Ukwazisa: Ukuqhawuka Komthetho Womtshato Nomgaqo - siseko Wentlalo

Iinguqu kumthetho womtshato azenzeki kwi-atmosfera . zihamba kwimekobume yentlalo kunye neenkqubo zentlalo-ntle. Ukusuka kwimiphetho elula yoncedo lukawonke-wonke ukuya kubalo lwezibopho zokuxhasa umntwana, ukuchazwa komtshato ngokusemthethweni okulungele ukuxhasana kwemali ekwabethwa ngayo, indlela iimali ezisetyenziswa ngayo, nokuba iinetha zokukhusela ezihlala zihlala zihleli ngokulinganayo. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edluleyo, imithetho yentelekelelo kunye nokutshintsha kwemithetho-mthetho (ukungaqiniseki) njengokuqwalaselwa kwesizwe komtshato olinganayo, utshintsho kwiimfuno zomtshato olinganayo, kunye neenkcazelo ezichaza iinkonzo zomtshato ezingowona mthetho zinyanzelwe ngenkamsinya, ukuhlazinziswa kwemibutho yentlalo-ntle, ukuhlaziya iinkqubo zabo zokuphatha, nokuqwalasela imigaqo-ethenwa kwemithetho-nkqubo yentsapho. Ukuqonda oku kunceda abasebenzi, abaqeqeqeshi, abaqeshi, kunye nabantu abahlali-zwe ngokweezwe ngokweezwe ngokweezwe-zwe ngokweentlalozwe.

Eli nqaku lihlolisisa utshintsho olungundoqo lomthetho womtshato kwiminyaka yakutshanje, lilandelela iziphumo zalo ezingqalileyo zokufumana intsebenziswano kunye nenkxaso-mali, lichaza iingxaki zolawulo nezobulungisa ezivela xa kutshintshwa iinkcazelo ezingokwasemthethweni. Ngokuhlola imizekelo ecacileyo kwiinkqubo ezifana ne-Angliter Consolation for Needy Families (TEF), iSomeal Nutrition Information Program (SNAP), iMedicaid, kunye neSocial Secuty, sityhila iindlela ezifihlakeleyo zokukhusela intlalo.

Umthetho Oyintloko Womtshato Notshintsho Neziphazamiso Zawo Entlalweni

Ukwamkelwa komtshato ofanayo

Utshintsho olubalulekileyo lomtshato kwimbali yakutshanje yase-U.S. lumiselo lweNkundla ePhakamileyo yonyaka wama-2015 [[FT:1]bergefell v. Hoddell[, oluqinisekisa izibini ezithe zamkeleka kunye ukutshata ilizwe lonke. Phambi kokuba le sigqibo, izibini ezithe zangenayo zasuswa kwinkomfa yemali enxulumene nemeko yomtshato, kuquka inzuzo ye-so nkonzo yezentlalo-ntle yoluntu, iquka ingeniso edityatyaniswe kunye nengeniso yemibutho yokhuseleko yezentlalo-ntle, i-mali edityaniswe neenkqubo ze-entlobo-ntle yovavanyo, kunye nokunxibelelana kwemibutho yezempilo kunye nemigaqo-ntle ye-khompyutha. Emva koko, kuqukwakho ukuqeqeshwa kwemiqatha kwemiqathango yezonyango kunye neyonke i-enye i-enye inkqubo yokhuseleko-Socimbini esetyenziswa kwimibutho yamaLuntube, kunye neenkqubo zezonyango ze-ekhompumezo zisetyenziswa

