Ukuqonda Isakhiwo Sasemthethweni Sokukhangela Izinto Ezilahliweyo

Xa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kuthelekiswa nepropati ebonakala ngathi iyalahlwa, umbuzo wokuba ngaba imvume iyimfuneko kunokuba nzima na. UMthetho-misinyu wesine kuMgaqo-siseko wase-United States ukhusela abantu ekuphandeni ngokungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzuleni, kodwa oko kukhuselwa akuphelelanga xa impahla inikezelwe ngokuzithandela. Ukuqonda indlela iimfuno ezifunekayo kwimpahla eshiyiweyo kuyimfuneko ngayo kumagosa aqeqeshiweyo, kumagosa angomthetho, nakubemi abafuna ukukhusela amalungelo abo obuqu.

Umgaqo osisiseko ngowokuba uHlomelo lwesine lukhusela abantu, kungekhona iindawo. Oku kuthetha ukuba kwanakwimimandla kawonke-wonke, abantu basenokuhlala belindele ukuba izinto zibe zezobuqu kwezinye izinto. Noko ke, xa impahla ishiywe, ukulindela ukuba izinto zibe zedwa kuyaphela, kwaye ukunyanzeleka komthetho kusenokuyikhangela okanye kuyithabathe ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Ucelomngeni lusekugqibeni ukuba indawo ishiywe ngokusemthethweni naxa umniniyo ehlala enomdla wobuqu.

Uhlaziyo Lwesine Nokulindela Ukuba Uwedwa

ISinyuso sesine sithi: "Ilungelo labantu lokunqabiseka kubantu babo, kwizindlu, kumaphepha, nakwiziphumo, ngokuchasene nophando olungekho ngqiqweni kunye nokuxhuzula, aliyi kuphulwa, kwaye akukho bani unikezelo, kodwa ngokunokwenzeka, lixhaswa okanye livunywa, kwaye ingakumbi lichaza indawo ekufuneka iphendwe, nabantu okanye izinto ezimele zibanjwe. Olu lwimi lumisela imfuneko esisiseko yemithetho engqiqweni emininzi, kodwa iNkundla Ephakamileyo iye yaziqaphela iindinyana eziliqela.

Kwimpahla eshiyiweyo, ingqiqo engundoqo lukulindela okusengqiqweni kwemfihlo, okumiselwe ku[FLT]] KAtz v. United States (1967)[FLT]. Phantsi Katz, i-Project Wesine Amendment ikhusela kuphela ukuba umntu ulindele ukuba imfihlo iqwalaselwe yingqiqo. Xa impahla ishiyiwe, oko kulindele kuyalahleka.

Uvavanyo LweKatz Lwaye Lwayekelwa Ukushiywa

Ngaphantsi kweKatz, imibuzo emibini imisela ukuba ukhuseleko loMgaqo-nkqubo wesine luyasebenza kusini na. Okokuqala, ngaba umntu ubonise ukulindela ukuba izinto zibe zedwa kwimpahla? Okwesibini, ngaba ulindele ukuba ibutho labantu lilungele ukuqaphela izinto ezisengqiqweni? Kwizinto ezishiyiweyo, impendulo yayo yomibini le mibuzo idla ngokuba hayi. Xa umntu elahla into ekwimida okanye eshiywe entweni kawonke-wonke, abakhange bayenze ngendlela ebonisa ukulindela okuqhubekayo kobuqu, kwaye abantu abasoloko bephatha izinto ezilahliweyo njengezingasese.

Ukulahlwa Njengomvuzo Wamalungelo Onyaka Wesine

Ukushiywa kwasemthethweni kusebenza njengokhuselo loMlawuli wesi-45 WesiHlaliso. Ingcamango yeyokuba umnini unikezele ngokuzithandela naluphi na ukhuthuzo lwento, ngoko ukugcinwa komthetho kungayiphendla ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Lo mxhasi akafuni ngxelo esemthethweni okanye imvume ebhaliweyo. Endaweni yoko, ixhomekeke kwindlela yokuziphatha yomniniyo kunye neemeko ezingqongileyo. Iinkundla zihlola iinjongo ezifana nalapho impahla ifunyenwe khona, indlela eshiywe ngayo, nokuba umnini wayo uthathe amanyathelo okuyifumana.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ukutyeshelwa kwenjongo yoHlaziyo yesine kwahlukile kwiingcamango zomthetho wempahla zokulahlwa. Kwinkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho, umbuzo asikokuba umniniyo uye wasilahla ngokusemthethweni isibizo kodwa enoba baluyekile ukulindela kwabo okufanelekileyo ukuba bafumane imfihlo.

