Table of Contents
Qho uqhutyelwano lwemali yemali karhulumente ekwindlela yasekuhlaleni, ubiza u-911, utyelela ithala leencwadi likawonke-wonke, okanye uthumela abantwana bakho kwisikolo sikawonke-wonke, ufumana iinkonzo ezixhaswayo ngenkqubo entsonkothileyo ye- yemali karhulumente wendawo. Ngelixesha uqingqo-mali norhulumente echitha iibhanki, inyaniso kukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni /ii-arenti, ii-trikitha, ii-okingi, kunye nemimandla ekhethekileyo echaphazela ubomi babantu. Ukuqonda indlela aba rhulumente abanyusa baze bachithe ngayo imali ayisebenzi nje abafunda; kuyimfuneko ukuba babe nolwazi olufunekayo ngenxa yokubondye.
Iindlela zoncedo ze- ezisemgangathweni worhulumente oya ngqo ngerhafu kunye neebotshelelo zingabonakala zingekho semthethweni, kodwa zigqiba ukuba uluntu lwakho luneepaki ezikhoyo okanye imimandla eqhekekileyo, izikolo okanye iindawo zokudlala eziphelelwe lixesha, iinkonzo zongxamiseko okanye amaxesha ayingozi. Ezi zigqibo zemali zichaphazela amaxabiso empahla, inkqubela-phambili yeshishini, ubunjani bobomi, kwaye ekugqibeleni, nokuba abantu bakhetha ukufudukela, ukuhlala, okanye ukushiya uluntu lwakho.
Kanti inkoliso yabemi inolwazi olungacacanga lwemali kamasipala. Basenokukhalazela ngerhafu yempahla okanye amanyathelo okuvota amaqhina omanyano ngaphandle kokuqonda indlela ezi ziqwenga ezimanyene ngayo ukuxhasa iinkonzo zasekuhlaleni. Lo msantsa wolwazi unciphisa inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi kwaye uvumela izigqibo zemali ezingezizo ezezemali ukuba zingadibani. Ngokuqonda indlela iinkonzo zemali zoorhulumente basekuhlaleni, abemi bangazivavanya ngokulunge ngakumbi ngayo iinkcitho zoqingqo-mali, izikhundla zoludwe lwemali, ukuvavanya izikhundla, nokuthatha inxaxheba ngokwentsingiselo kwizigqibo ezibumbanisa ibutho labo
Isiseko: Ukuqonda Ingeniso Yorhulumente Wasekuhlaleni
Isikhundla Esikhethekileyo Soorhulumente Basekuhlaleni
Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banendawo eyahlukileyo kwinkqubo karhulumente worhulumente waseMelika. Ngokungafaniyo norhulumente wengingqi, okwaziyo ukushicilela imali nokuqhuba iintsilelo ngokungenasiphelo, okanye oorhulumente bakarhulumente abanamandla abanzi erhafu, oorhulumente bendawo bajongene nemilinganiselo engqongqo ethintelwayo kwindlela abaphakamisa ngayo imali nabayisebenzisa ngayo. Amazwe amaninzi afuna urhulumente asekuhlaleni ukuba alungelelanise uqingqo-mali lwawo lokusebenza minyaka le, enqanda ukunqanda indleko esetyenziswa kwemisebenzi yemini ukuya kumhla.
Oku kuyinyaniso kuthetha ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kufuneka bangqinelane kakuhle nengeniso kwiinkcitho, besenza ukhetho olungqongqo oluthi lunikezelwe ngeenkonzo zokubonelela nakulo loluphi umgangatho. Abakwazi ukuboleka nje ukugquma iintsilelo ezincinane zokusebenza njengorhulumente wesizwe, okanye bangakwazi ukubopha kwimithombo yengeniso eyahlukahlukeneyo ekhoyo kumaphondo. Endaweni yoko, baxhomekeke kakhulu kwimijelo yengeniso encinane, irhafu yempahla, ibenza babe sengozini yokuhla kwezoqoqosho neenguqu-inguqu.
Ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente norhulumente wasekuhlaleni luyenza ibe nzima kakhulu imali kamasipala. Ama-odonga alawula imimandla yerhafu enokuthi i-levy, ngokufuthi amisela ubuninzi bexabiso kunye nemithetho yokukhulula. Imfuno yeSizwe isoloko ifuna iindleko zasekuhlaleni [ kwiinkonzo ezithile ngaphandle kokunikezela ngemali, inyanzelisa iindawo ukufumana imali ngoqingqo-mali olunyanzelekileyo. Oku kubangela uxinzelelo oluqhubekayo phakathi kolawulo lolawulo lorhulumente.
Uxube Lwengeniso: Apho Iphuma Khona Le Mali
Iingeniso zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni zivela kwiindidi ezine eziphambili: irhafu, ukuthunyelwa kweerhafu koorhulumente, iindleko, kunye nentlawulo, kunye nemithombo engafaniyo. Imixube ethile isekelwe ngokuphawulekayo kwimithetho karhulumente, kwiimeko zezoqoqosho zasekuhlaleni, kunye nezinto ezikhethwa nguluntu.
Iirhafu zivelisa ama-35-40% engeniso yasekuhlaleni, nangona le pesenti isuka kumadlelo afumileyo angama-60% ukuya kutsho ngaphantsi kwama-20% kuluntu oluxhomekeke kakhulu kuncedo lukarhulumente. Iirhafu zempahla zilawula iirhafu zasekuhlaleni, kodwa iirhafu zerhafu, iirhafu zengeniso, kunye neerhafu ezahlukeneyo zinegalelo ngokuphawulekayo kwimimandla emininzi.
Imali edluliswa ngoorhulumente bamasebe `imali evela kurhulumente worhulumente kunye norhulumente] ibonelela malunga nama-35-40% engeniso yongingqi ngokomlinganiselo. Uncedo lwemfundo lumela elona candelo likhulu, nangona urhulumente enika inkxaso yezothutho, yezindlu, kunye neenkonzo zentlalo-ntle zinegalelo elingundoqo. Ukubaluleka kokuthunyelwa kwe-orhulumente kumazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe kuxhomekeke kakhulu kurhulumente nakwimali karhulumente yoqingqo-mali yabo, ngexa amadlelo afumileyo efumana ngaphantsi kwe-10%.
Ii-arhente kunye nemali yerhafu enxulumene nee-asethi eziyi-20-25% zengeniso yasekuhlaleni, igquma yonke into esuka kumatyala amanzi ukuya kwimvume yokwakha. Le mali ikhule kakhulu njengemida yemali efunyanwa yimali esetyenziswa ngokweerhafu ezichasene neerhafu. Ngokungafaniyo nerhafu, iindleko zidibanisa ngqo ukusetyenziswa kwenkonzo, itsala abo bakhetha imali karhulumente efana nemali yemarike.
Irhafu Yempahla: Inkxaso - mali Yasekuhlaleni
Indlela Irhafu Esebenza Ngayo
Irhafu egqithisileyo ihlala ingowona mthombo wengeniso ubalulekileyo koorhulumente basekuhlaleni, ivelisa ngaphezu kwama-500 amawaka ezigidi zeerandi ngonyaka wonke. Olu lawulo lwerhafu lusuka kwiinzuzo ezininzi: impahla ayinakubaleka ukuphepha irhafu, amaxabiso azinzile, kwaye irhafu inxibelelana ngqo neenkonzo ezinceda abanikazi bezinto.
