Isiseko soMthetho somgaqo-nkqubo wothutho lukawonke-wonke

Uthutho lukawonke-wonke eUnited States lulawulwa luluhlu oluntsonkothileyo lwemithetho yesizwe, imimiselo, kunye nenkcitho yemali. Ukusuka kuMthetho we-Urban Mass Transportation Act ka-1964 ukuya kuMthetho we-Infractive Informationmentalmental kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo wemisebenzi yoThutho wonyaka wama-2021, onke amaziko angundoqo omthetho othutho aye akhiwe kwinkqubo yokuva yengqungquthela. Ezi ndlebe zisebenza njengesixhobo sokuqala apho abenzi-nkqubo, iingcali, kunye noluntu bahlolisisa oko kungenziwa, kwaye kufuneka kutshintshwe kwinkqubo yezothutho lohlanga.

Iingxoxo zeBhunga ziqhutywa ziikomiti kunye neekomiti ezingaphantsi kwiNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Zivumela abenzi bomthetho ukuba baqokelele ubungqina kumagosa karhulumente, iinkokeli zoshishino, abaphandi bezifundiswa, nabameli boluntu. Le nkqubo yokuqokelela ubungqina ibalulekile ukuze kuqondwe ubugcisa, imali, kunye nomlinganiselo wezithuthi zikawonke-wonke. Ngaphandle kokuva, umthetho ubuya kubhaliswa kwikhaza, ukhutshwe kucelomngeni lokwenene lwehlabathi abameli nabakhweli abajongeneyo yonke imihla.

Inkqubo yokuva ikwanikezela ngokucace gca kwaye inikel ’ ityala. Xa iqhutywa esidlangalaleni, ezi ntlanganiso zinika abemi neentatheli iziphumo zendlela inkqubo karhulumente esungulwe ngayo. Ubungqina obubhaliweyo, iingxelo ezibhaliweyo, neengxelo zekomiti ziba yinxalenye yengxelo yoluntu, zidala uvimba ongokwembali abaphandi nabafundisi-lwazi abanokuwusebenzisa ukulandelela indaleko yomthetho wezothutho.

Ukuxilongwa Kwetyala Leengcungcu - bangxubakashe Ezithetha Ngezathu

Ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo ukuva kubalulekile ukuze kuqondwe impembelelo yayo. Indlela eqhelekileyo enxulumene nokuva ilandela indlela eyakhiwe ngayo, iqala ngengxelo evulayo esuka kwisitulo sekomiti. Isitulo sichaza injongo yokuva, sichonga umba okhethekileyo oqwalaselweyo, kwaye siveza ububanzi bengxoxo. Amalungu aphuma kwiqela elincinane anika amagqabaza okuvula, ngokufuthi abalaselisa iindawo zokungavumelani okanye ezinye izinto eziphambili.

Amaziko asekuhlaleni abizwa ngoko ukuba angqine. La macandelo adla ngokuquka amagosa ase Fateral Transit Administration, abameli abavela kumasebe ezothutho karhulumente, abalawuli abavela kumaqumrhu okuthutha, iinkokeli zoshishino ezifana neManyano ye- yeMelika yezothutho , kunye nomxholo welungu welungu lombandela ovela kwiiyunivesithi okanye kumaziko ophando. Ingqina ngalinye linikezela ingxelo ebhaliweyo ngaphambi kokuvakala nokudluliswa kwentetho. Emva kokunikela ubungqina, amalungu ekomitini aphakamisa imibuzo, ngokufuthi afaka kwiingongoma ezithile, uhlahlolo-lwabiwo-lwabiwo-mali, okanye inkqubo yezoshishino-rhwebo.

Ixesha lombuzo nempendulo kulapho eyona nto incinci yokuyilwa komthetho iyenzeka khona. Abenzi bomthetho baphanda ubuthathaka kwiindleko ezicetyiweyo, bachaze iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga, kunye namangqina oxinzelelo ukuze anikezele kutshintsho oluthile. Ingqina elingenako ukunikela impendulo eyanelisayo kwimali encinane okanye isikhewu solawulo lisenokushukumisela ikomiti ukuba ihlaziye uxwebhu phambi kokuba luqhubele phambili kwigumbi elipheleleyo.

Indlela Iindlebe Eziwuguqula Ngayo Umthetho Wezothutho Ngokungqalileyo

Iindlebe zombutho ziphembelela umthetho okwimigangatho emininzi yebhayisikile yobomi. Impembelelo inokuba yeyokukhawulezileyo okanye ekhawulezileyo, kodwa kwiimeko zonke, ukuva kunceda ekutshintsheni.