Oko Kulahlwa Zizinyulu Phantsi KoMthetho

Ukuqinisekisa ukuba impahla ishiywe ngokusemthethweni kudinga uphando oluchanekileyo. Iinkundla zivelise iinkqubo eziliqela zokukhokela olu hlalutyo, ukugxininisa kwinjongo yomnini kunye neemeko zokwenyama zepropati.

Ukuzifumanela Izinto Zokuzithandela

Kufuneka kuthatyathwe umgangatho kumnini wawo ngokuchasene nomnqweno wabo okanye ushiywe emva ngenxa yokunyanzelwa ngamapolisa, kungangekuko ukuba umgangatho wegosa unyanzelekile ukuba alahle into ethile. Umzekelo, ukuba umlawuli unyanzele umcimbi ukuba ayilahle, ukulahlwa kungagqalwa njengokungaqhutywa, kwaye ukuphengululwa kungasichasa isiHlaziselo sesine. Iinkundla zikhangela enoba isigqibo sokushiya okanye ukulahla loo ndawo siyimveliso yokuzikhethela okanye inyanzelekile ngokusemthethweni.

Izinto Ezibonisa Ukuba Ndiyishiyile

Iinkundla zixhomekeke kubungqina obungatshintshiyo bokufumana ingqwalaselo ephambili.

  • Lo mhlaba ushiywa kwindawo kawonke - wonke enjengendlela, isitrato okanye ipaki
  • Umhlaba ubekwa kwitoti yomgqomo okanye kwinkunkuma ukuze kuqokelelwe
  • Lo mhlaba ukwimo yokungalungisi okanye kubonakala ngathi ulahlwa
  • Umniniyo akazamanga ukuphinda afumane lo mhlaba kangangexesha elidanayo
  • Lo mhlaba ukwindawo apho ukushiywa kuxhaphakile, njengendawo yokuchitha umhlaba okanye iziko lokuphinda usetyenziswe

Akukho sizathu sinye siphosakeleyo. Iinkundla zihlolisisa zonke iimeko kunye ukuze zigqibe enoba umntu osengqiqweni uya kukholelwa ukuba umniniyo ushiyile loo ndawo.

Umgqomo nempahla yeCandelo

Enye yezona zicelo ziqhelekileyo nezichukumisiweyo zemfundiso yokushiya ibandakanya umgqomo oseleyo. [FLT]] [FULT] California v. Greenwood (1988), iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele ekubeni uHlaziyo lweSihlanu alukuthinteli ukupheliswa komgqomo oshiywe ekhonkcweni. Inkundla yaqiqa ngelithi iingxowa zenkunkuma ezishiywe esitratweni ziyafumaneka kwizilwanyana, abantwana, iscapeeds, namanye amalungu kawonke, ngoko akukho lindelo olufanelekileyo lwemfihlo. Lo mthetho uye wasetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwaye umqulu wezinto oshiyilweyo.

Amanani aphambili eNkundla Ephakamileyo

Amatyala aliqela eNkundla Ephakamileyo aye alolonga indlela esemthethweni yokuphanda ngempahla eshiywe de kwafuneka asetyenziswe kakuhle.

Greenwood (188)

Luthi lwafumana uluvo oluluvo oluthe ngqo , amapolisa ayenosizathu esinokwenzeka sokukholelwa ukuba ummangalelwa wayebandakanyekile ekurhwetyweni kweziyobisi. Ngaphandle kokufumana isiqinisekiso, acela umqokeleli womgqomo ukuba athathe iingxowa zenkunkuma yommangalelwa aze aziphethule ukuze aphengulule. Uphengululo lwanikela ubungqina obakhokelela kwisiqinisekiso. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yakholelwa ukuba uphengululo olungenasiqinisekiso lwalungomgaqo siseko kuba ummangalelwa wayengenalo olufanelekileyo lwemfimfihlo enkunkumani eshiywe yashiywa esitratweni. Inkundla yagxininisa ukuba umgqomo ulula ekufumaneni uwonke wonke kwaye ummangalelwa utyhile kukwa kuye kuwonke ngokuba uwonke ngokuwushiya kumthetho.

