye nemisebenzi yokunyusa, ngokufuthi esebenza kufutshane neemeko zokubonakala. Ngethuba lenkanyamba iHarvey kuphela, umkhosi wesizwe weTexas uhlangula abantu abangaphezu kwewaka elinayiwaka elinawaka.

Amaqela asemhlabeni asebenzisa iZodiac namaphenyane aphezulu anjenge LMTV (Ukukhanya Okuphakathi Kwendlela yeVhicle) ukuhamba ezitratweni ezizele ngamanzi. La maqela aqeqeshelwe ubuchule bokuhlangula emanzini akhawulezayo, awavumela ukuba afikelele abantu ababambeke kwimisinga abaza kusonga izixhobo ezisemgangathweni. Ngoku amazwe amaninzi agcina iinkampani eziqhutywayo zokuhlangula amanzi ngaphakathi komjikelo woonjineli okanye amapolisa.

Ukukhangela nokuhlangula (USAR): Kwimeko zokudilika kwesakhiwo, oononjineli bogada kunye namapolisa asemkhosini baxhasa amajoni e-FEMA'SUAR. Banikezela ngemibutho enzima, izixhobo zokwaphula, kunye nokhuseleko kwindawo yesiganeko, ivumela iingcali zoburhulumente zijolise ingqalelo kwimisebenzi yokuhlangula yobugcisa.

Ulawulo lwekhambi lokusebenza kunye nolokubonelela

Emva kwenqanaba lokuhlangula elikhawulezileyo litshintshisela ukuxhasa uluntu, ukukwazi kwento esetyenziswa ngugada ukuba yindawo yokuqala ekuqwalaselwe kuyo. Ukubonelela ngemixokelelwano yemiqhaphu kudla ngokunqunyulwa ziindlela ezonakeleyo, iintambo eziphuphumayo zomjelo, kunye nokuphuma kwamandla. Ugada uphinda anike itsheyina ngemijelo yomkhosi.

Ugada iiyunithi zezithuthi eziseka iiNtlekele zonikezelo (PODs), ezizindawo ezisembindini ezichaphazelekayo apho abemi bafumana ukutya, amanzi, umkhenkce, kunye ne-starps. Umkhosi oqhelekileyo wezothutho, kuquka iFMTVs (Umkhaya we-Practical Vehicles) kunye ne-HEMTTS (Heavy Expanded Mobilebility Tractic Trackes), zingasebenza kwiimeko ezibangela ukuba iilori ezisemfam-zorhwebo. Imisebenzi yomkhosi ihamba isuka kwimimandla yengingqi yengingqi yengingqi yengingqi ukuya kusasazwa izakhiwo zasekuhlaleni phantsi kokhuseleko nomanyano lwamapolisa.

Indlela yokucacisa iyimfuneko ehambelanayo. Abasebenzi bomatshini wokulwa abaxhotyisiweyo kunye nabaqeqeshi abakwicandelo lokucoca ukungcola, ukususa imithi ehlileyo, nokulungisa iindlela ezonakeleyo. Oku akuvumeli nje kuphela ukunikezela umngcelele kodwa nokubuyiselwa kwamandla kunye nezibonelelo zonxibelelwano. Ubuchule boMgaqo-majoni bokwenza ukushukuma kokusingqongileyo okunesiphithiphithi kusoloko kungumahluko phakathi kwengxaki equlathekileyo nentlekele yobuntu.

IFEMA's Revosition Fources ngokusesikweni idityaniswe neeyunithi zokhuselo lomgcini-majoni kwicandelo elibanzi lenkxaso ye-Emergency (ESF), ukuqinisekisa umanyano olungenamthungo namasebe angaburhulumente.

Inkxaso Yezonyango Engxamisekileyo

Izibhedlele zasekuhlaleni zithwaxwa ziintlekele, zitshabalalisa izibonelelo nezigulana.

Izibhedlele zase-Platical : Iqela lezamayeza lisebenza kwizibhedlele ezikwindawo ezisebenza ngokuphandle ezinokusetyenziswa ngotyando longxamiseko, inkathalo enzima, kunye nenkathalo ephambili. La maziko asoloko esekwa kwiindawo zokulwa, amaziko endibano, okanye amakhaya entente ukuze akhulule uxinzelelo kwizibhedlele ezonakeleyo. Ii-Brigade Combat Commation Commation Commation Commation Commation Amaqela e-ooptic protoon ezinokuba nokwenziwa umsebenzi olungele ukulungiselela lo msebenzi.