Iinguqulelo Kwiminyaka Encinane Yomtshato Nemithetho Engavunyelwaniyo

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amaphondo amaninzi aye anyusa iminyaka encinane yomtshato ukuya kwi-18 okanye amisela iimfuno ezingqongqo zokugweba abantwana. Ezi nguqu zijolise ekunciphiseni umtshato wabantwana, uqheliselo olunxulumene nemilinganiselo ephezulu yokuyeka umtshato, umngcipheko wolwaphulo-mthetho lwasekhaya, kunye nengeniso ephantsi kwemisebenzi ekhoyo. Kwiinkonzo zoluntu, ifuthe lintlukwano entlu - mbini. Okokuqala, ukuphakamisa isigaba somtshato kubangela ukuba umntwana alibazise ukukhulelwa kwisigaba sobudala. Kufuneka alandele ezi mfuneko zokukhula zeminyaka yobudala ngenxa yemeko ye-TTANF okanye ukunceda abantwana, nto leyo ebangela ukuba abantwana bafumane inzuzo engakumbi. Okwesibini, kunciphisa inani lemitsha ekhokelela ekukhulelweni kwasekuqaleni kwaye kubangele ukuba abantwana abakwishumi elivisayo bafuneke ukukhulelwa okulungelelaniswe nentlalo oluphezulu.

Ukwamkelwa komtshato okuqhelekileyo

Umtshato oqhelekileyo wemithetho-mthetho .Apho isibini esitshatileyo sigqalwa singenawo umsitho okanye ilayisensi esemthethweni, ngokuhlala sisaziwa kwinani elincinci kodwa elibalulekileyo lamazwe, kuquka iTexas, iColorado, kunye neIowa. Izindululo ezidibeneyo zemithetho-mthetho zidala intsonkothe yeenkqubo zikarhulumente ezithatha ubunye belizwe lonke. Umzekelo, isibini esihlala kwimo efanayo sisenokugqalwa njengomtshato we-SNAP, nokuba ngabangenaso isatifiketi somtshato, ngoxa isibini esifanayo esikwimeko engaqaphelekiyo siyabiwa njengeso esingatshatangatshati. Le mikhosi yenkonzo yentlalo inyanze icelelwa umcimbiso-mcimbiswano womthetho, ukwandisa umthwalo wolawulo kunye neempazamo. Abanye abaxhasi beye babizwa ukuba baphelise ezi ngxaki zokuphelisa ezi ngxaki, kodwa ke ezo zinto zingenziwa.

Iziphumo ezithe ngqo zokuphumelela kwiinkqubo eziphambili zenkonzo yoluntu

Uncedo Lokwexeshana Kwiintsapho Ezisweleyo (TanF)

ITANF inika uncedo lwemali kwaye ixhasa iintsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi kunye nabantwana. Ukuchanabeka kuphenjelelwa kakhulu yimeko yomtshato ngenxa yokuba imimiselo ifuna ukuqwalaselwa kwengeniso nempahla yesibini esitshatweni xa sigqiba ukuba sinobuchule. Xa imithetho yomtshato yandisa, kwaye ingeniso yemali yeqabane elitsha elitsha kufuneka ibalwe, ngokunokwenzeka inyanzelisa ezinye iintsapho ngaphezu komlinganiselo wengeniso nokwenqabela imali. Ngokuphikisana noko, ukuba urhulumente unyusa ubudala bomtshato, bambalwa abantwana abanokutshata, nabo bahlala befaneleka njengeemeko zomntwana kuphela (ngokunjalo ngenzuzo ehlawulwa ngumgcini weqabane ongokwakhelwano) kunokuba kungenelwe imeko engomtshato. [FLD:][FFF][1][2]

Inkqubo yoncedo lokutya eyongezelelweyo (SNAP)

I-SPAP ilungelelaniswe ngokuqulunqwa kwesibini kwasekhaya, kwaye umtshato udala iyunithi yendlu edibanisa ingeniso kunye nezinto zobunyani zomabini amaqabane. Ukuvunywa ngokusemthethweni kwemitshato yokwahlukana ngokwesini kuthetha ukuba iintsapho ezininzi ze-SNAP ezisahlukeneyo zidityanisiwe, zinokunciphisa ngokupheleleyo inzuzo yesibini somtshato nokuba ingeniso yaso incinane. Iziphumo zemali efunyanwa ngabantu ngabanye eSNAP zinokuba zininzi: isibini esitshatileyo kunye nabantwana ababini bangafumana inzuzo esezantsi yenyanga nganye kunabazali abangatshatangani abahlala kunye, ngenxa yokuba ingeniso edityaniweyo ilinganiswe nobukhulu bomda wendlu ophezulu. Ngalo ndlela iinguqulo ngokomthetho zihambelana neendawo ezingokwasemthethweni. [[FLT:][FLP][2]