Ubungqina bokuqokelelwa nokufunyanwa kwenyaniso

Owona msebenzi ubalulekileyo wokuva kukuqokelela ulwazi oluthembekileyo. Abenzi bomthetho ngabenzi-mthetho; bambalwa banobuchule obunzulu kubunjineli bokuhambisa, inkqubo yezorhwebo, okanye kwizezimali zezibonelelo. Ukuphulaphula ibhulorho leyo msantsa wolwazi ngokunika ubungqina obucacisa imibandela entsonkothileyo. Umzekelo, xa beqwalasela ukucocwa kwexesha elide kweNgxowa-mali yeNkxaso yeNkxaso-moya, iikomiti ziye zeva kwi-Congregal Uhlalo zincwadi, i-ofisi ye-Accongalatement Accounting Office, kunye neingcali kwezolwazi. Ubungqina bazo bunika ugcino-data oluthethelela ukunyuswa kwerhafu, imali yokwenene, okanye ukuvelisa intlawulo olutsha.

Ukwazi Ubungqina Bombandela Nocwangciso Lweagenda

Ukuvakala kukwasebenza njengenkqubo yokulumkisa yakudala. Xa inkqubo yokuthutha ifumana ingozi enkulu okanye ingxaki yemali, iikomiti zombutho zisoloko zicwangcisa ukuva ukuphanda iingcambu zetyala. Ezi ndlebe zinganyusa ingxaki yoluntu kwingqalelo yesizwe, ukunyanzela utshintsho lwenkqubo. Umzekelo, ukuva emva kokungqubana kwe-Gawulayo ye-Grande Washington kwakhokelela ekwandiseni ukhuseleko lwesiporo, ukuqukumbela ekudalweni kwe-Federal Transit Administration's State Safety Overse Authoracture inkqubo. Ngaphandle kokuhlolwa kukawonke wonke okunika ingxubelo olunika utshintsho, iingxelo ezinjalo zingahlala phantsi kwe-radar-operatey yemithetho yolawulo.

Ukwakha i-Bipartisan kunye nenkomfa enezininzi

Uthutho lukawonke-wonke yenye yeendawo ezimbalwa apho inkqubo ye-bipartisan isakwazi ukusetyenziswa. Ukuva kudala imekobume elungelelanisiweyo yabenzi bomthetho abasuka kumacala omabini ukuva ubungqina obunye, ukubuza imibuzo, nokuxoxa ngokwahlukeneyo. AmaNgqina avela kwilizwe lemvelaphi eyahlukeneyo ayiseti yeenyaniso nemiyalelo eqhelekileyo, enokuthambisa ingqiqo. Umthetho ka-2015 Fixing America's Surface Transport (FAST), umzekelo, wavela kuludwe lweendlebe apho amalungu eekomiti yoluvo apho zombini iRiphabliki kunye neDemocratic avuma ukuba kufuneka okungxamisekileyo, ukuxhasa inkxaso-mali yexesha elide.

Ukudrafta nolwimi olunemithetho egqwethekileyo

Eyona mveliso ibonakalayo yokuchotshelwa kwetyala kukulungisa. IiKomiti zisoloko ziphawula umthetho ngokukhawuleza emva kokuchotshelwa kwetyala, zibandakanya iinguqu ezicetyiswayo ngexesha lobungqina. Ingqina lingacebisa indlela ethile ecacileyo yokusasaza iinkonzo zothutho, okanye ingcali ingachaza isiphene ngolwimi oluya kugweba amaqumrhu okuthutha abantu basemaphandleni ngokungaqondanga. Le miqathango isoloko ibhaliswa ngabasebenzi bekomiti ukuze baphendule ubungqina kwaye iqukwe kwingxelo yokugqibela yengxelo yerejista.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala Leendlebe Olunempembelelo

Ukuqonda ifuthe lokwenene lehlabathi lokuchophela iindlebe kwizithuthi zikawonke-wonke, kuyanceda ukuqwalasela amaxesha athile embali apho ukuva kwaguqula umgaqo-nkqubo worhulumente.