Ukhuthuzo oluqhelekileyo lwe-EDEVAC:[[FLT] Ihelikopta ezinikezelweyo zeMEDEVAC (HH-60 Pave Hawks kunye ne UH 72-Lakotas) zithutha izigulana ezichanabileyo ukusuka kwiindawo ezohlukeneyo okanye amakliniki adibeneyo ukuya kwiziko lononophelo eziphezulu. Amaqela enqwelo-moya e-ambumbulela asebenza ngojikelezo eziyi 24-yure, ngokufuthi ahamba emoshakeleyo kunye nemozulu embi.

ICivil Service Amaqela enkxaso (CSTs): Amajoni esizwe agcina izixhobo ezi 57 zeqela lenkxaso yeMass Destruction Common Amaqela (CSTs), elinye kwiphondo ngalinye, ingingqi, kunye neSithilishi saseColumbia. La maqela aqeqeshiweyo athe qeqeshiweyo athe nakwemichiza, unomathotholo, kunye nolwahlulo lwe-nyukliya (CBRN) kunye nohluzo lwezonyango. Ngoxa enzelwe ukuphendula kobugrogribi, iCSTs isoloko ithunyelwa kwiziganeko eziyingozi ezihambisana neziganeko zendalo eziyingozi, njengokuchitheka kwemichiza ezenzekelwe kwimizi - mveliso eyonakalayo.

Ufundisiso Lwetyala: Ukusabela Kwenkanyamba Neenkqubo Zendaleko ZeDSCA

Ucwangciso lwesiZwe sokusabela kwintlekele lwangoku luphenjelelwa kakhulu yizifundo ezifundwe kwinkanyamba enkulu. Inkanyamba uKatrina ngo-2005 yabhenca izithuba eziphawulekayo ekunxibelelaneni, umyalelo, kunye namagunya angokwasemthethweni. UMthetho wePosse Comitatus Act kunye nolibaziseko lwe-bureaucratic lwathintela ukusabela okusebenzayo, ukuqinisekisa ixabiso lemodeli esekelwe kwimo kagada.

Emva kukaKatrina, iSebe lokhuselo layigunyazisa inkxaso yamagunya okhuselo e-DSCA. Le mfundiso inikela ukhokelo olucacileyo ngendlela amajoni, kuquka noMgaqo-mkhosi, axhasa ngayo ukhokelo lwasekuhlaleni. Iziphumo zaba yintsabelo ekhawulezileyo, eqinisekisiweyo kwizaqhwithi ezilandelayo.

Ngexesha leSitshingitshane iSandy (202), iNew York neNew Jersey National Guards zabulala abantu abafudukayo abakwisikali esikhulu sasedolophini zaza zanika amandla kwizibhedlele nakwizikhuseli. Ngo-2017, inkanyamba iHarvey, iIrma, kunye noMaria zavavanya ubuchule bogada bokwenza izinto ngexesha elinye, imisebenzi emininzi ekwimimandla emininzi. Amalungu angaphezulu kwe-50 000 ogalelo lwamandla okulinganisa ngokukhawuleza. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-EMAC i-complitys kwavumela amazwe afana neOklahoo ne-Ohio kuthumela oononjineli begada ne-injini e-injini egawudiyo exhasa iTexas kunye neFlorida.

Imfundiso ye-DSCA iyaqhubeka iguqula, ibandakanya ukwabelana ngexesha lokoqobo, ulwahlulo olumiselwe kwangaphambili, kunye nolwalamano lomyalelo kunye namaqumrhu olawulo lukaxakeka.

Ufundisiso Lwezinto: Ukutshisa Imlilo Nokucima Umlilo

Imililo yequbuliso ibangela ucelomngeni olwahlukileyo lokusebenza. Ngelixesha iinkanyamba zintsuku ezibanzi nezithelekelelwayo ngaphambili, imililo yemlilo ihamba ngokukhawuleza, ayiqikelelwa, kwaye isoloko isasazeka kwiindawo ezinzima ezinokufumaneka okulinganiselweyo. Ugada wesizwe unika zombini umhlaba kunye nezinto zenqwelo moya zokulwa nesisongelo.

Inkqubo yokulwa umlilo ohamba ngomoya ohamba ngenqwelo-moya (i-MAFF)

Inkqubo ye-Moyer National Guards ye-MAFFS lilungu elibalulekileyo lecebo lomlilo wesizwe. I-MAFFS yinkqubo yolungiso lomkhosi eguqula iC- 130 Hercules inqwelo-moya ibe ziinqanawa zokuthutha inqwelo-moya ezikwaziyo ukuhlisa iilitha ezingama-3000 zomlilo ngemizuzwana emihlanu. Oku kusebenza ngokuvumelana ne-Freencut Service xa iinqanawa zokuthutha ipetroyile zenqwelo-moya zixakelelwa kukunyuka komlitha womlilo.

