Ukwazisa: IPsychology Ebangela Ibhola

Isixokelelwano sobunyani asibali nje kuphela iivoti; zibumba kanye uhlobo lokhuphiswano lwezobupolitika kunye nobumi. Indlela yokukhetha kovoti iguqulelwe ngayo ekumelweni komelo lwemekobume ecacileyo. Le meko yokusingqongileyo ibangela indlela abavoti abacinga ngayo ngokhetho lwabo, indlela abaza kucela, nendlela amaqela alwakhe ngayo amaqonga abo. Kubafundisi, abafundi, nakubemi abathembiseneyo, ukuqonda intsingiselo yokuziphatha yendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuvota iyimfuneko ekudibaniseni impilo yedemokhrasi nokucombulula idemokhrasi.

Isenzo sokuvota asiqhelekanga silula, siyindlela ecacileyo yokukhetha inkqubo yommi. Endaweni yoko, yizibalo eziphenjelelwa kakhulu ngumongo wesibonelelo. Umvoti kwisixokelelwano sobubanzi wenza izibalo ezahlukeneyo kunovoti kwinkqubo elungelelanisiweyo. Eli nqaku lihlola iinkqubo ezingundoqo zokukhetha ezisetyenziswa ehlabathini jikelele, ukuhlalutya iziphumo ezithile zesimilo sokuziphatha.

Isiseko senzululwazi ngemibutho: Iziko njenge

Ukuqonda indlela iindlela zokuvota eziphembelela ngayo ukuziphatha, umntu kufuneka aqale aqonde iindlela zokudibanisa iingcamango kwimibutho yabantu abakhethayo. Isiseko sengqiqo kule ndawo singuMthetho [[FLT: 0] iDuverger'S, othi unyulo olukwiziqendu ezidibeneyo kwimimandla enye (iPasta-PPPP yokuqala-P) ithambeke ukuvelisa nokugcina iziphumo ezibini zenkqubo. Oku kusebenza kwiindlela ezimbini ezicacileyo kodwa eziqinileyo. [ isiphumo esingaqhelekanga sonyuso sonyuso [ siqinisekisa ukuba amaqela amancinane akhuselwe ngokucwangcisiweyo kwivoti yemini eendawo. [FFFoct:4] isiphumo senkqubo ye-PTPP] [5] [FT] i-octrollsting, isoutection, i-ecestertiout, i-eces efuna ukuqinisekisa i-evini enkulu ye-UT] le proption.[ftions.[frease

Ngaphezu kweziphumo zomatshini okanye zengqondo, iinkqubo zovota zibandakanya iindidi ezahlukeneyo zokuqiqa ngabavoti. Uvoti uyenzeka xa umvoti ephosa ivoti ukuze aphembelele iziphumo zonyulo okanye inkqubo. Olu hlobo lwengqiqo lulawula kwiinkqubo apho yonke imicimbi yokuvota ngqo kwindawo yokuvota, kodwa ikwayinjini yokuvota okufanelekileyo kwiinkqubo ezifana neFPTPP. Ngokuchaseneyo, uxinzelelo lovota [[] olugqithisileyo lokhetho lwenzeka xa umvoti ekhankanyela ukuqinisekisa ukuba zikhonziswa kwazo, okanye ingaba iziphumo ezithe ngqo. Isixokelelwano se-Profftiot processsssssss, ibonelela abahlali beqela labo abaquququ belizwe ngaphandle koloyiko lwebholothi "iboloti"

Iinkqubo ezinkulu zokuvelisa izityalo kunye nemilinganiselo yesimilo senyawo

Ngoxa kukho umahluko omninzi, unyulo oluninzi lwedemokhrasi luwela kwiindidi ezimbalwa ezibanzi zeendlela zokuvota. Indlela nganye ivelisa iseti ekhethekileyo yezihlomelo kubavoti nakwiiklasi zezobupolitika.