IMedicaid Nenkqubo Yabantwana Ye - Inshorensi Yezempilo (CHIP)

I-Medicaid edictive Services (CMS) ichazwa ngokwemo yomtshato: ingeniso yeqabane idla ngokubalwa xa kuqinisekiswa ukuba umntu ufaneleke kusini na. Ukulawula okufanayo komtshato ongokwesini kwakhokelela kwiinguqu ezikhawulezileyo kwindlela iziko leMedicara & Lamp; uMdicaid Services (CMS) eziyalelweyo ukuba ziqhube iinkqubo. Kwizixeko apho iintlawulo zeMdicaid zithathwa njengelungu elinye lamaqabane aphakathi, amawaka abantu abasandul'ukufaneleka/o-okanye abasandul'ukufumana ingeniso--engagqibekanga. Kwi-CIP, ezigubungela abantwana kwiintsapho ezingenayo, umtshato utshintsha ukuba ngaba umntwana ujonge inxalenye yemali ephezulu, okanye omnye ongomnye ongomnye wendlu ephantsi kwemali ehlawulwayo.

Ingeniso yoKhuseleko eyongezelelweyo (SSI) noKhuseleko

SSI inzuzo kubantu abalupheleyo, abaziimfama, okanye abakhubazekileyo zincitshiswa ngomnye- 3- obeyamkelweyo ukuba utshatile kwaye uhlala neqabane elingawamkeliyo SSI. Ngoko ke utshintsho lomtshato luchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo inani lemali. Emva kokuba u-Obergefell, i-Social Security Administration kufuneka iphinde ibalule iinzuzo ngokuzenzekelayo kumawakawaka abantu abadala abatshate abakhanyelwayo iingenelo eziluncedo. Ngaphezu koko, i-Social Security Secuty enokuba luncedo kumsebenzi ongasekhoyo, ngoko ke i-i-injini-e-e-ethe zenza i-ethe ngcono-e, imele ukutshintsha okukhulu kwemali kubantu abadala. [FFFOC] [3] i-FPT] i-emplatelkt migaqo yomtshato elungele ukungenelela imigaqo yomtshato, i-mthetho efuna ukutshintsha i-mthetho. [intemp: prongsssss"

Ukuhlahlela nokunika inkxaso

Utshintsho lwe-Demographic kunye noHlahlo loHlahlo lwenkqubo

Xa imithetho yomtshato itshintsha, umlinganiselo wamanani abantu abatshatileyo uyatshintsha. Umzekelo, ukubhaliswa ngokusemthethweni komtshato ongokwasemgaqweni kwandisa inani lamakhaya atshatileyo malunga ne-2% ngokwesizwe kwiminyaka embalwa yokuqala, ngokwe-[FLT].S.U.S. .[FUMVALY Breaution[[[FLD]][[FLT]]][FLD]]]. [[FLT]] [3]. izibini ezitshatileyo zithetha ukukwazi ukuzuza iingenelo zomtshato ezisekelwe kwimibutho ekhoyo kodwa zikwaneengeniseneengeniso, ezinokuthi zinyanzelele ezinye iintsapho ngaphezu kweenkqubo zovavanyo. Ngokuphikisanayo, ukuba imeko yomtshato, zinokuthi zibambe ixesha lokuzalwa kolutsha olukhula kwicandelo loqeqesho oluphezulu lwenkonzo oluphezulu kubantwana.