Inkqubo yerhafu yepropati iqala [ uhlolo-hlolo [ii-asethi zexabiso lomnikezi ngamnye]. Abahloli abasebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo kuquka uhlalutyo oluthelekisayo, iindlela zengeniso kwipropati, kunye neendlela zokufikelela iimpahla ezohlukileyo. Imithetho emininzi yelizwe izimisele ukuvavanya umzi ngexabiso elipheleleyo lentengiso, nangona amanye amazwe esebenzisa iinkqubo zohlolo lwemigaba.
Xa iimpawu zithe zahlolwa, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenzisa irhafu yexabiso (ebizwa ngokuba yimali-mali okanye imilibo) ukuvelisa ingeniso efunekayo. Isithuba esinye silingana ne-$R7,000 ngexabiso le-awundi. Ukuba ikhaya lakho lithelekelelwa kwi-R3,000, 000 kwaye umlinganiselo wesinyithi odityanisiweyo ukwi-25, utyala iirhafu zempahla ngonyaka.
Imithetho emininzi ehlahlelayo irhafu yepropati enye. Umnini-khaya angahlawula irhafu yempahla kwingingqi, kwisixeko, kwisithili sesikolo, kwisithili semfundo yasekuhlaleni, nakwimimandla eyahlukeneyo ekhethekileyo kumathala eencwadi, ukukhusela umlilo, okanye iipaki. Iqumrhu ngalinye lizibekela imilinganiselo yalo ngokwemiqathango karhulumente, kwaye iphondo liqokelela yonke irhafu kwimali-mali enye.
Ulawulo Lwerhafu Neengxaki
Ulawulo lwerhafu yempahla olusebenzayo lufuna izibonelelo ezininzi kunye nobuchule. iiofisi eziphethe iirekhodi ezichanekileyo kufuneka zigcine iirekhodi kwizigidi zepasile, iinguqu zokugcinwa kwempahla, imvume yokwakha, kunye neemeko zemarike. Ukuphinda-phinda rhoqo "ngonyaka" okanye ngexesha/ngexesha/ukulinganisela) kubonisa iimeko zangoku zentengiso, nangona ubalo lwezimo zotshintsho lusoloko lubangela ukuguquguquka kobugxwayiba obubalulekileyo bezobupolitika xa amaxabiso enyuka ngokuphawulekayo.
Iinkqubo zezibheno zivumela abanini-mpahla ukuba bacel ’ umngeni izinto abazikholelwayo ukuba azichananga. Ezi zibheno zisebenzisa izinto ezikhoyo, ingakumbi ngexesha lokuwohloka kwezoqoqosho xa abaninizo abaninzi bephikisana ngeempawu zabo bexanduva. Abanini-mpahla bezinto zentengiselwano, kunye nezibonelelo zokuqesha amagqwetha kunye nabacuphi, isibheno esiphinda-phinda kakhulu kunabanini-mali, okunokwenzeka ukutshintshela umthwalo werhafu kwimiba yezindlu.
Ukukhulula kunye nentengiso zinciphisa isiseko serhafu yempahla, isithiyo sengeniso. Ukungahlawulwa okuqhelekileyo kuquka ukukhulula ekhaya kwizindlu eziphambili, ummi omkhulu uqaqanda, iingenelo zamavava, kunye nentlangano engahlawuli ingeniso. Izikhuthazo zokuphuhliswa kwezoqoqosho zisoloko zinikezela ngemiqathango yerhafu yexeshana ukutsala amashishini, ukurhweba ngengeniso emfutshane yexesha elide ngenxa yokukhula okuthenjiweyo.
Ukuqokelela nokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komsebenzi kuzisa ucelomngeni oluqhubekayo. Amaqondo okungalawuleki aqheleke ukusuka kwi-2-5% kodwa angaxinzelela phakathi nokurhoxa koorhulumente bongingqi kufuneka balungelelanise ingqokelela enzima egcina ingeniso ngovelwano kubaninimakhaya abatsala nzima. Irhafu yeenkqubo zenkxalabo, ngeli xesha ziyimfuneko kwimbutho, ingatshabalalisa uluntu ukuba izinto ezininzi zikho ngurhulumente.
Iipolitiki Zokuhlawula Irhafu
Iirhafu zempahla zidala impikiswano enkulu kwezobupolitika kunayo nayiphi na enye imvelaphi yengeniso yasekuhlaleni. Abanini-makhaya bafumana amatyala acacileyo [ ebonisa ngokuthe ngqo ukuba bawatyala kangakanani na, ngokungafaniyo nentengiso okanye irhafu yengeniso efakwe kwintengiselwano. Amaxabiso empahla anyukayo anganyusa amatyala erhafu ngaphandle kokwanda kwesantya, ukwenza "isichasi serhafu" eso abezobupolitika bazama ukuchaza.
Amava aseKhalifoniya abonisa ubunzulu berhafu yerhafu yempahla. Irhafu yerhafu yempahla eqeshwe ngo-1978, yanda ngonyaka nge-2% kungakhathaliseki ukuba kunjani ukuxabisa kwentengiso. Ngoxa abanini-khaya bekhuselekile kwirhafu ephawulekayo, yadala umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwemiba efanayo kunye neendawo ezinyanzelekileyo ukuxhomekeka ngokuthe kratya kwirhafu kunye nerhafu. Amanyathelo anjalo okuvukela irhafu anwela kulo lonke ilizwe, enyanzela ukunyanzelisa imali karhulumente wasekuhlaleni kangangamashumi eminyaka.
Imali yesikolo yenza irhafu yempahla ibe nzima kakhulu. Kumaphondo amaninzi, iirhafu zempahla yendawo zinika irhafu yesikolo eninzi yemali, idala umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwengingqi nezityebi namahlwempu. Imingeni yenkundla ezizinzileyo inyanzele ukuba amazwe amaninzi atshintshe irhafu yesikolo, ngokuqhelekileyo inkcitho yorhulumente ngoxa enyanzelisa igunya lerhafu yempahla yasekuhlaleni.
Irhafu: Umatshini wokuvelisa ingeniso olandelayo
Izakhiwo zerhafu zasekuhlaleni
Ngoxa iirhafu zempahla zilawula ingeniso yasekuhlaleni, iirhafu zinika inkxaso-mali engundoqo yemali [, ingakumbi kwizixeko kunye nobalo. Amazwe angamashumi amane anesihlanu agunyazisa uhlobo oluthile lwerhafu yentengiso yasekuhlaleni, evelisa ngaphezu kwamawaka ezigidi zeerandi ngonyaka kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Le rhafu idla ngokuba "i-pigyback" kwirhafu karhulumente, kunye nexabiso lasekuhlaleni longeza 1-3% kwixabiso likarhulumente.