Amanye Amatyala Afanelekileyo

kwiUnited States v. Jones (202), iNkundla yathetha ngeGPS ithumela imoto kodwa yaxubusha nokushiywa kwemoto, iphawula ukuba ukuphambana kwemoto kwenziwa ngu khangelo. Ngelixesha kungeyo ngqo ngokushiywa kwemoto, ityala libonisa ukuba uhlaziyo lweSihlalo loMphengululo luxhomekeke kakhulu kwindalo yempahla nezenzo zikarhulumente. kumthetho we-United States v. Indawo (19133)[FLT], inkundla yacinga ukunyanzeleka kwemithwalo yaza kwaye yaphawula ukuba umntu oshiya impahla ulahlekelwa yimfuno yezo zobuqu kuyo. Ezi meko zidityaniweyo zibangela ukuba umqobo awuhoywe, kodwa ayisebenzi, kodwa imfuneko, i-Genethtransti.

Ukucaciswa okuthe kratya komGaqo-nkqubo woKhuselo lwesine, [FLT][1] I-Cornell Legional Information Institute's Four Amendment ngeniso yesine . inikeza ubhekiso-mkhombo olubanzi.

Xa Kusafuneka Imithombo

Phezu kwalo nje umthetho oqhelekileyo wokuba impahla eshiyiweyo isenokuphengululwa ngaphandle kwemvume, kukho imiqathango ebalulekileyo. Iinkundla ziye zaqonda ukuba asiyonto yonke ebonakala ishiywe ngaphandle kokhuseleko loMthetho wesine ohlaziyiweyo.

Ucalulo lwempahla yabucala

Ukuba indawo eshiyiweyo isendaweni yabucala apho umnini angavulelwanga uwonke-wonke, uhlalutyo lunokuba lwahlukileyo. Umzekelo, ukuba umntu ulahla ifenisha kwindawo yokugcina eqeshiweyo, iyunithi ngokwayo isenokuba yinto yabucala. Umthetho wokunyanzelisa imfuneko yokungena kwisibonelelo nokukhangela umnqongo, nokuba izinto ezingaphakathi zishiywe ngokobuxhakaxhakaxhaka. Umahluko ongundoqo kukuba indawo apho indawo ikhoyo ikhona ilula ukufikelela kuwonke wonke okanye kumntu oza kunomdla wemfihlo.

Ubunikazi Obudityanisiweyo

Xa ubunikazi bempahla buphikiswa okanye bungaqondakali, inkundla ifuna isiqinisekiso phambi kokuqhuba iphulo. Ukuba abantu abaninzi bathi banomdla kwizinto, okanye ukuba impahla ibonakala ilahlekile kunokuba ishiywe ngabom, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kufuneka kuqhubeke ngobulumko. Ukukhangela izinto ezibonakala zingezozomntu ongakhange azityeshele kungaphazamisana noMphetho-Mdathiso wesine kwaye kuphumele ekususweni kobungqina.

Iseko eYakhayo

Ezinye iinkundla ziye zayivuma ingcamango yokulahlwa okwakhayo, apho impahla ithathwa njengeshiywe phantsi ngokweemeko nangona umniniyo engayilahlanga ngokungqalileyo. Oku kusoloko kuvela kwiimeko apho umntu ebalekayo ekunyanzelweni komthetho kwaye ashiye impahla emva. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, inkundla zivavanya ukuba ihambo yomntu ibonisa injongo yokushiya impahla. Ukuyeka okukhuthazayo kukuphanda okuyinyaniso kwaye kusenokucelw ’ umngeni ngabamangalelwa abangazimiselenga ukuyishiya ngokusisigxina impahla.

Abahlukileyo Kwimfuneko Engummangaliso

Naxa impahla ingashiywanga ngenene, ukunyanzelisa umthetho kungayiphendla ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso phantsi komphandle othile omiselwe kakuhle. Ezi zinxaxhi zidla ngokudibana nohlalutyo lokushiywa.