Udidi lweposi

FPTP yeyona nkqubo iqwalaselwe kakhulu, esetyenziswa kumazwe anjenge-United States, i-United Kingdom, iKhanada, kunye ne-Indiya. Umvoti onenkoliso yamavoti kwindawo yokuphumelela. Phezu kwako nje ukuba lula kwayo, iziphumo zeFPTP zinzulu kwaye zijijijekile. Oku kukhokelela kwisiganeko se "PGigtive transfertive," apho ukuvota okuchasene nomntu ozakuba umbaleki okanye uvolo .

FPP ithambekela ekuvezeni imigangatho ephezulu yevoti. Ifuna ukulahlekelwa yimiqathango yengingqi okanye ivoti eninzi ekwisixa soloyiso. Le nkqubo ikhuthaza amaqela ukuba angene kwi "zihlalo ezikhuselekileyo" apho isiphumo sisiphelo se-egeone. Kule mimandla isoloko ivakalelwa kukuba inxaxheba ingenantsingiselo, ikhokelela ekuthobeni kwento ephantsi kwentengiso kunye nomelo lwelizwe oluya kuthanda ukuphumelela kwezobupolitika. Inkqubo ikhuthaza amaqela ukuba ahlangane kwivoti ye-meter, ikhokelela ku "back-ll" amaqela amaqela angabonakali kakuhle imibala, kodwa ayakwazi nokufaka izithuba ezingeniswe kwimihlathi ngexesha lonyulo oluphambili (njengoko lubonwa e-US), apho kufuneka aphumelele, amaqela anyanisekileyo aphambili amaqela aphezulu aphezulu akwisinyukele kwindlu--okhiwonga. [i-FFFFFoctives]

Rhoice-Choice Voting (RCV) kunye ne Promp Runoff Voting (IRV)

Uvota olukhutshiweyo luvumela abavoti ukuba babeke abavoti kwibala lokuvota ngendlela yokukhetha. Ukuba akukho mvoti ufumana uninzi lwevoti yokuqala, umvoti wokugqibela ucinywa, kwaye amavoti abo asasazwa kukhetho olulandelayo kwezo zikolo. Le nkqubo iyaphinda de umvoteli aphumeze uninzi. Le nkqubo isetyenziselwa unyulo lwesizwe e-Australia nakumazwe ahlukeneyo kunye nokhetho lwasekuhlaleni eUnited States, kuquka iMaine ne-Alaska.

Ngokwesimilo, RCV isombulula enye yeengxaki ezingundoqo ze FPTP: isiphumo somonakalo. Abavoci bayakwazi ukuxhasa icandelo lesithathu okanye isivotentelwa ngokwabo njengendlela yokuqala ngaphandle koloyiko lokunceda ekunyuleni isiseko sabo esincinane esikhethwayo. Oku kukhuthaza [ ukuvota [[FLT:]] ukuvota kwaye kuvumela ukuvota ukuba kuboniswe ngaphandle kokulahlwa ngokupheleleyo. RCV iprojectsssssss. I-spective isssssss imele ibhenentiayeye kuphela kuseko lwawo lwawo kodwa kwizinto ezibanzi ezikhethelwayo ukukhusela isibini nesahlulo. Oku kusoloko kunciphisa impesamkelo eninzi, njengokuba kufunekelwe abaxhasi babo, abanokunikezela ngokuxhasayo kwiprotoliki yesibini. [FFote] [Fote]

Umelo loPhicotho-zincwadi

Isixokelelwano se-PR sijolise ukucwangcisa ipesenti yezihlalo ezifunyanwa liqela ngepesenti yeevoti liyaphumelela. Oku kufunyanwa kwisithili nakuluhlu lwamalungu amaninzi. Kukho iinguqu ezininzi, nganye ineempembelelo ezingafaniyo zokuziphatha.