Iirhafu zentengiso zasekuhlaleni zikho ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Jikelele irhafu yentengiso isebenza kwintengiso yentengiso, inika ingeniso engathintelekiyo kwimisebenzi jikelele. Iirhafu zenjongo yorhwebo zinikezela ngemisebenzi ethile ekhethekileyo njengezothutho, ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, okanye iiprojekthi zekomkhulu. Iirhafu zexeshana nje, ezifuna imvume yomvoti, intyelelo yemibutho okanye iimfuno phambi kokuba ugqibele.
Isiseko serhafu ```aw' ihlawulwa irhafu' ngokuphawulekayo ngaphaya kwemithetho-siseko. Amazwe amaninzi akhetha ukutya kunye neziyobisi ezithengisiweyo kwirhafu yentengiselwano, nangona ezinye iindawo zinokuyiphepha le rhafu. Iinkonzo ngokuqhelekileyo ziyayiphepha irhafu yerhafu, nangona ezinye iinkonzo zerhafu zikhethekileyo njengeehoteleji okanye iivenkile zokutyela. Irhafu ye-ONkundla ePhakamileyo iye yatshintsha ngokukhawuleza emva kwesigqibo seNkulawula kweNkundla ePhakamileyo yowe-20181818, ivumela amazwe nemimandla ukuba athengise irhafu.
Imiphumo Ebangelwa Yizoqoqosho Nemiphumo Yomda
Iirhafu zinegalelo kakhulu kwindlela yokuziphatha kwezoqoqosho, ingakumbi kufutshane nemida elawulayo. Izalathisi zidla ngokunqumla imida ukuya kuthengisela apho intengo isezantsi khona, ingakumbi kwintengiso ezinkulu njengenqwelo-mafutha okanye izixhobo. Olu khuphiswano lwerhafu lungabangela "iibhaso ukuya ezantsi" njengoko amagunya akufuphi ehlisa amazinga okutsala ukuhambela phambili kwentengiso.
Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenzisa izikhuthazo ezikhuthaza ukuthengiswa kwerhafu ukutsala inkqubela-phambili yezorhwebo, ingakumbi "ibhokisi enkulu" izitore kunye neenqanawa zokuthengisa ngeenqwelo-moya ezivelisa ingeniso eninzi. Olu khuphiswano lunganceda abathengi ngamaxabiso aphantsi kodwa lungasabelwa kakubi njengendawo esetyenziswayo ukuthengisa intengiso. Ukugxininisa kwinkqubela yentengiso yentengiso kungenza imilinganiselo yokukhula engenakufikeleleka exhomekeke ekukhuleni okuqhubekayo.
Imibutho yophuhliso lwezoqoqosho idla ngokurhweba ngerhafu njenge "ukurhweba" umthwalo werhafu kubantu abangengobalawuli abathengela indawo ekufuphi. Iindawo eziya kuzo zingenelwa ngokukodwa koku kusebenza, kunye abasebenzi berhafu abahlawula iinxalenye ezininzi zerhafu zasekuhlaleni zentengiso [. Noko ke, ukuxhomekeka ekusebenziseni iirhafu ezingeyo kukwenza uqingqo-mali lube sengozini ekutyeleleni okanye kwiinguqu kwiindlela zokuthenga.
Inkxalabo Elinganayo Nobuchule Bokwenza Imali
Iirhafu ezithengiswayo zijongene nokugxekwa okukhulu njengerhafu ehlawulwayo ethwalisa abahlali abafumana imali ephantsi ngokugqithisileyo abachitha iipesenti eziphezulu zengeniso kwimpahla ehlawulwayo. Intsapho ehlawulwayo ingahlawula i-$300,000% yengeniso kwirhafu yentengiso, ngoxa intsapho efumana ii-R360 000 ihlawula kuphela i-R3%, kwananokuthenga kwiivenkile ezifanayo.
Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuzama ukunciphisa ukubuyiselwa korhwebo lwerhafu. Ukukhupha iimfuno ezifana nentengiso kunye namayeza kukhusela abathengi abafumana imali ephantsi kwirhafu kwintengo ebalulekileyo. Ezinye iindawo zinika irhafu okanye iityala ngemiqathango yerhafu yengeniso, nangona ezi zingancedi abo bangafaki fayile babuyayo. [[FLT: 0]] Irhafu yexabiso eliphantsi kwizinto ezibiza imali eninzi[ njengezikhephe okanye izitshenziso zemali ezinxiweyo zingadibanisa inkqubela phambili, nangona zikhuthaza ukuthengiswa kwemali encinane.
Ukwanda kwentengiso kwi-intanethi kuguqule irhafu ebalulekileyo. Isigqibo Sayfair [ sifuna abathengi abakhulu be-intanethi ukuba baqokelele irhafu ye-intanethi ukuze balinganisele i-oyile yerhafu encedayo kumgangatho wokudlala kubathengisi basekuhlaleni ngeli lixa bekhusela iimali zikarhulumente zasekuhlaleni. Noko ke, ukuntsonkotha kothengiso oluncinci kunye nokungahoywa kwentengiso kwi-intanethi kuthetha ukuba inkqubo ihlala ingafezekanga.
Ngaphezu Kwerhafu Yesithethe: Imali, Imali Nengeniso Engezinye Iingeniso
Umsebenzisi uyasebenza kunye neNgxowa-mali yokungena
Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baya baxhomekeka kwimirhumo yomsebenzisi nerhafu ezidibanisa ngqo intlawulo ekusetyenzweni kwenkonzo. Le ngeniso isetyenziswa ngemali yamashishini.
Imirhumo yomsebenzi ibhenela ngokwezobupolitika kuba ibonakala ilungile kunerhafu. Le nkqubo ifana neyorhwebo ingaphucula impumelelo ngokuveza imfuneko yenkonzo yokwenyaniso nokukhuthaza ulondolozo. Iprojekthi yamanzi ekhulayo ngokusetyenziswa, umzekelo, ikhuthaza ulondolozo lwenkqubo xa iqinisekisa ukulondolozwa kwemali.
Noko ke, intlawulo esekelwe kwintlawulo inyusa inkxalabo egqithiseleyo. Abahlali abafumana imali ephantsi bangazama ukufikelela iinkonzo ezibalulekileyo njengamanzi okanye ingqokelela yomgqomo exhamla lula kubemi abatyebileyo. [[FLT: 0]] Izakhiwo zemali ezihlawulelwayo [ zingathwalisa iintsapho ezingamahlwempu umthwalo ngokungenakulinganiswa, ingakumbi xa iindleko zithatha indawo yerhafu eqhubekayo. Abanye abantu bathetha oku ngemigangatho yokusindisa ubomi okanye iinkqubo zoncedo, nangona ezi zidibanisa ukuntsonkotha kolawulo.
Umahluko phakathi kwemirhumo nerhafu udla ngokufiphaza, kudala iimpikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni. Iinkundla zidla ngokuqwalasela izityholo "izityala" ukuba zinxulumene ngokufanelekileyo, ngokunxulumene neendleko zenkonzo, kwaye ziyingenelo kubahlawuli abathe ngqo. Irhafu ezigqitha iindleko zenkonzo okanye ezinika iingenelo jikelele zingagqalwa njengeerhafu ezingekho mthethweni ezifuna iinkqubo zokwamkelwa ngokwahlukeneyo.