Umthetho Wokuvela Kwezithuthi Ezininzi Wasedolophini Ngo - 1964

Phambi koo1960, uthutho lukawonke-wonke lwaluyindawo yoshishino oluzimeleyo, kwaye igalelo lorhulumente lalincinane. Ukusetyenziswa kwedolophu kunye nokuthotywa kwesixokelelwano sokuthutha imoto kwabangela ingxaki edolophini. Ngowe-1963 nangowe-1964, iKomiti yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi yeeNdlu yeBhanki neNdlu ye-Range ne-Range yabangela uthotho lweendlebe ezakhela ulawulo olusemthethweni. AmaNgqina aquka oomatiloshe, abalawuli bezithuthi, kunye nabacebisi basedolophini abanikela ubungqina bokuhla kokuhamba kwe-mali, ukuwohloka kwemibutho, kunye neendleko zentlalo-ntle yezithuthi. Ukuva kwendlu yeBern Bank ne-Masss Actives Actives (uventierstst Act) kwangoweweweweweweede ngo1964449, eyadala inkqubo yokuqala yendlu yezothuthotho lombutho. Lo mthetho ingulo mthetho umthetho urhulumente uyaqhubeka walel.

IISTEA Evelwa Iindlebe Notshintsho Lwezothutho Lowe - 1991

I-Intermodal Surface Treasure Euniverse Act (ISTEA) ka-1991 yamela ukushintshwa kwe-paradigm kwinkqubo yezothutho, igxininisa i-intertradalism kunye nemo yenkxaso-mali ebhetyebhetye. Ukuva kwengqungquthela okukhokelela e-ISTEA kwabonisa ubungqina obuvela kumaqela ekwendalo, iibhayisekile kunye nemibutho elawulayo, kunye nokucwangcisa iziko loshishino-dolophu. La mangqina abonisa ukuba urhulumente akafanele alwakhe uhola weendlela kodwa kufuneka afake ingeniso ekuthuthweni, isiporo, kunye nenkqubo yejini engekho mqobo. Iinkqubo zoonongezo zomdlalo ezinyanzelwayo zinokuboniswa ngqo kwikomiti yokuva.

Ukuvakala kwetyala

Ngo-2005, iSitshingitshane uKatrina satshabalalisa iGulf Coast saza sabhenca iimpazamo ezinkulu ekucebeni ngezothutho. Iindlebe zombutho zavavanywa ekupheleni konyaka ka-2005 kunye nowama-2006 zahlolisisa indlela abasebenzi abathuthileyo abakhutshelwa ngayo abantu abasengozini, indlela oorhulumente abaqokelelwa ngayo, nendlela abangazange baphumelele ngayo ekunxibelelaneni. Ubungqina bamagosa asekuhlaleni abathuthileyo eNew Orleans naseHouston banikela ingxelo ehlasileyo yesiphithiphithi-phithi kunye nezithuba ezinxulumene nocwangco. Ezi zimviweyo zaphembelela ukufakwa kwezi mfuneko zongxamiseko ezilandelayo kwiindleko zemali zemali ezithene, kwakunye nokudalwa kwenkqubo ye-FTA' Emergerget program.

2021 Ukubekwa Kwezibonelelo Nemisebenzi

Umzekelo wakutshanje wokuva okulawula umthetho omkhulu yiIfratura Reformationment and Jobs Act (IJA) yo-2021. Kwinyanga eziliqela, iKomiti yeNdlu Yezothutho neMibutho yeNdlu kunye neKomiti yeNtlalo-ntle kunye neMisebenzi yoLuntu egcina iindlebe ezininzi kwiphondo leMerika. AmaNgqina aquka unobhala wezeNdlela ePete Buttigie, abaphathi-mikhosi abadlulisi bezixeko ezinkulu, abasebenzi abasebenzi abasemaphandleni, nabameli bomanyano. Ubungqina babalase umlinganiselo wokugcinwa kwezinto ezibekelwe ixesha, imfuneko yokuzinzisazulu, nokubaluleka kokufumaneka kogcino-moya phantsi koluntu. Uninzi kumthetho wothutho, kuquka ulwando lwemali olupheleleyo, kuquka nolwando lwee-R39 yezigidi zezigidi zemali, kunye nolwakhiwo lwenkqubo entsha enikwa ngoomatshini, kwachazwa ngobungqina obuqhelekileyo.

Abaxhasi Abaphambili Nendima Yabo

Ukuva okuququzelelwayo kwizithuthi zikawonke wonke akufane kube yingxoxo elula phakathi kwabenzi bomthetho nengqina elinye. Kunoko, sisiganeko esicwangciswe kakuhle esibonisa uludwe lwabaxhasi, ngamnye oneembono neenjongo ezahlukileyo.

Umanyano lwezongxamiseko namagosa

Ulawulo lweFederal Transita (FTA) kunye neSebe lezothutho ngamangqina axhaphakileyo. Ubungqina bazo bunika uluvo lolawulo kwiinkqubo zangoku, iimfuno zenkxaso-mali, kunye neengxaki zolawulo. Amagosa e-arhente ayathandatyuzwa ekuzalisekisweni kwawo imithetho ekhoyo, enza indlebe ibe ludidi lobuveleli. Xa ikomiti ichaza umsantsa phakathi kwenjongo ye-statorium kunye nesenzo sombutho, isenokumisela umthetho wokuvala loo msantsa.