Uluhlu oluvaliweyo PR: Kule nkqubo, amaqela alawula umyalelo wabathathi-nxaxheba kuluhlu. Iivoti zeqela, kwaye izihlalo zabelwa uluhlu lweqela ngokohlobo. Le nkqubo iqinisa ukhokelo lweqela kwaye ikhuthaza uqwalaselo olunamandla. I-Voters azinathuba lakuvavanya abathathi-nxaxheba kwaye zityekele ukuvota kwimigca epheleleyo. Icacile kwaye ilula kubavoti kodwa igxininisa amandla ezandlani zabalawuli beqela.

Uluhlu oluvulekileyo PR: Apha, abavoti bangachaza ukhetho kumntu oza kufunda kwiqela kuluhlu. Oku kwazisa -inxenye- ukhuphiswano[. Abathathi-nxaxheba kufuneka bahlakulele ivoti yobuqu, enomtsalane kwisiseko somntu okanye kwingingqi ebanzi. Voters ziba zithenjiswe ngakumbi kwiempawu ezithile zabavoti, hayi nje irethi yeqela labo. Oku kungakhokelela ekuvotini abangakumbi kodwa nakuko ukuthatha imo yezo zobuqu.

I-MEMber Proportonal (MMP): Isetyenziswa eJamani nase New Zealand, i-MMP idibanisa imimandla yasekuhlaleni yeFPTP noluhlu oluphezulu nolwahlulayo. Ivoti inokuba neevoti ezimbini: enye zommeli wasekuhlaleni kunye nenye yeqela. Oku kwenza umgangatho wokuziphatha okungaqhelekanga okubizwa ngokuba yi- i-acket Potovotion[. Ivoti isenokuxhasa indlela ecacileyo yokuvota yomntu oqhelekileyo osuka kwiqela elinye ngexa lisenza ngayo ivoti yabo elinye iqela lomnye. Oku kuvumela ukulingana komgangatho wokusebenza kwesizwe noluhlu lwendlela yorhwebo oluthe kwenziwayo. [FT:]

Idibanisa isiphumo esidluliselweyo esinye esingu-PR kunye ne-intracties. Isetyenziswa e-Ireland nase Malta, iSTV yinkqubo ye-PR ekwindawo ezikwiziqendu ezininzi. Idibanisa iziphumo ezithelekisayo ze PR kunye neqela le-intra-catey. Ngokwesiqhelo, ibeka umthwalo ophezulu wendlela yolwazi kuvoti, abamele badwelise abathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi kumaqela ahlukeneyo. Ikhuthaza amaqhina obulali kwaye ivumela unyulo lwabahlali abazimeleyo.

Imvume nokuvakaliswa kwenqaku

Ezi zizinto eziqhelekileyo kodwa ezixutyushwa ngokuqhubekayo kwimibutho yotshintsho. ukuvota okungangqinelaniyo kuvumela abavoti ukukhetha njengabaninzi abaza kufumana imvume. Lo mvoti onenkokelo eninzi uphumelele. Le nkqubo iphelisa iziphumo zobuxhoba ngokupheleleyo kwaye ivumela abavoti ukuba babonise inkxaso kwabathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi. Ukuziphatha kunciphisa ukungaqiniseki okubalulekileyo kodwa kunciphisa ukuvota "kuvota" (kuphela) ukwandisa isibonelelo somntu omnye. [[FLT.2] uvotelk-ota [offt:] [okanye uludwe lokuvota])) ivumela abavotayo ukuba babonise umlinganiso (g. 0,55]

Ukuphenjelelwa Kwezinto Ezininzi

Ngaphandle kwenkqubo ethile, imijelo emininzi yesimilo jikelele ichatshazelwa yimithetho yonyulo. Le nkqubo ibalulekile ukuze kuqondwe isizathu sokuba ezinye idemokhrasi zinandipha ukuganana kakhulu ngoxa ezinye zilwa nokungakhathali nokungakhathaleli.