Ukuhlawulwa Kwetyala Lomtshato Nebhonasi Ngokunconywa Ngerhafu

Iinkqubo zentlalo-ntle zisoloko zihambelana nenkqubo yerhafu. Ityala lerhafu elingenayo (EITC) netyala leTream Breast (CTC) kunye nethinal Treaty Creaty (CTC) zine “imivuzo yomtshato” okanye“iibhonasi zomtshato” kuxhomekeka kwimigangatho yengeniso. Xa iinguqu zomtshato zithe zandisa idibini lezibini ezitshatileyo ezibhaptiziweyo, ezi ziphumo zemali ziyanwe. U. Umzekelo, isibini esifanayo esitsha neso sifakelwe i-EITC saza ngaphambili safumana iimpembelelo ezinkulu, emva komtshato, zifumana ingeniso yazo zinciphisa ityala labo abathenjiweyo. Abenzi bemithetho yezomtshato ebhaptiziweyo. [[FLT][FLT] iin , abaphumele iziphumo zemithetho yomtshato ezithe yaphucukuhla ngenxa yeziphumo zomtshato.

Ucelomngeni Lolawulo Nokungacalucalucalulo

Ukuqinisekiswa kobuNdoda bomtshato Ngaphandle kweMiqathango

Enye yezona ngxaki zisebenzayo ezijongene namaziko omsebenzi wentlalo kukuqinisekisa imeko yomtshato xa imithetho ingafani. Umzekelo, isibini esitshatileyo esisemthethweni kwimo yomthetho omnye sisenokusuka siye kurhulumente ongawuboni umtshato oqhelekileyo. Iinkqubo zomanyano ezifana ne-SNAP kunye ne-ATAF zijonge kwimo yokuhlala ukuchaza ubume bomtshato, ukwenza umsebenzi wezigqibo ezizinzileyo. Abasebenzi kufuneka bacele izatifiketi zomtshato, affidavits, okanye ezinye iziqinisekiso, kwaye ukunqongophala komdlalo oluqhelekileyo lomtshato kuchaza ukuba ubuqhophololo okanye iimpazamo ze-adever zinokwenzeka. [[FLT:][FL:][FON]

Ukhuthuzo lwasekhaya

Ukutshintsha kwemithetho yomtshato kukwachaphazela ukukhusela abaxhatshazwayo kugonyamelo lwasekhaya. Ezinye iinkqubo zentlalo-ntle, ezifana neNtonga yoBundlobongela Beentsapho ka-TTANF, zivumela abasindi ukuba bacele ukukhululwa kwimfuno yomsebenzi okanye ukuhlala neqabane ukuze baqhubeke bengenamdla. Xa imithetho yomtshato yandisa ulwamkelo, abaxhamli bemitshato exhaphazayo bafumana ukhuseleko olufanayo. Kodwa kuphela ukuba amaziko ahlaziya iinkqubo zabo zokukhuthaza ulwalamano olucacileyo. Ngokuchasene noko, ukukhula kwesizukulwana somtshato kunciphisa inani labantwana abanyanzelelwa kwimitshato, nto leyo eyaziwa njengesizathu solwaphulo-mthetho olunogonyamelo. Abasebenzi bezentlalo-ntle kufuneka baqeqeshelwe ukusingatha ezi meko zichatshaye, beqinisekisa ukuba iinguqulelo ezisemthethweni azivelisi miqobo kubantu abachana.

Iintsapho Ezifudukayo Neentsapho Ezixutyiweyo

Umthetho womtshato utshintsha ngokuhambelana nomthetho wokufuduka, uchaphazela ukufaneleka kweqabane elingangeni nxaxheba ukuze kungenelwe intlalo. Umzekelo, iqabane elinye elingokwasemgangathweni elingumndilili osemthethweni ohlala kwilizwe elisemthethweni lingaxhasa iqabane elizalelwe kwelinye ilizwe ngekhadi eliluhlaza, kanye njengokuba amaqabane angowesini anokunjalo. Xa umtshato ubhaliswe ngokwesivumelwano, iqabane elixhaswayo lingafanelekela iingenelo ezifana ne-Mdicaid okanye i-SNAP emva kwexesha lokulinda, ukuguqula izoqoqosho lwasekhaya. Noko ke, [[FLT:U].S.itritubest ne I-ImGration Services[FLD:2][FLT2][FLT3] ifuna ubungqina obungqongqo be-biafnadians, kwaye kufuneka ulungele ukuqhuba imicimbi yezentlalo-ogno kunye nezo ezimalisane.