Abameli bezoshishino kunye namaQela orhwebo

Intlangano enjengeAmerican Public Transportation Association (APTA), iZiko leMelika leSizwe Eliphakamileyo neSizwe (ASHTO), kunye neBhodi yophando lwezathutho (TRB) zimela izilangazelelo zoomasebe abathuthi, abanikazi, neenjineli. Ingxelo yazo zibalaselisa izinto eziphambili kwezoshishino, ezinjengozinzo lwemali, umsinga olawulayo, kunye nenkqubela-phambili yomsebenzi. Iingingqi zorhwebo zisoloko zinikela ingcebiso elineenkcukacha zenkqubo esetyenziswa ngabasebenzi bekomiti ekuqululeni ulwimi lwe-wistog.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

Imibutho engaphicothi ngeniso, amaqela emeko-bume, kunye noluntu olunobugqwirha nabo bayangqina ekuchotshelweni. Amaqela afana ne-TransitCenter, iBhunga loKhuselo loMntu, kunye neSibini seSikhungo seSikhungo siphikisana ngemigaqo emisela imigaqo ecwangcisiweyo ukuhambelana, i-octractive, kunye nokutshintsha kwenkqubo. Ingqino yawo iqinisekisa ukuba amazwi abantu abaxhomekeke ekuthuthweni abasebenzi abaphantsi, kuquka abakhweli abanobulwelwelwe, abantu abaneziphene, nabantu abanobugqesho, kunye noluntu olunombala abaxhomekeke ngokugqithisileyo kwizithuthi zikawonke.

Iingcali nabaphandi

Abaphandi betanki baseYunivesithi kunye nabaphengululi abacingayo banikela uhlalutyo oluzimeleyo lwemiba yenkqubo yokuhambisa. Ubungqina babo budla ngokuba luphakanyiselwa uphando, ukufuzisela izoqoqosho, kunye nokuthelekisa kwezizwe ngezizwe. Umzekelo, ingcali ingangqina ukuba iziphumo zokuhamba ngokukhawuleza kwebhasi zithelekiswa nolu translate, okanye iziphumo zexesha elide zokuveliswa kwemali kwimiqathango yempahla. Obu bungqina bunika abayili-mthetho isiseko sobundilele ukuvavanya izicelo zemigaqo ephikisanayo.

Impembelelo Yeendlebe Kwimithetho Yokuxhotyiswa Kwemali Neyokhuseleko

Imimandla emibini apho iindlebe zisoloko zinempembelelo enamandla yinkxaso-mali yorhulumente kunye nomthetho wokhuseleko. Le mibandela ilawula ukuviwa kwezithuthi kuba ichaphazela ngqo imisebenzi kunye nemali yesebe ngalinye elisebenzisa ii-asethi ezikweli lizwe.

INgxongo yoGunyaziso noMdla woLawulo

Ukunika inkxaso-mali eUnited States kugunyaziswa ngeendleko zezithuthi ezithatha iminyaka emininzi, ezidla ngokugunyaziswa kwakhona kwiminyaka emihlanu ukuya kwemithandathu. Iindlebe ezigcinwe ebudeni bomjikelo wokuphinda kugunyazi zibalulekile ekumiseleni imigangatho yemali kunye neenkqubo. Amalungu eKomiti asebenzisa ubungqina bokuphikisa ulwandiso oluphezulu lwezithili zawo, kwiinkqubo ezithile ezifana nodula okanye iseyile, okanye kwiinkqubo ezintsha ezifana noncedo lokuthutha lwasemaphandleni. Ubungqina obunikelwa kwezi ndlebe bubumba inani lezigidi zezigidi zeerandi. Umzekelo, ingxelo yokuva ye-IIJA iquka uhlaziso oluneenkcukacha zogcino-hambo lohambo, olo lwezomthetho olweyisela ukunikezela isabelo esikhulu semali kulawulo oluhle lokulungisa.