Iingcebiso ezikhethekileyo kunye nophuhliso
Iziphumo zohlolo oluqhelekileyo abanini bepropati ukwenzela inkqubela-phambili eluncedo ngokukhethekileyo kwimpahla zabo. Ufako lwecala, isibane sesitrato, okanye ulwandiso lwendleko lwendle yendle yezobugcisa lusebenzisa iimvavanyo ezikhethekileyo, kunye neendleko ezinikwe ngokweziseko ezingaphambili, indawo, okanye ezinye iimilinganiselo eziluncedo. Ezi zihlolo zingahlawulwa ngoko nangoko okanye ngentlawulo longezongezo zongezo lwerhafuzo.
Iindleko zophuhliso zifuna ulwakhiwo olutsha ukuze luhlawulelwe iimfuno ezisisiseko eziziswayo. Ulwahlulo olutsha lungahlawula iindleko zeendlela, iipaki, izikolo, kunye nezikhenkcezo ezisekelwe kwiimfuno zenkonzo eveziweyo. Le mirhumo ingaba nkulu . Ngokufutsha ngezihlandlo ezingaphezulu kwee-$50 000 kwiyunithi nganye yezindlu kwiindawo ezikhulayo eziphezulu.
Imali yerhafu enika i-TIFF ithatha unyuko lwerhafu kwisithili esimiselweyo ukuxhasa inkqubela-phambili kwimimandla. Xa isithili se-TIFF siphumelela, amaxabiso aphezulu empahla avelisa ingeniso yezibonelelo kunye nezizathu zokuphuhlisa. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngokuthi i-TIFF ikhupha ingeniso kwiinkonzo jikelele nenkqubela-phambili enokuthi ivele nakanjani.
Imali esetyenziswa ngokufezekileyo
Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baqokelela iimali ezininzi ezincinane ezibonelelwa ngentlawulo enentsingiselo. Irhafu yemali esetyenziswayo ekusebenziseni amalungelo kawonke-wonke, edla ngokubalelwa njengeepesenti zengeniso ezigqithisileyo. Umabonwakude, umbane, igesi, kunye neenkampani zezenkcubeko zihlawula amawaka ezigidi kwiindleko zemali zemali ehlawulwayo ngonyaka.
Imali entle nelahleko kumathikithi eenqwelo-moya, ukwaphulwa kwemithetho yemithetho kunye neendleko zenkundla zivelisa ingeniso, nangona impikiswano ingqonge imimandla ebonakala ibeka imali ephambili kunengeniso yokhuseleko loluntu. Uphando lweSebe leJaji likaFentu lwe Ferguson lwabonisa indlela ukuhlawulwa nokuhlawulwa kwemali eninzi nokungaphucukiswa kobuhlwempu nokuthomalalisa ulwalamano lwamapolisa.
Ingeniso yemali efunyenwe kwiimali ezingasebenzi inika ingeniso encinane kodwa eluncedo. Ulawulo lwemali yemali lungavelisa izigidi zabantu abalawulayo, nangona inzala incitshisiwe. Abanye oorhulumente bafaka imali kwimali yemali yexesha elide okanye ukuqokelela imali yogcino-mali ukuze kwandiswe iimbuyekezo ngokwemiqathango eyamkelekileyo yomngcipheko.
Amatyala KaMasipala: Ukwakha Ikamva
Ukuqonda Umanyano LukaMasipala
Xa oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kufuneka baxhase izakhiwo eziphambili zekomkhulu, izikolo ezintsha zonyango lwamanzi, iindlela, okanye amaziko karhulumente ``````````I-FLT']'''. Olu manyano luvumela oorhulumente ukuba baboleke imali kubanikeli-mali baze bayihlawule ngexesha elingakanani, ukusasaza iindleko ezinkulu kwiminyaka emininzi, kunye nabahlawuleli abaza kungenelwa kwizinto eziphila ixesha elide.
Amatyala kaMasipala anika abatyali-mali intlawulo enciphisa iindleko zokuboleka irhafu zikarhulumente. Inzala efunyenwe kwiibhaso ezininzi zikamasipala ikhutshwa kwirhafu karhulumente kwaye ngokufuthi irhafu karhulumente yerhafu yabemi baseluhlalweni. Oku kuchaza ukuba urhulumente ungaziboleka ngenzala ephantsi kunababoleki benkampani, kugcine izigidi zemali yokuhlawula ngemali yenzala.
Imarike yamaqhina kamasipala inkulu kwaye intsonkothile, enamadola angaphezu kwamawaka ezigidi zeerandi angaphezulu kweerandi ezingama-400 amawaka ezigidi (iizigidi ezingamawaka) ngonyaka. Amawaka eengxelo zesikolo (iisithili ezincinane) ukuya kwizixeko ezikhulu).
Imali ecwangcisiweyo
Iindidi ezimbini ezingundoqo zemixokelelwano kamasipala ` imbopheleleko (GO) kunye nengeniso yamaqhina ]-----"eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukhuseleko nemfuno yovukelo.
Amaqhina embopheleleko jikelele aqinisekisa amandla apheleleyo omkhuphisi ohlawula imali. Ukuba iingeniso ziyasilela, oorhulumente kufuneka banyuse irhafu okanye banciphise enye imali echithwayo ukwenza irhafu yeqhina. Olu khuseleko lunamandla lufumana izalathiso zokuthenga ngetyala eliphezulu kunye nenzala ephantsi. Amazwe amaninzi afuna imvume yomvoti yamaqhina okubolekisa ekubeni atyala iingeniso zerhafu zexesha elizayo.
Amaqhina engeniso aqinisekisa intlawulo ethile yengeniso ekhoyo yemijelo yengeniso .Njengokuba intlawulo yamanzi okanye ukuqokelelwa kwendlela yomvuzo. Abanikazi beemali banokufumana umngcipheko omkhulu ekubeni oorhulumente bengayinyusi irhafu ukuba iprojects zihlawulwa. Oku kubeka umngcipheko kumgangatho wenzala ephezulu, kodwa amaqhina engeniso awafuni imvume yabavoti kuba bengabhaptizi iimali zerhafu. Amaqhina emali axhasa intlawulo olusemgangathweni, iinqwelo-ntakatho, iinqwelo-moya, neminye imisebenzi yeshishini.
Umahluko phakathi kokuhamba kunye namaqhina engeniso maxa wambi uyafiphaza. Izibonelelo zokuthabatha inxaxheba (ii-COP) kunye namaqhina okubolekisa asebenzisa izinto zokwakha ukukhusela imvume yokuvota ngelinye ixesha irhafu ehlawulwayo. La zixhobo zangqina ingxaki ngexesha leNtloko enkulu xa eminye imiqathango izama ukuxakeka ngolwando lwemali ebhabhanyayo.
Indlela Yokudibanisa
Ukukhupha amaqhina kamasipala kubandakanya abathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi kunye neenkqubo ezintsonkothileyo. Le nkqubo iqala ngokucwangcisa ngokucokisa iimfuno zeprojekthi kunye neemfuno zemali. Abaxhasi bezezimali banceda kwimiba yomanyano, ukumisa imicimbi efanelekileyo, ukubiza amalungiselelo, kunye neempawu zokhuseleko.