Ukuvukelwa Kwelizwe Nobuchule Bezobupolitika

Imbono yokuba imicimbi yovota yeyona nto inamandla kakhulu ekuboneni ukuba i-'FLT' iyasebenza. [[FLT:]] inkolelo yokuba ungenelelo lomntu lusebenza ngokungqalileyo kwinkqubo yokuvota. I-IDA isoloko ibonisa ukuba amazwe anenkqubo zokulinganisa ezithelekisayo zinomlinganiso ophezulu kakhulu (onke 5-10 iincam eziphezulu) kunezo zineenkqubo ezinkulu zokuvota. KwiFPTP, abemi basezikweni abakhuselekileyo bangaziva bephendukile, ikhokelela ekuphethuleni. Iinkqubo zevoti, apho ukuvota kunegalelo kwisikhundla nokuxhasa uluntu, ukukhuthaza ukurhoxisana kweR, ukuququlusela i-RVV.

Imisebenzi ecwangcisiweyo

Umsantsa phakathi kokhetho lokwenyaniso lommi kunye novoti yawo lumlinganiselo othe ngqo wemiqathango ebekwe yinkqubo yonyulo. IFPTP yandisa lo msantsa, inyanzela abavoti ukuba babe "ngabasebenzisi bezinto ezimbi ezimbini" icalculus. Kunyulo lwe-UK jikelele, oluthelekelelwayo kukhetho lwesihlanu oluvotiweyo. RCV kunye nePR kukunciphisa lo msantsalo, ukuvumela ukubonakaliswa kokhetho olunyanisekileyo. Oku akuniki nje kuphela umfanekiso ochanekileyo woluvo lukawonke-wonke kodwa kunciphisa ucalulo oluthe ngqo nonxunguphamo oluza ngokhetho olufanelekileyo.

Ukwenziwa kwengcaciso, ukumelo, kunye neenkqubo zeQela

Imithetho ekwimeko ebanzi ichaphazela icala elinikezelwayo lezobupolitika .Ntolongo wezopolitiko. FPTP, idityaniswe namasuntswana, ingabasa ipetroli ngokukhuthaza abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba babhenele kwimingxuma emincinane, isiseko sengqondo esigqithisileyo ukuzuza unyuko phambi kokujika-jika kwinkangeleko. Noko ke, i-FPTPP (ngaphandle kwe-Primerimerive) idla ngokuqhubela amaqela ngakwindawo yokuvota, ukwenza ububanzi, ukuthatha yonke imiqokobhexube. PR inyusa iinkqubo ezininzi ezidityanisweyo, ezinokunyusa ukwahluka kwemithetho engqukuva kwindlu yomthetho. Oku kuvumela umelo oluthe ngqo [[FLT:] ukwenziwa koomatilo lwamazwe] apho amaqela angenza iziquququ, kwaye aphumelele, kodwa angenza iiprojectives ezidingxhulumps, ezidings ezidibeneyo, ezitheneyo.

Uphando lwetyala lokuthelekisa: Iinkqubo ziyasebenza

Imizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene inika obu bungqina bucacileyo bokuba ezi nkqubo zisebenza njani kwizithethe ezahlukeneyo zezobupolitika.

Isifundo Setyala: IUnited Kingdom neFPTP

I-UK ngumzekelo oqhelekileyo wokuhamba koMthetho kaDuverger. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini, inkqubo eqinileyo enezahlulo ezimbini elawulwa yiLabour kunye neConservatives yayingumgaqo. Noko ke, ukunyuka kwamaqela engingqi (i-SNP eSScotland) kunye nokhupho olusekelwe kwingxelo (UKIP, Liberal Democrates) ivelise uxinzelelo olukhulu kwinkqubo. Utshintsho lwendlela yokuziphatha lusasazekile ngoku. Unyulo jikelele lwamashumi amabini ali-19 lwabona i-Rhubhato olunengceleleneyo lwendlela e-intanethi, ngomvotisciso oluthi oluthiweyo luvala iqondo lawo elincinane elikhethiweyo. Inkqubo iphawulwa ngoku ngemigangatho ephezulu "voteinforation" kunye nolwandiso lwandiso olukhulayo lohlobo lohlobo lophawu.