Ukukhangela Phambili: Imigaqo Neenguqu Zexesha Elizayo

Ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yeenkcazelo zomtshato kwiinjongo zentlalo-ntle

Ukungavisisani okumiselweyo kwemithetho yomtshato, ngezantsi komgangatho weminyaka yemvume, ukuvunywa kwemithetho eqhelekileyo, kwanenkcazelo ye- “spouse” yelithe okanye yezithethe ezahlukileyo.Ntopho i-(creates) ukuntsonkotha kolawulo kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente. Umgangatho ocacileyo, osetyenziswa ngokufanayo kuzo zonke iinkqubo zobuchule, ukunciphisa iimpazamo kwaye uqinisekise unyango olulinganayo. Iintlangano ezinjenge [FLT] [Admisticiation for arectionssionsssssssssss[[FFLT:2] zizinto ezihamba-sikhokelo zolawulo lwenqwelo-moya ezilungele ukuqhuba iinkqubo zogcino-lwazi ezilungele ukuvisisana.

Ukunciphisa Ityala Lomtshato

Ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinguqu zomtshato azisohlwayi izibini ezifumana imali ephantsi, abenzi bemithetho bangayilungisa kwakhona irhafu kwaye bangenele imigaqo yokuphelisa isohlwayo sengeniso. Umzekelo, ukuvumela iparhethi eyahlukeneyo yovavanyo lweenkqubo okanye ukulungelelanisa imigangatho engaphandle ukuphendula iindleko eziphezulu zendlu yomtshato ezibini eziya kukhuthaza ubundilele bomtshato. Amazwe amaninzi acebise utshintsho olunjalo, kunye Icandelo le-URBAN [iiiiiiiiiinkqubo ezibonisa ukuba umtshato-utene nemigaqo-omatili isenokuphakamisa amashumi amawaka eentsapho ahamba ngobuhlwempu.

Ukuveliswa koqeqesho lwabenzi betyala nolokuhlaziywa kwenkqubo

Njengoko imithetho yomtshato iqhubeka iguquka `enokuba ikwizigwebo zenkundla entsha okanye umthetho wesizwe wentlalo-ntle--ntle' kufuneka afake ingeniso ngokuqhubekayo ekuqeqesheni abasebenzi abanokukwazi ukufezekisa. Oku kuquka uqeqesho kwiinkcazelo ezintsha ezingokwasemthethweni, ulwazelelelo kwizakhiwo zentsapho ezahlukeneyo, kunye nobuchule bokuphucula amacandelo ogcino-lwazi. Iinkqubo ezithe zakhutshwa ngokuzenzekela ziyakwazi ukutsalela umgangatho womtshato kwiirekhodi ezibalulekileyo ziya kunciphisa umthwalo wokulawula nokuphucula ucoselelo. Amazwe amaninzi asukela ukuphucula ubuchule beziko, kodwa inkqubela iyacotha ekuvuselelweni kohlalo lwemali.

Isiphelo

Ngokushwankathela, iinguqu kwimithetho yomtshato zineziphumo ezifikelela kude kwiinkonzo zoluntu neenkqubo zentlalo-ntle. Zibumba ezifanele ukuxhaswa, ukuphembelela inkxaso, izinto eziza kuqala zemali, kwaye zibonakalisa amaxabiso angokwentlalo. Kwisibonelelo sombutho weObergefell isigqibo solwandiso lwezinguqu zomgangatho wesizwe kwiminyaka yomtshato kunye nemeko yomthetho oqhelekileyo, ukutshintsha okusemthethweni okufuna uhlengahlengiso olungqinelanayo kwindlela ezibalwa ngayo iinzuzo, indlela ezichazwa ngayo iintsapho, nendlela ezikwabini oovimba abazizibonelelo, neenkokeli ezikhoyo kufuneka zihlale zisazi ngenkqubela phambili yemithetho yezentlalo-ntle ukuze ziqinisekise ukuba imigaqo-ntlalo isebenza ngokunempumelelo phakathi komthetho kunye nomnawamathethonga wokhuseleko, sinokwakha iinkqubo ezichazwe ngokusemthethweni, zobuqu nezifanelekileyo.