I-C- 130 ukusuka kwiyunithi ezifana nephiko le-Pieling le-153rd Airling (Wyoming) kunye neGatya le-14th lenqwelo-moya lokuphaphamisa i-Apho kusebenza kwiziganeko zomlilo ngaphaya kwelizwe. Isixokelelwano seMAFFS siyilelwe ukubeka okukhawulezileyo, ukuvumela inqwelo-moya itshintshe phakathi kokuphakamisa umoya wobuchule kunye nokulwa umlilo ngeyure nje ezingephi. Ukubhabhabhayo kumoya oshushu, umoya ozele umsi, amaqela e-MAFFS asebenza kwezinye iimeko zenqwelo-moya eziyingozi ehlabathini. Ubuchule bawo bokuhambisa imigca ehamba ngobuchule bokwenza abasebenzi abasebenza emhlabeni abahlala beminye abaqhubi bagcine imililo enokuba yimililo.

Ibhodi yogada yesizwe yeMaFFS yencam yeqonga ibalaselisa ukuba le nkqubo iye yaxhasa amaphulo amakhulu omlilo omlilo kwiminyaka engaphezu kweyi 50, inika unyuso olubalulekileyo ngexesha lowona nyaka unzima womlilo.

Imisebenzi yomhlaba kunye nokhuselo lokwakha

Ngelixa iimpahla zenqwelo-moya zifumana ingqalelo ephawulekayo, inkoliso yamalungu oMgaqo-mkhosi alwa imililo yemfazwe etshayelela emhlabeni. Iiyunithi zeentsana kunye neenjineli ziqeqeshwa njengabasebenzi bezandla, zisusa uhlaza lokwenza umlilo ungqubane. Oku kucotha ukuhambela phambili komlilo kwaye kubonelela iindawo ezikhuselekileyo zabacimi bomlilo.

Amalungu okhuselo akwanikela ukhuseleko lokwakha. Njengokuba umlilo wesiqhubi usondela kwindawo yokuhlala, amaqela ahamba ngesango ukuya kwigetsi elingenayo, esusa ukungcola okuvuthayo, ebeka iimpompo zamanzi eziphathekayo, kunye nezakhiwo zokusonga kwimililo yomlilo. Lo msebenzi ufuna ulungelelwaniso olunzulu namasebe omlilo asekuhlaleni, asoloko enziwa phantsi kwemida yawo. Amandla oMgaqo-majoni aqeqeshiweyo ekunikeni amawaka abasebenzi kwisaziso esifutshane ngumkhosi wamagosa omlilo asekuhlaleni.

Ukongezelela, inqwelo-moya yogada inika ulawulo lwenqwelo-moya kunye nokuthotywa kwebhakethi. IUH-60 Black Hawks kunye neCH-47 Chinooks zixhotyiswe ngebhambithi, izikhongozeli ezinokukhutshwa emanzini kumachibi okanye amadama kwaye zisiwe kwiindawo ezichanekileyo. Ezi helikopta zikwanika umyalelo kunye nolawulo lweqonga labaphathi bezo ziganeko, zinika iimbono zokwenene zepesentimeter kunye nokuziphatha komlilo.

Ubugcisa nophuhliso lwale mihla

INational Guard idibanisa ubugcisa obuphucukileyo ukuphucula ukuphaphela kweemeko nokusebenza kakuhle ngexesha leentlekele.

Iinkqubo zesihlenga-moya (IUAS)

Iinkqubo zenqwelo-moya ezingenazintlobano (i-UAS) ngoku zizixhobo ezisemgangathweni kwiyunithi ezininzi zogada. Ezi zixhobo zevidiyo zinika umlinganiselo wokondla okufutshane wexesha lokonakala komkhukula, umonakalo wokwakha, kunye nokuqhubekeka komlilo. Oku kuqiqa kuvumela abaphathi beziganeko ukuba banike izinto ngokunempumelelo kwaye bagcine amaqela asemhlabeni ngaphandle kwemimandla enobungozi. Iyunithi ze-UAS zisetyenziswa nako ukuhlolwa komonakalo, ukwenza iimaphu eziphezulu zomngxube-o-omatshini ezibonisa ii-inshosoractic kunye neenjineli apho kunokwenzeka khona kanye umonakalo.