Isifundo setyala: IOstreliya neVoling ye-Ranked-Choice

I-Australia isebenzisa i-RCV ekwindawo echaseneyo neVote (AV) kwiNdlu yayo yabameli, idityaniswe nokuvota okunyanzelekileyo. Oku kwenza ilebhu yesimilo sodwa. Ngokujika malunga ne-90%, i-vorate igqibile kakhulu. Iintlanga ezipapashiweyo zipapasha "ukuya-ukuya-ku-ku-ikhadi," ukukhokela abaxhasi bazo kwindlela yokwabalathisa izikhethelo. Le nkqubo ikhuthaza " ukuvuna [[[FLT: 1]]," apho amaqela amancinane ajolise izikhethelo zabaxhasi bawo kwimicimbi emikhulu yokutshintshisana ngolungelelwano. Voters uxhomekeke kakhulu kulamaqela, ukunciphisa umsebenzi owenziwa ngokusesikweni. Inkqubo yenkqubo ivelise inkqubo eqinileyo (okanye VFL.vs Morral/S) kodwa i-mnqongombane omninzi kunamaqela e-oveneyo, ngaphandle koncedo lwe-Greant, i-Greant

Ufundo Lwetyala: INew Zealand Nemvukelo YeMMP

Utshintsho lwaseNew Zealand ukusuka kwi-FPTP ukuya kwi-MMP ngo-1996 lungolunye lwezona zivavanyo zonyulo eziphawulekayo kwimbali yale mihla. Phantsi kwe-FPTP, inkqubo yavelisa izinto ezinkulu, ezingezona eziqhelekileyo ezahlula izahlulo ezibalulekileyo zonyulo. Emva kokuba ii-tempendams ezimbini ezamkelekileyo, ilizwe elamkelekileyo le MMP. Utshintsho lokuziphatha lwaba ngokokhawulezileyo. UVoter, obeye wathoba, obephantsi, owenziwe waqina kwaye wafunyanwa ngokuncinane. Inani lamaqela asebenzayo epalamente latsiba lisuka kwisibini ukuya kwisithandathu. Oorhulumente beba ngokuqhelekileyo bafuna ukuvotelwa kolwimi olutsha lwe-post-mntration. Umelo, olwalucekelweluninzi, lwaba luneengqindiselwano. Inkqubo ekhuthaza impucuko ekhuthayo, ekhuthazayo, nangona ikhutha i-graliter ye-gnognotel.

Ufundisiso Lwetyala: IUnited States Nenkqubo Ephambili

I-US isebenzisa i-druid eyodwa: i-FPP jikelele yonyulo oludityanisiweyo, olusoloko luvalwa, oluphumayo. Oku kwenza intshukumisa ephindiweyo yokuziphatha. Ukuphumelela kweyokuqala, isibheno kumalungu eqela (ngokugqithisileyo). Ukuphumelela unyulo jikelele, kufuneka babhenele kwivoti-----media (ngokuthelekisayo). Le "inyathelo eliphakathi" ivelisa amanqanaba aphezulu esuntswana esukliweyo kunye nendlela elungeleleneyo. Ukufumana kwakutshanje kwe-RCV eAlaska naseMaine kumele ukulinga okubalulekileyo. Inkqubo ye-Alaska isebenzisa uvavanyo olungeyo ephambili (phezulu kwezine) elandelwa lunyulwa lunyuswe lunyusonyuso-nyuso lulu, olubanzi, olu luhlu olujikelezayo, oluchaneyo, oluchaneyo olulungele ukusetyenziswa koodwa nokusetyenziswa kobunjwa ngokufanelekileyo kwe-Alaska.