Ngaphantsi kwemihlathi ngezantsi kwebhanki ethenga amaqhina asuka kubacebisi kwaye uwathengise kwimingeni yokutyalwa kwemali ngezantsi. Ukuthengisa ngeshishini kubandakanya iiprojekthi ezininzi eziphantsi kwababhali ezifuna ukunikela inzala ephantsi, ngelixa kucetywa umsebenzi wentengiselwano noomatshini abangaphantsi komatshini abancedisayo ekuyilweni kwentengiso kunye nentengiselwano yentengiso. Ukhetho phakathi kokhuphiswano kunye nokuthengiselwano kubandakanya ukukhulula phakathi kokhuphiswano lwexabiso nokhuphiswano lombano.
Amasebe abonisa ityala elilinganayo ngezantsi, ngokubhekiselele kwi-asethi ye-S&, i-P, kunye neFitch(ukukhupha ityala kunye nolwabelo lwabacebisi abaphembelela ngokuphawulekayo iindleko zokuboleka. Umlinganiselo ophezulu uthetha isantya esiphantsi senzala, ngoko ke oorhulumente basebenzisa umgudu omkhulu ekugcineni imilinganiselo eqinileyo ngoqingqo-mali oluthe rhoqo, ukugcina ngokwaneleyo, kunye nolawulo lobuchule.
Isiluleko sesibopho ```igqhinga elikhethekileyo'') . inikeza izimvo ezisemthethweni zokuba amaqhina asebenzayo kwaye inzala iyayiphelisa irhafu. Ezi mbono ziyimfuneko ekuthengisweni, njengoko abanikazi betyala bengenakuthenga amaqhina ngaphandle koxwebhu olufanelekileyo. Iimfuno zeDisvosource phantsi kwemithetho yokhuseleko yorhulumente egunyazisa ulwazi oluninzi ngemali, imisebenzi, kunye nomngcipheko.
Ukusingatha Amatyala Netyala
Ulawulo lwetyala olunembopheleleko lufuna ulungelelwaniso lwemfuno zezibonelelo kunye nenkxalabo ezinokufumaneka. iinkqubo ze-Debt zimisela imigaqo-sikhokelo yomgangatho wamatyala owamkelekileyo, ochazwa ngokwexabiso elithe ngqo, ingeniso yobuqu, okanye iingeniso ezisebenzayo. Ii-parking eziqhelekileyo zicebisa inkonzo yamatyala amele agqithe ku-10-15% yoqingqo-mali, nangona imigangatho efanelekileyo yahluka ngokweemeko zasekuhlaleni.
Izigqibo zolwakhiwo lwetyala zinegalelo elibalulekileyo kwiindleko zexesha elide. Inkonzo yamatyala igcina iintlawulo ezizinzileyo zaminyaka le, ikwenza lula uqingqo-mali kodwa kwandisa inzala epheleleyo. Umgangatho wentloko edityanisiweyo unciphisa intloko-ntloko, ukunciphisa inzala yonke kodwa kudala ukunciphisa ummiselo wokuhlawula. "Uqhubeko-magama olujikelezayo" ulungelelanisa amatyala amatsha nasele ekho ukugcina intlawulo oluzinzileyo.
Ukuhlawulwa kwamathuba kuvela xa inzala ihla okanye ityala liphucula. Njengokuhla kwemali yetyala, ukudityaniswa kwemali yetyala kunganciphisa iindleko zenzala ngokubhekiselele. Ukuhla kokuhla kwezibonda ezibizekileyo (ukuhlahlela) phambi kokuba zitsalwe) yaye iinguqu zerhafu ziqhelekile phambi ko 2017 zaphelisa ukukhulula kwayo kwirhafu. Ukubuyiselwa kwerhafu kuhlala kuluncedo xa iminqongo ifuneka ekunciphiseni iindleko zokuboleka.
Unyuselo lwetyala nge-inshorensi yeqhina okanye iileta zebhanki zetyala lunganciphisa iindleko zokuboleka kubakhuphi-mali abanomlinganiselo ophantsi. Noko ke, ushishino lwe-inshorensi yomanyano luphantse lunciphe ngexesha lengxaki yemali. Ngoku oorhulumente abaninzi "i-infirensirence" ngolawulo olunamandla lwemali kunokuthenga ukunyuswa kwemali ngaphandle.
Inkqubo Yoqingqo - mali: Ukuyihlanganisa Yonke Into
Uphuhliso lohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali lonyaka
Inkqubo yoqingqo-mali yonyaka iguqula izinto eziphambili kuluntu zibe yinto yokwenene yemali. Le misebenzi intsonkothileyo iqala kwiinyanga ezi-6-9 ngaphambi kokuba kuqalise unyaka wemali, ibandakanya uhlalutyo olunzulu, igalelo loluntu, kunye nengxoxo yezopolitiko.
Ulungiselelo lohlahlo-mali luqala nge uqikelelo olungaphambili olunengeniso evela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo. Iintelekelelo zezoqoqosho malunga nokwanda, ukunyuka, nokuphuhliswa kohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali ziqhuba ezi ziphumo. Uqikelelo olukhawulezileyo lukhusela kwiintsilelo kodwa lunganyanzelisa iinkonzo ngokungeyomfuneko. Izindululo ezithe vetshe zinceda ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kodwa zibe yingozi ukuba iimali zihlawulwa ngexanduva.
Iintloko zesebe zifaka izicelo zoqingqo-mali ezithe zafumaneka kakhulu, ezinyanzela nzima ukwenza ulwandiso. uphando kunye nohlolo lwenkqubo [ lwazisa ngokukhulayo ezi zigqibo, zihamba ngaphaya kotshintsho olulula. Uqingqo-lwabiwo-mali lweqa olusekelwe kwinkcitho nganye ngonyaka.]
Abaphathi bezixeko okanye abalathisi boqingqo-mali baqokelela izicelo zesebe zoqingqo-mali ezicetyiweyo ukuze kuqwalaselwe imithetho. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ingxubusho ebanzi njengoko amasebe ekhuphisana ngobuncwane obulinganiselweyo.
Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kuwonke - wonke Nokufumana Umntwana
Imithetho karhulumente ifuna ukuba abantu bafumane amava phambi kokuba baqingqe uqingqo-mali, nangona ukuthabatha inxaxheba okunentsingiselo kuhlala kulucelomngeni. Ukuva okuqhelekileyo kudla ngokutsala umlinganiselo wokuya kulapho ngaphandle kokuba kuvele imiba ephikisanayo. iindlela zokubolekisana ngokutsha [] : quka izixhobo ze-intanethi, iintlanganiso zasekuhlaleni, kunye noqingqo-mali lokuncedisana, `ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwandisa inxaxheba ngaphandle kwamalungu aqhelekileyo.
Amaxwebhu ohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali aye asuka kubuchule bokungaqondakali ukuya kwizixhobo zonxibelelwano ezichaza imisebenzi karhulumente. Abaphathi-mikhosi bezemali bakaRhulumente baManyano abalulekileyo ekuboneni ukufaneleka koHlalulo loHlaziyo [ kuxwebhu loqingqo-mali, ekhuthaza ukunikezelwa okucacileyo kolwazi oluntsonkothileyo lwemali.