IGeospatical kunye noNxulumano logcino-lwazi

Iinkqubo zolwazi lwengingqi zokhuselo lwesizwe ezisebenzisa igeuspatitial (GIS) ukwenza imifanekiso eqhelekileyo esebenzayo (i-COPS). Ezi maphu zamanani zidityaniswe kugcino-lwazi olusuka kwi-FEMA, ulawulo longxamiseko lombuso, kunye nezinto ezisetyenziswayo zasekuhlaleni, ezibonisa yonke into ukusuka kwiindawo zokufihla inqanawe ukuya kwindlela evaliweyo. Oku kwabelana ngolwazi kubalulekileyo ekuhlanganiseni iimpendulo ezininzi. Uthungelwano lwesatellite (SATCOM) luqinisekisa ukuba olu gcino-lwazi lukhona naxa ii-cellnethi kunye ne-intanethi zitshaba-ms zitshabalelekile.

Ubugcisa obudityanisiweyo, kuquka ubukrelekrele obungeyoyamvelo bokuhlalutya umfanekiso-mfanekiso wesatellite, buvavanywa ukuba bubone ngokuzenzekelayo utshintsho kwizibonelelo kunye nokuchonga iindawo ezifuna uncedo olukhawulezileyo. Ezi zixhobo ziya kunyusa umjikelo wokuphendula ziphucule ulwabiso lwezibonelelo.

ISigqeba soMmi: Uluntu Nokuzinziswa

Uphawu oluchazayo loMgaqo-mkhosi weSizwe yindalo yawo esekelwe kuluntu. Ngokungafaniyo namalungu enkonzo asebenzayo asenokuba ahlala kude noluntu lwamakhaya, amalungu oKhuseleko ahlala aze asebenze kwizixeko needolophu abizwa kuzo ukuze akhusele. Olu nxulumano lubangela intshukumisa enamandla yokusabela ngokukhawuleza, ngemfesane.

Xa ilungu eligadayo liqhutyelwa inkanyamba, basenokuba bahlangula abamelwane babo. Abaninzi bangamaxhoba entlekele, baxhalabele iintsapho zabo namakhaya abo ngoxa besenza imisebenzi yabo. Lo msebenzi mbini ulucelomngeni olukhethekileyo lwengqondo kumsebenzi wogada. I-National Guardio Bureau icebise uqeqesho olubalulekileyo ekuzixhaseni, inkxaso yabefundisi, kunye noncedo lwezempilo ukuze kuncedwe amalungu oluntu alawule uxinezeleko lwentlekele.

Unxulumano lwasekuhlaleni lukwanika iingenelo ezisebenzisekayo. Amalungu okhuselo anolwazi olunzulu ngejografi yasekuhlaleni, izibonelelo, kunye nonxulumano oluphambili. Obu buchule basekuhlaleni bubalulekile ekuthutheni imimandla eyonakeleyo, ukuchaza iindlela zokufuduka ezingacwangciswanga, nokudibanisa namagosa asekuhlaleni asenokuba ngabaziwayo. Oku kuthemba nokuqhelana kuwenza umgudu okhawulezileyo.

Eqeshiweyo.gov inika abantu kunye neentsapho izinto zokulungiselela iintlekele, ukucutha umthwalo kubaphenduli bokuqala kwaye uvumela ubuncwane bogada ukuba bujolise kwimeko ezinzima.

Isiphelo: Imeko - bume Etshintshayo Ibangela Ingxaki Engenakuthenjwa

Njengokuba imozulu itshintsha kakhulu ubuninzi nobukhulu bemozulu, ukuthembela kwesizwe kugada wesizwe kuza kuqhubeka kunzulu. Ubuchule obukhethekileyo boMgaqo-majoni bokutshintsha ngaphandle komthungo ukusuka kumsebenzi wokugcinwa komthetho wasekuhlaleni kwintsabelo yentlekele epheleleyo karhulumente buyenza ibe luncedo olubalulekileyo ekuqiniseni umkhosi wesizwe.

Ulwakhiwo olusemthethweni lweSihloko 32 ne-EMAC lunika intsebenziswano efunekayo ukuze kungenelwe ngokukhawuleza, ngeli lixa ubuchule bokusebenza kwenqwelo-moya, kwizixhobo zobugcisa, kwinjineli, nakwinkxaso yezamayeza bunika amandla okusingatha ezona ntlekele zintsonkothileyo. Ukuqhubeka kotyalo lwezixhobo zangoku, ulwando lobugcisa, kunye nokuhlala kakuhle kwabemi kuyimfuneko ukuze balondoloze le ntshukumo. Kubantu abajongene nenkanyamba okanye nomlilo, umkhosi wesizwe uhlala ukho ngokona, unakho, kwaye umthombo othembekileyo wenkxaso yomkhosi kwiyure yabo enkulu efunekayo.