Imigangatho yokhuseleko kunye nolawulo

Ukuva ukhuseleko kusoloko kwenzeka xa kuphendulwa iingozi okanye kufuphi nengozi. Emva kokungqubana kwendlela kumgca ohamba nabantu abahambayo okanye ukungqubana noduladula okubandakanya isithuthi sothutho sikawonke-wonke, iikomiti zihlolisisa ukuba ngaba imimiselo ekhoyo iyanela kusini na. AmaNgqina avela kwiNational Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) afumana okukhoyo, kwaye amagosa enkampanini ezithuthi achaza oko konakalayo. Ezi ndlebe zinokukhokelela ekulathiseni imiyalelo yemithetho yomthetho, njengokufuna uloliwe ofanelekileyo okanye ukusebenzisa iinkqubo ezingqongqo zokulawula iziyobisi kunye notywala kubasebenzi. Iziphumo ezilawula ukuva kokhuseleko zidlulela ngaphaya kweziganeko ezithile; asungula imizekelo yendlela echaza indlela iFTA ehamba ngayo ukhuseleko lokulungisa ukhuseleko kumacala olwelo lonke ushishino.

Ucelomngeni Nokungakwazi Ukuva

Ngoxa iindlebe zombutho zinamandla, azinamiqathango. Abahlalutyi bathi ukuva kungenza into eyenzekayo, abafaki-mthetho besebenzisa ixesha labo ukuma ngokuzukileyo kunokuba babuze ngokwenyaniso. Ukukhetha kwamaNgqina kulawulwa liqela elikhulu, elinokudala amagumbi eentloko apho kuvakala kuphela ubungqina obuxhasayo. Ngaphezu koko, ubuninzi bendlebe kwimibandela engenazintloni bungadambisa impembelelo yayo nayiphi na intlanganiso enye. Iinguqu ezibalulekileyo zenkqubo azize zifumane ukuviwa, ingakumbi ukuba isitulo sekomiti enxulumene nemithetho.

Olunye ucelomngeni kukungahambelani phakathi kobungqina bokuva kunye neziphumo zokugqibela zowiso-mthetho. Kwanaxa kusenziwa ityala elinyanzelisayo lotshintsho lwenkqubo ethile, olo tshintsho lunokususwa ngexesha lokuthethana kwangaphakathi phakathi kwezihlalo zekomiti kunye nokhokelo lweqela. Ingxelo yokuva ingumqondiso, ayibopheleli. Noko ke, iindlebe zihlala zisesona sabelo sifikelelekayo sikawonke nangaphandle kweingcali zezothutho ukuphembelela inkqubo karhulumente yezothutho.

Indlela Abahlali Nabafundisi Abanokuba Nayo

Iingxelo zeBhunga ezingoorhulumente ezingothutho lukawonke-wonke zivulekelelwe kuwonke-wonke yaye phantse zisoloko zikhuthuzwa kwii-webhsayithi zeekomiti. Oothisha bangasebenzisa iirekhodi zokuphulaphula, iingxelo zamaNgqina, kunye neengxelo zeekomiti njengenkcazelo ezisisiseko kwizifundo zoluntu, iingxoxo zemigaqo, kunye neeprojekthi zophando. Abafundi bayakwazi ukuhlolisisa iimpikiswano ezenziwa ngamangqina ahlukeneyo, bavavanya imibuzo ebuzwa ngabalawuli bezomthetho, baze bahlole indlela ubungqina bokuva obunxibelelana ngayo nombhalo wokugqibela womthetho.

Abahlali abafuna ukuphembelela inkqubo yezothutho nabo banokuba nenxaxheba ngokuqhagamshelana nelungu labo leKhomishoni baze bacele ukuba baphakamise imibandela ethile ngexesha lokuchotshelwa kweekomiti. Iindlebe ezininzi zimema ukuthotyelwa eluntwini, kwaye ubungqina obubhaliweyo bungathunyelwa kwikomiti kwanangabantu abangabizwanga ukuba bavele. Le nkqubo yokuva iqinisekisa ukuba ibonakalisa ubuninzi bamava nezinto eziza kuqala.

Isiphelo

Ukuva okuququzelelwa kwemithetho-siseko kungaphezulu kakhulu kuneenkqubo zentelekelelo. Zii-injini eziqhuba ukwenziwa kobungqina obusekelwe kulawulo lwezothutho lukawonke-wonke. Ngokuhlolisisa ngenyameko ubungqina obungoochule, ukuncitshiswa, kunye nokucaciswa okucace gca, ezi ndlebe ziqinisekisa ukuba umthetho wothutho wesizwe ugunyaziswe ngokwenyani kunokuba ube yingcamango. Kumthetho wokuqala wesizwe onika ulawulo lweminyaka yee-1960 ukuya kungeniso lwembali yembali yee-20, iindlebe ziye zayila zonke izahluko zembali yokuthutha. Kubafundi, abafundisi, kunye nabemi abafuna ukuqonda indlela izigqibo zikarhulumente ezichaphazela ngayo ooduladula, iziporo, kunye neziporo ezinxibelelayo abantu, igumbi lokuva liqala apho incoko yembali.