Imbono Ecacileyo

Phantsi kwemfundiso ecacileyo, abaphathi-mikhosi bangayibamba into ebonakala ilula ukuba ikho ngokusemthethweni kwindawo. Ukuba impahla eshiyiweyo iyabonakala kwindawo kawonke-wonke okanye kwindawo apho igosa linelungelo elisemthethweni, akukho gunya lifunekayo. Umzekelo, ukuba ingxowa ihleli kwibheji yepaki kwaye ikhona, abaphathi-mikhosi bangajonga baze bathabathe ingxowa ngaphandle kwemvume. Imfundiso ecacileyo isebenza nokuba impahla ishiyiwe okanye ishiywe, kodwa idla ngokungena kwizithuba zikawonke-wonke.

Iimeko Ezimandundu

Iimeko ezithe shwaka zingathethelela uphando olungagunyaziswanga nokuba impahla ayilahlwanga. Ukuba kukho isisongelo esikhawulezileyo kukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, umngcipheko wokonakaliswa kobungqina, okanye imeko yokusukela ngobushushu, abaphathi-mikhosi bangangena baze bafune impahla ngaphandle kwemvume. Ukukhangela impahla eshiyiweyo kusoloko kudibana neemeko ezitshayekileyo, njengaxa ukrokrela elahla iziyobisi ngoxa egxothwa ngamapolisa. Kule meko, ukukhangela okungenasiqinisekiso kuthetheleleka ngokushiya nokungaqiniseki.

Ukukhangela Okusemthethweni

Ukuba umniniyo uyavuma ukuphengulula, akukho mqathango ufunekayo. Noko ke, imvume kufuneka inikwe ngokuzithandela, yaye umntu onika imvume kufuneka abe negunya phezu kwempahla. Kwindawo eshiyiweyo, imbambano yemvume ayibalulekanga ngenxa yokuba umniniyo sele enikezele ulawulo. Kodwa kwiimeko zomda, ukufumana imvume kumniniyo ocacileyo kusenokunikezela ngesiseko esicacileyo esisemthethweni sokuphendla.

Izizathu Ezisebenzisekayo Zokunyanzelwa Komthetho

Ukuqonda intsingiselo yomthetho wempahla oshiyiweyo kubalulekile kumagosa aphandayo. Iimpazamo kule ndawo zingakhokelela ekucimeni ubungqina netyala lokwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu.

Uqeqesho noNkxaso lweMigaqo

Amasebe amapolisa kufuneka anikele uqeqesho kwimigangatho esemthethweni yokukhangela impahla eshiyweyo. Abaphathi kufuneka bazi ukuba babhale njani iimeko ezixhasa ukufunyanwa kokulahlwa, kuquka iifoto zendawo nemeko, iingxelo zokunikela ubungqina, kunye nobungqina benjongo yomnini. Iinkqubo ezibhaliweyo kufuneka zikhokele abaphathi xa imvume iyimfuneko kwaye xa ucalucalulo lusebenza. Uqeqesho lwarhoqo lubalulekile njengomthetho oguqulayo.

Ubungqina Obungachananga

Ukuba ubungqina bufunyenwe ngokuphengululwa kwezinto ezingenasiqinisekiso ezizimisele ukuba zingashiywa, umthetho wokuzihlukanisa ungasebenza. Oku kuthetha ukuba ubungqina abunakusetyenziswa enkundleni. Abatshutshisi kufuneka bahlolisise iimeko zophendlo lwempahla eshiyiweyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ihlangabezana nomgangatho osemthethweni. Amagqwetha okhuselo aza kuhlolisisa enoba ukushiywa kwempahla kwakungokwamkelwe ngokuzithandela na nokuba indawo yayifikeleleka ngokwenene kuluntu.

Izizathu Ezisebenzisekayo Kubemi

Kubantu ngabanye, ukuqonda xa impahla ijongwa njengelahliwe kunokukhusela ukuzifunela izinto zobuqu yaye kusenokunceda ekuphepheni ukuphazanyiswa kwamalungelo oMthetho Wesine.

Ukukhusela Izinto Ezilahlwayo

Ukuba ufuna ukulahla izinto ezichukumis ’ umbilini ngexesha ugcina ezinye izinto zobuqu, cinga ngokuthabatha amanyathelo okunikezela izinto ezingafundekiyo okanye ezingaqondwayo ngaphambi kokuzilahla. Ukufaka amaxwebhu, ukwaphula izixhobo ze-elektroniki, nokutyhalela izinto kwiibhokisi ezizizizizi kunganciphisa umngcipheko wokuba ukunyanzeliswa komthetho okanye abanye bangayi kufikelela kulwazi lwakho lwabucala. Noko ke, ezi meko aziyikhi yimfihlo esemthethweni ekunene kwizinto ezingasetyenziswanga. Xa into ibekwe emgqomeni okanye ekhohlo kwindawo kawonke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ayilindelwanga nto imfihlo.