Ukuqwalaselwa komthetho kubandakanya ukuchotshelwa kwamatyala, uhlolo lwekomiti, kunye neenkqubo zokulungisa. Amalungu eBhunga alungelelanisa izilangazelelo zesithili neemfuno zesixeko ngokubanzi ngeli xesha eqhuba iimpembelelo zezobupolitika. Ukusetyenziswa kohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali kudla ngokufuna iintloko ezilula, nangona eminye imimandla igunyazisa ukuba kubekho ulwando olukhulu lwerhafu.
Xa sele kuqaliswe, uqingqo-mali aluwayo amaxwebhu amileyo. utshintsho lweziphene kulo nyaka wonke iimeko ezitshintshayo, nangona ukutshintsha kakhulu kungenza ucwangciso kunye nokuziphendulela.
Ucwangciso lwezezimali lwexesha elide
Ulawulo lwemali olunenkathalo ludlulela ngaphaya koqingqo-mali lonyaka kugcino-mali oluzinzileyo. Iminyaka emininzi iqikelelo lwengeniso yemali luyiphumeza kunye nenkcitho yemali ekwiminyaka emithathu-5 ngaphambili, kuchongwe ukungalingani kwezakhiwo ngaphambi kokuba zibe ziingxaki. Ezi zixelo ziyazisa izigqibo malunga nomgangatho wenkonzo, utyalo-mali lweziko elikhulu, kunye neemfuno zengeniso.
Ulungelelwano lwemali lwemigaqo-nkqubo yokulondoloza ingeniso ekhuselekileyo kwingeniso encinane okanye kwiindleko ezingalindelekanga. Amasebe athelekisayo alindele ukuba imali eseleyo elingana ne 10-20% yenkcitho yokusebenza, nangona imigangatho efanelekileyo ixhomekeke kwingeniso ye-ERGB kunye nemeko zomngcipheko. Ukwakha nokugcina iibhanki ezaneleyo kufuna ukuba kubekwe uqingqo-mali olubekelwe bucala ngexesha elifanelekileyo.
Ucwangciso lokuphucula iinkqubo zophuhliso lwekomkhulu ludibanisa ulawulo lwexesha elide lwemali. Iinkqubo zolawulo lwezibonelelo, uhlolo lwemeko yesibonelelo, kunye nezicwangciso zengcaciso yezibonelelo zobuchule zichaza izinto eziphambili zotyalo-mali. Icandelo lokugcina i-engile eligciniweyo [ lobhubhani woorhulumente abaninzi abakwimeko ephantsi kwesiseko semali, bedala iingozi ezinkulu zexesha elizayo.
Ityala lokuhlawula kunye nezibophelelo zonyango lokuyeka umhlala-phantsi ziquka izibophelelo ezinkulu zexesha elide ezichaphazela ukulondolozwa kwemali. Oorhulumente abaninzi bajamelana neemfanelo ezingakhange zisetyenziswe zidlulele kwiimali zoqingqo-mali zaminyaka le, ezifuna iminikelo engakumbi ephazamisa ezinye iinkonzo. Iziguqulo zentengo zentengiso ./kuquka ukunciphisa iingenelo, iminikelo yabasebenzi eyandayo, kunye nezicwangciso zentlalo-ntlalo-ntle .
Iingxaki Ezinokujamelana Nemali Yorhulumente Wasekuhlaleni
Ukuphelelwa yimali nokungangeneki kwengeniso
Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bajongene nokwanda kwengeniso njengoko imijikelo yezoqoqosho ikhula kwaye ikhawulezisa. Ingeniso eninzi ingawa ngokukhawuleza kangakanani. Irhafu elungileyo ekugqibeleni yahla kangangama-20% esizwe ngeli xesha ithengiso nerhafu yengeniso ihla ngokungaphaya. I-COVID-19 yadala ungquzulwano olwahlukileyo kodwa olulinganayo, kunye nengeniso eninzi eninzi, ngexa ezinye zingqineka zinamandla ngokumangalisayo.
Ulwandiso lwe-Rownity lunganciphisa i- kodwa alusoloko lunokwenzeka. Uluntu luxhomekeke kushishino olunye okanye kwimithombo yengeniso lujongene nobungozi obuthile. Imimandla exhomekeke kwi-oyile ifumana imijikelo yentsika egcina iseyile ivulekile ebotshelelwe kumaxabiso amandla. Iindawo zokundwendwela ziyachachachacha xa iipaneko zihamba. Iindawo zoluntu ezihlala kwibhidiyo zitsala nzima xa iipateni zitshintsha.
Imali yemini nemali egciniweyo inika izigcini ezingundoqo nxamnye nengeniso. Kodwa ke, uxinzelelo lwezopolitiko lokusebenzisa ubuncwane obukhoyo lwenza kube nzima ukugcinwa kovimba bokwakha. Abaxhasi babuza isizathu sokuba oorhulumente babambe "iii-supercentes" ngexa iinkonzo zihlala zingekho semthethweni. Imigaqo-nkqubo ecacileyo kunye nonxibelelwano ngeenjongo ezigciniweyo inceda ekulondolozeni uqeqesho.
Iinguqu zomfanekiso kunye neemfuno zenkonzo
Iinguqu zobomi bemivuzo zinegalelo elikhulu kwiimali ezifunekayo kunye neenkonzo. [[FLT: 0] amanani anyukayo afuna iinkonzo ezahlukeneyo kunezicwangciso zolutsha, iimpendulo zoncedo lokuqala kuneziko lesikolo. Abahlali abarhoxileyo abaxhathiswayo baxhathisa irhafu ngexesha befuna iinkonzo ezibiza imali eninzi. Abantu abahlala kunye nolwaluphalayo basoloko bejongene nokwehla kwamaxabiso empahla njengoko iimfuno zidodobala.
Ukufuduka kunye neenguqu zenkcubeko zitshintsha iimfuno zomsebenzi kunye neendlela zokuhambisa. Iinkonzo zolwimi oluninzi, uqeqesho lobuxhakaxhaka, kunye nezinto ezahlukeneyo zokuzikhetha zifuna ukulungelelanisa. Ngelixesha abaphambukeli besoloko behlaziya abantu, iindleko zokuqala zokudibanisa iindleko zingabangela uxanduva loqingqo-mali ngaphambi kokuba inzuzo yezoqoqosho iphumelele.
Ukwahluka kolindelo lweenkonzo kwisizukulwana kucel ’ umngeni ukunikezelwa kwemiboniso yesithethe. Iminyaka eliwaka kunye noGen Z abahlali balindele iinkonzo ze-apply, uqheliselo oluzinzileyo, kunye nezenzo ezahlukeneyo kunakwizizukulwana ezingaphambili. Basenokuxhathisa ukuxhaswa kwemali yelifa lemveli ngoxa befuna utyalo-mali kubugcisa, kuthutho, nakumgangatho wobomi.