Iintsebenziswano Zotshintsho Zexesha Elizayo Nekamva Lokwenza Ubuchule

Ukuqonda impembelelo yokuziphatha kweendlela zokuvota asikokuqhelisela nje imfundo. Sisiseko sotshintsho lwangoku, olwandileyo. Olona tshintsho luphambili kwilizwe elithetha isiNgesi lunyanzelisa iRhankded-Choice Voling. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi iRCV iza kupholisa ubuchule bobuGcisa bezobupolitika, iphucule umelo, kunye nolwaneliseko lomvoti. Abachasi baxhalabisa ngokuntsonko kunye nokukwazi ukubala iimpazamo ezinokuthob ’ intembelo.

Ngaphaya kwe-RCV, kukho umdla okhulayo okhoyo wokwenza iprojekti ecacileyo kunye [FLT]] nokunika ezi nkqubo ukusetyenziswa kovota ngokulula. Uphando lucebisa ukuba ezi nkqubo zibe lula ukuqhelanisa ne-RCV, njengoko zingafuni ukubekwa phezulu, kodwa zichaza ubuchule bazo ngokuphathelele ukuba abangeni-mvoli-mjikelo abaninzi bavumelana njani okanye bavume ntoni na.

Unyuko lwe lwemivo kunye novoto olukude lukwanxulumene neendlela zokuvota. Ngelixesha kungeyonkqubo yokuvota ngokwayo, indlela yokuhambisa ibhola, umatshini, okanye kwi-intanethi/ichaphaza amava ovoti kunye nokuthemba kwisiphumo. Amava e-Estonia kunye no-Silvia abonisa ukuba uncedo lunganyuka, kodwa ukhuseleko luhlala lungumqobo obalulekileyo ekufumaneni unyuko kwimiko olukhulu lwesizwe.

Isiphelo: Iziko liguqula iNkqutyana

Indlela yokuvota ayikhe ibe yeyobundindi, yeenkcukacha zolawulo. Ligunya elinamandla elilawula ngamandla isimilo sezopolitiko sezigidi zabemi. Ukusuka kwizixhobo zezibalo, isalathisi-scritiom kwinkqubo yokuvota yoFirst-Past- Post ukuya kwisixokelelwano sokuqinisekisa impembelelo yendlela yokuvota, umvoti kwindlela yePropotical Imelo, imithetho elawulayo elawulayo elawula ngokucokisekileyo igqiba indlela yesigqibo sedemokhrasi esizinzileyo kodwa esenziwayo, ekwanelisayo, ekwanelisayo, njengoko imibutho ijongeneemngeni yokuthothotho, i-politi ye-demokhrasi, kunye ne-demokhrasi, ukuqonda okungqongqo kwendlela yokulawula indlela yokuziphatha efunekayo. Abahlali kunye nababenzi benkqubo kufuneka banikele ingqalelo ngenyameko kule nkqubo yesimilo yokuyila ukuba iphumelel

Ukufunda Okungakumbi Noovimba

  • Iprojekthi ye-ACE: Umthetho we-Duverger kunye neenkqubo ze-Electoral - Yicebo lobugcisa elibanzi kwinkqubo yonyulo kunye neziphumo zesimilo.
  • Fairvote - A aphambili abaphathi-macawa kunye nombutho wophando ojolise kwiRinked-Choice Voling kunye nempembelelo yayo kwihambo yevoti eUnited States.
  • [[FLT: 0] IDEA: Isiseko sedata se Voter Turnaut[[FLT: 1] - Ithelekiso lwedata yehlabathi kwi vota yovoti, eqwalaselwe luhlobo lwenkqubo yevoti.
  • IKomishini yeNew Zealand ye-Electoral icacisa - Uxwebhu olusemthethweni lwendlela yokuziphatha kunye nolawulo ukusuka kwi-FPTP ukuya kwi-MMP.
  • Electoral Reformation Society (UK) uhlalutyo olucacisiweyo kunye nokungagqibeki kweFPTP kunye neenzuzo zokuziphatha zenkqubo yolungelelwaniso.