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Ebudeni Bokudibana

Ngexesha lokudibana kwamapolisa, abantu ngabanye kufuneka baqonde ukuba ukulahla okanye ukushiya impahla kungathathwa njengokulahlwa. Ukuba ufikelwa ngabanyanzeli bomthetho uze uwise okanye uyilahle into, ungafunyanwa uyishiyile, unika amagosa ilungelo lokuyikhangela ngaphandle kwemvume. Oku kuyasebenza nokuba ubungazimisele ukuyilahla ngokusisigxina into. Uqheliselo olungcono kukuhlala uzolile, uqinisekisa ilungelo lakho lokuhlala uthulile, ungalahli nayiphi na into ngaphandle kokuba ufuna ukunika nayiphi na inzala yobuqu kuyo.

Umahluko Womthetho KaRhulumente

Ngelixesha uHlaliso lwesi-5 lumisela umgangatho wasekuhlaleni ukuze kukhuselwe ukhuseleko lwasese, amazwana anganikezela ukhuseleko olungakumbi phantsi komgaqo-siseko nemimiselo yawo. Amanye amazwe aye ayichasile indlela eqikelelwa ngayo California v. Greenwood kwaye afuna isiqinisekiso sokuphengulula umgqomo phantsi komthetho wezwe. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseNew Jersey ibambelele kwinkundla yomgaqo-siseko wesizwe ekukhuseleni umgaqo womgqomo ongagunyaziswanga kwiimeko ezithile.

Ukugcinwa komthetho kunye noogxa basemthethweni kufuneka bayazi imithetho ekhethekileyo ekulawuleni kwabo. Iinkundla zeli lizwe zingayichaza ngokwahlukileyo imfuno yokushiywa kwempahla, kwaye amanye amaphondo anemithetho elawula indlela impahla eshiywe ngayo enokuthi ihlolwe okanye iphathwe ngabameli bakarhulumente. Ukubuza umthetho ongqameneyo nokhokelo lomthetho kuyimfuneko phambi kokuqhuba uphando olunokucel

Isiphelo

Ukuphengululwa kwempahla eshiyiweyo kukwindawo ebalulekileyo kwisi-55 IsiHlanziso soMphetho-mda. Umthetho oqhelekileyo ucacile: xa impahla incanywa ngokuzithandela kwaye ishiywa kwindawo kawonke-wonke, akukho gunya lifunekayo ukuze kuqatshelwe ukuba umthetho uphengululwe okanye uphathwe. Lo mthetho usekelwe kukulindela okusengqiqweni kwemfundiso yangasese kwaye uqiniswe yimiqathango yeNkundla Ephakamileyo enje Californian v. Greenwood[FLD:1]

Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwalo mthetho akusoloko kulula. Iingxoxo zobuninzi, ukulahlwa, impahla yangasese, kunye nomahluko womthetho karhulumente zingakutshintsha ukuhlalutya. Amagosa omthetho kufuneka asebenzise ugwebo olunobuchule kwaye abhale isiseko esiyinyaniso sophendlo lwempahla eshiyiweyo. Abahlazi-mthetho kufuneka baqonde ukuba ukulahla impahla kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke kuphazamisa umdla wobuqu, kwaye kufuneka bathathe izilumkiso ezifanelekileyo xa belahla izinto ezichaphazelekayo.

Ekugqibeleni, imfuneko yogunyaziso inceda ukulungelelanisa umdla karhulumente wokunyanzelisa umthetho osebenzayo kunye nelungelo lomntu lokuba yedwa. Kwimeko yempahla eshiyiweyo, ulungelelwaniso lokuthambeka kuxhasa ukugcinwa komthetho, kodwa kuphela xa impahla ishiywe ngenene kwaye ishiywe ngokuzithandela. Ukusebenzisa le migaqo ngokufanelekileyo kuqinisekisa ukuba ukukhangela kusemthethweni, ubungqina bunokuthenjwa, kwaye amalungelo omgaqo-siseko ayahlonelwa.