Ingxaki Yezakhiwo Nogcino - ntle Olungamkelekanga
Izakhiwo zasekuhlaleni zijongene nengxaki ebhalwe kakuhle. Umphakathi we-America we-Dominican Engineers unika i-C yezinga le-U.S. ilinganisela ii-R2,6 ezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zotyalo-mali olufunekayo. Oorhulumente bongingqi banoninzi lwezibonelelo zikawonke-wonke ./ooomatiloshe basekuhlaleni baneendawo ezixhasweyo ze-odolar-otram, iinkqubo zamanzi, izikolo, iipaki, `kodwa .' Kodwa akukho nkxaso yokulondolozwa ngokwaneleyo.
ugcino olugciniweyo luqokelelwa xa oorhulumente behlehlisa ukulungiswa ukuze balungelelanise uqingqo-mali. Iingxaki ezincinci ziba kukungaphumeleli okukhulu /impondo ziba yindawo yokwakha kwakhona indlela, imingxuma yophahla isiba yindawo yokwakha. Iindleko zobomi zibonisa ukuba iindleko zokulondolozo zingaphantsi kakhulu kunolungiso lukaxakeka, kodwa iingcinezelo zoqingqo-mali zexeshana zidla ngokude zide zide zide zishenxise ucwangciso lwexesha elide.
Ukutshintsha kwezibonelelo zemozulu kudala iingxaki. Iziganeko zemozulu ezimandundu ezilungiselelwe iimeko zembali. Umgangatho wolwandle onyukayo usongela izibonelelo zonxweme. Isithuthi nezikhukula zamanzi axinezelekileyo. Ukulungisa izibonelelo zokuzinzisa imozulu kufuna ukuba abantu abaninzi bafumane imali yokutyalwa kwemali ngaphandle koncedo lwamaqumrhu.
IMicimbi yeRhulumente kunye nokuKhululwa
Ulwalamano phakathi kukarhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni lunyanzelisa ukuzilawula kwasekuhlaleni. Imiyalelo yesizwe ifuna ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banikele iinkonzo okanye bafikelele imigangatho ngaphandle kokunikela ngemali. Iimfuno zemfundo ekhethekileyo, imimiselo yemeko-bume, kunye nomqeshwa ungenelelo lwemiyalelo efuna uqingqo-mali oluninzi ngaphandle kolawulo lwasekuhlaleni.
Ukukhutshwa kwelizwe kuthintela iindawo ekunyuseni ingeniso okanye kwimisebenzi yokulawula. Amazwe amaninzi ayayithintela irhafu yengeniso yasekuhlaleni, ukulinganisela ukunyuka kwerhafu yempahla, okanye ukuvalwa kwemirhumo ethile. Ukukhutshwa kwemivuzo encinane yasekuhlaleni, ukuvalwa kwemiqathango yeplastiki, okanye imimiselo yexeshana lokuqeshwa kwegunya eligunyazisiweyo kunye nokhetho lwengeniso.
Imiqathango yerhafu kunye nenkcitho ewiswe ngexesha lemvukelo yerhafu iyaqhubeka inyanzela izimali zasekuhlaleni emva kwamashumi eminyaka kamva. Umvotisi weBhili yamaThalado (i-Taxbor) ufuna imvume nakuphi na ukwanda kwerhafu kunye nokwanda kwengeniso eninzi kunye nokwanda kwabemi. Ngoxa kukhuselwa ukuhlawula irhafu, ezi zithintela ukubiwa koqoqosho kwiinkonzo ezifunekayo okanye kwizibonelelo.
Ikamva Lemali Yorhulumente Wasekuhlaleni
Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nokuhlaziywa
Ubuxhakaxhaka buthembisa ukuguqula ingeniso yemali karhulumente yongingqi ngokuphuculwa kwempumelelo kunye nemodeli entsha yokuhambisa iinkonzo. Iinkonzo zorhwebo zinciphisa iindleko zothengiso ngexa kuphuculwa ungeniso lwabathengi. Ulwenziwo-luvo lwesicelo, ukubonelela nge-injini, ukubonelela ngerhafu, kunye nokuhlawula irhafu, kunye nokunyusa intlawulo. Ubuchule bokuphucula uhlolo, uqingqo-mali kunye nokufumana inkohliso.
Ubugcisa besixeko obukrelekrele bunika impumelelo kodwa bufuna utyalo-mali oluninzi oluphambili. Abasebenzi bezomvo abahlola iinqwelo-moya, iinkqubo zamanzi, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla bangenza imisebenzi elungileyo baze banciphise iindleko. Noko ke, ukhuseleko lwekhompyutha, inkxalabo yokuzimela, kunye nobugcisa bobugcisa zibangela iingxaki ezintsha. Oorhulumente abancinane bazama ngamandla obugcisa obunezinto nobuchule obulinganiselweyo.
Iblockchain kunye nokufihla ikhowudi zingayiguqula imali karhulumente. Amanye amaziko amkela ukhuthuzo olufihlakeleyo lwemali, ngeli xesha amanye ehlola iblokochain ukuze kugcinwe ingxelo ebhaliweyo kunye nokubonakala. Ii-drecimali zebhanki ezisembindini zingatshintsha ekugqibeleni ukudluliswa kwemithetho-siseko kunye nolawulo lwemali. Noko ke, ukungaqiniseki komgaqo kunye nomlinganiselo wokufumana ulwamkelo lwangoku.
Iimodeli zokuhambisa iinkonzo ezikwenye indawo
Ukujamelana neengxaki, urhulumente oqhubekekayo uphanda ezinye iindlela zokuhambisa iinkonzo. izivumelwano zeenkonzo ezahlulweyo phakathi kwamazwe aphumeza uqoqosho lomlinganiselo wemisebenzi ekhethekileyo. Amaziko eengingqi ethumela, izivumelwano zokuthenga ezidibeneyo, kunye nezixhobo zokunciphisa iindleko zogcino lomgangatho wenkonzo.
Umanyano lwamaqumrhu kawonke-wonke (ooo-P3) abaxhamli bobuchule bobucala benkokeli yoluntu. Uyilo, ukwakhiwa, inkxaso-mali, kunye nezixhobo zokusebenza ezitshintshiselana ngentlawulo yexesha elide okanye intlawulo yengeniso. Ngeli xesha ii-P3 zinokukhawulezisa ukunikezelwa kweprojekthi kunye nomngcipheko wokudluliswa kweprojekthi, kwakhona zidala iimbopheleleko zexesha elide zize zinciphise ulawulo lukawonke-wonke.
Ukwenziwa kwemibutho nokufumana kuhlala kuthandabuzeka kodwa kuyinto eqhelekileyo. Urhulumente omninzi usebenzisa iinkonzo ezifana nokuqokelelwa komgqomo womgqomo, ugcino-mfutho, okanye ulawulo lwepaki kumafemu angabodwa. Impumelelo ixhomekeke kulawulo lwesivumelwano, ukujonga umsebenzi, kunye nokhuphiswano. Ukungaphumeleli kokwenziwa komsebenzi kubonisa ukuba ukuhanjiswa ngasese akuzibonwli ngaphezu kwelungiselelo likawonke-wonke.
Ukuzinziswa nokuzinziswa
Ugcino-mali olungundoqo lufuna utshintsho olungundoqo olubhekiselele ekulungiseni ukungalingani kwesakhiwo phakathi kwengeniso kunye nenkcitho. utshintsho lotshintsho lwemali, utyalo lwezibonelelo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwenkonzo kuphinde kuphinde kubekwe ixesha elide. Iziko kufuneka zihlole ngokunyanisekileyo ukuba ziziphi iinkonzo ezinokuzihlawula kwaye zenze ukhetho olunzima malunga nezinto eziza kuqala.
Intsebenziswano yengingqi inika izicombululo ezinokwenzeka kwimingeni enzima. Isiseko serhafu sokwabelana ngokhuphiswano olutshabalalisayo ngeli xesha kuqinisekiswa ukukhuphiswano kwengingqi. Iingingqi zengingqi zixhasa inkcubeko yenkcubeko kunye nezibonelelo eziyingenelo kulawulo oluninzi. Urhulumente weMetropolitan, nangona kunzima kwezobupolitika, zingafumana impumelelo ebalulekileyo
I-Fiscal ekwaziyo ukumelana nemeko-bume .) ukukwazi ukugcina iinkonzo phezu kwako nje ukothuka, kunokugcina imali. Uqoqosho oludityanisiweyo, imibutho elungele ukuguquka, kunye noluntu oluneengxaki zemozulu ezingcono. Isifo se-COVID-19 sabonisa ukuba abantu abakwaziyo ukumelana nobuchule bokuxhathisa, kunye nokugcina umanyano lwentlalo nangona bexenga.
Isiphumo: Indlela IiNkonzo zeNgxowa-mali zoorhulumente
Imali karhulumente yendawo ngerhafu kunye namaqhina imela ngaphezulu kunenkqubo yokunika ingxelo okanye iinkqubo ze-bhureaucracy(ibandakanya ulawulo lwedemokhrasi oluzilawulayo kumgangatho wayo osisiseko. Lonke isigqibo soqingqo-mali, ivoti yerhafu, kunye nomba weqhina libonisa amaxabiso abantu, izinto eziphambili, kunye nokubona ikamva. Ukuqonda ezi zenzo kunika abemi amandla okuthabatha inxaxheba kwizigqibo ezifanelekileyo ezibumba ubomi babo bemihla ngemihla kunye nexesha elide loluntu.
Ukuntsonkotha kwemali kamasipala kusenokubonakala kuyinto eyoyikisayo, nemithombo yayo emininzi yengeniso, imiqathango engokwasemthethweni, kunye nobuchule bobugcisa. Kodwa obu buntsonkothileyo abufanele buthethelele ukudityaniswa kommi. Idemokhrasi ifuna ukuba nenxaxheba enolwazi, kwaye akukho ndawo apho oku kuyinyaniso ngakumbi kunakurhulumente wasekuhlaleni apho amazwi anokuthwala nzima neziphumo ezithe ngqo.
Imingeni ejongene nemali karhulumente wasekuhlaleni .ukusuka ekuboleni kwesiseko ukuya kutshintsho lwamanani abantu, ukusuka kwimiqobo karhulumente ukuya kukuphazamiseka kwezobugcisa, ``ukungaqiniseki' nokungaqondani neengxaki zobugcisa. Ukukhalaza nje ngerhafu ephezulu okanye iinkonzo ezingekho ngqiqweni ngaphandle kokuqonda izinto ezikhoyo. Utshintsho olunentsingiselo lufuna abemi ababamba intengiso, baxabisa iinzima, kwaye babandakanyeke ngokunempumelelo ekufumaneni izicombululo.
Ukukhangela phambili, ukulondolozwa kwemali karhulumente wasekuhlaleni kuxhomekeke ekuhlaziyweni kwakhona kwentsebenziswano yabemi phakathi kwabemi noorhulumente babo. Oku kuthetha ukuba abami bamkela imbopheleleko yeenkonzo zemali abazifunayo ngoxa oorhulumente befuna ukuphendula ngokufanelekileyo nangokuphumelelayo ekunikezeleni. Kuthetha ukuqaphela ukuba "irhafu ngomelo" kufuna ukuba zombini izilangazelelo zokuhlawula izinto zikawonke-wonke kunye nokuthabatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kwizigqibo eziphathelelene nelungiselelo labo.
Kubo bafuna ukuganana ngokunzulu, kukho oovimba abaninzi. Amaxwebhu oqingqo-mali ongingqi, afumaneka ngokuqhubekayo kwi-intanethi, anika iinkcukacha ezineenkcukacha ngengeniso neenkcitho. Nangona maxa wambi iintlanganiso zikawonke-wonke zingabakhonga kakuhle, zinika amathuba okuphembelela izigqibo. Izikolo kunye neekomiti zoqingqo-mali zinceda abantu baqonde ngokunzulu imisebenzi karhulumente. Iintlangano ezifana neBhunga loMbutho Lezemali libonelela izinto zokufundisa abemi ukuba baqonde imali kawonke-wonke.
Ibali lemali karhulumente wasekuhlaleni liyimeko yengingqi .ukusukela kumasebe omlilo asebenza ngokuzithandela kwiidolophu ezincinane nakoorhulumente abaziziko abasebenza kwizigidi, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenza ngokumanyeneyo ngomlinganiselo woluntu. Ukuqonda imali yabo akuphelelanga nje ekulandeleni imali; kungoko ukuqonda indlela abantu abatshintsha ngayo ubuncwane ukuze bazuze.
Yonke imingxuma ezele, nayiphi na into yongxamiseko esabela kuyo, zonke iincwadi ezihlolwe kwithala leencwadi likawonke-wonke zimela inkqubo yezemali karhulumente esebenzayo. Le mimangaliso yemihla ngemihla yobomi banamhlanje ayizenzeki ngokuzenzekelayo.
Ikamva lemali karhulumente wasekuhlaleni liya kubhalwa ngabemi abathenjiweyo abaqonda ukuba inokwenzeka okanye imiqathango yabo iyaphumelela. Nokuba uluntu luyaphumelela okanye luyawohloka, nokuba iinkonzo ziyawohloka okanye ziyaphucula, nokuba iinkonzo ziyakhula okanye zixhomekeke kukhetho oluseluntwini olunziwe ngedemokhrasi. Ukuqonda imali kamasipala kuguqula olu khetho lusuka kwimithambo yezobugcisa eyimfihlelo engaziwayo lube zizigqibo zedemokhrasi apho ummi ngamnye ethetha khona.
Kwixesha lokungabikho nokwenziwa gwenxa kwemithetho yorhulumente, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bahlala behleli kwizithuba apho ingxaki edityanisiweyo exutywayo inokuthi yoyise ukwahlulwa kweengcamango. Kodwa oku kuphela kusebenza xa abemi bebandakanyeka ngolwazi nangolwakhayo. Ukuntsonkotha kwemali yemali yeziko kamasipala namhlanje akufuni kurhoxa kodwa kufuneka kunzulu ukuthembana kodwa kuxhomekeke ekuziqinisekiseni kwedemokhrasi. Ngokuqonda indlela abantu bethu abazixhasa ngayo, siyayiqonda indlela idemokhrasi esebenza ngayo kumgangatho wayo osisiseko.
