Indima Ephambili Yeenkundla Kuluntu Olulawulwa Yidemokhrasi

Iinkundla zisebenza njengendawo yokuqala yokucombulula iimpikiswano phantsi kwenkqubo yomthetho. Umsebenzi wazo udlulela ngaphaya nje kokubhengeza abaphumeleleyo nabangaphumeleliyo kukhuphiswano olusemthethweni. Ijaji lisebe elilinganayo likarhulumente elisebenza ngokuchaza imimiselo, imimiselo, kunye namalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko ukuqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni kulawulwa ngokufanelekileyo, ngokungaguqukiyo, nangokuthelekelelwayo. Le nkqubo yokutolika nokusetyenziswa liliwa lomthetho elisekelwe kulo.

Kwibutho ledemokhrasi, iinkundla zinikela inkqubo yoxolo yokucombulula iingxabano phakathi kwamaqela abantu, phakathi kwabantu nelizwe, naphakathi kwamasebe awahlukeneyo karhulumente. Ngaphandle kwelungelo elizimeleyo nelifanelekileyo lejaji, elisemthethweni liza kubakho kwiphepha kuphela, kwaye abanamandla bebenokusebenza ngaphandle kokunyanzelwa. Ukuqonda indlela iinkundla eziwusingatha ngayo umsebenzi wazo kuyimfuneko kuye nawuphi na umfundi womthetho, izentlalo, okanye urhulumente.

Ukwakhiwa Kwenkqubo Yezogwebo

Ukuqonda indlela iinkundla ezisebenzisa ngayo umthetho, umntu kufuneka kuqala aqonde isakhiwo sazo. Iinkqubo ezininzi zomthetho zilungelelaniswe kwiqela lemigangatho. Esi sakhiwo sidweliswe ngoludwe sifeza iinjongo ezimbini ezibalulekileyo: ukulungiswa kwempazamo nokumanyaniswa okusemthethweni. Iqela elikholelwa kwinkundla engaphantsi lenza impazamo linokubhenela kwinkundla ephakamileyo ukuze lihlole, kwaye inkundla ephakamileyo ingakhupha isigqibo esiqinisekiyo esibopha zonke iinkundla ezisezantsi, iqinisekisa ukuba kuchazwa enye, engqinelanayo umthetho ngaphaya kolawulo lonke.

Iinkundla zetyala: Ingxelo Yenyaniso

Iinkundla zetyala zingumgca ophambili wenkqubo yokugweba. Umsebenzi wazo ophambili kukuchonga izibakala zetyala. Ziva ubungqina, zihlolisisa amangqina, zize zivavanye ukuthembeka kobungqina. Kwizilingo ezininzi, abachopheli-tyala basebenza njengendawo yokufumana iziphumo zenyani, ngoxa ijaji ijonge iziphumo zetyala kwaye ifundisa abachopheli-tyala kumthetho osebenzayo. Kwizigwebo zebhedri, ijaji yenza zombini iindima.

Inkqubo kwinkundla yamatyala ilawulwa yimithetho engqongqo nemithetho yobungqina. Le mithetho, enjengemithetho esemthethweni yobungqina eUnited States, yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba ubungqina obunikeziweyo buthembekile kwaye ityala lilungile kuwo omabini amaqela. Inkundla mayigqibe oko kwenzekayo phambi kokuba igqibe okokuba yiyiphi imiphumo esemthethweni emele ilandelwe. Ukufumana inyani eyenziwe yinkundla evavanyiweyo kunikezelwe ukunyuswa okukhulu kwisibheno kwaye kunqabile ukupheliswa.

Iinkundla Ezimangalelwayo: Ummandla Wempinda Esemthethweni

Iinkundla zezicelo aziqhubeli matyala amatsha okanye zive ubungqina obutsha. Endaweni yoko, zihlola ingxelo yamatyala eyenzeka kwinkundla yamatyala ukufumanisa ukuba iimpazamo zenziwe kusini na. Umgangatho oqhelekileyo wokuhlola imibuzo yomthetho ngu de no o[, ithetha ukuba inkundla yezomthetho ayizibambi izigqibo ezisemthethweni zenkundla yamatyala.

Ukuba inkundla egwebayo ifumene impazamo ephawulekayo yomthetho, ingasiguqula isigqibo senkundla echongiweyo okanye iphinde ilungise ityala ukwenzela ukuqhubekeka kwetyala kunye nesigqibo sayo esisemthethweni. Eli candelo lokusebenza phakathi kwetyala kunye neenkundla zenkundla ezilawulayo liqinisekisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa komthetho akuguquguquki kwaye iimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni azikhokeleli kwiziphumo ezingekho sikweni.

IiNkundla Eziphakamileyo: Ukumisela Isiphelo

Iinkundla eziphakamileyo, ezikwasaziwa njengeenkundla zeenkqubano zokugqibela, zibalasele kwinqanaba lenkundla elawulayo. Ezi nkundla zidla ngokulawula, zithetha ukuba zikhetha amatyala amele aviwe. Azikhathazeki ngokuyintloko ekulungiseni iimpazamo zabantu kodwa ngokucombulula iingxabano ezinzulu ekutolikeni komthetho kwiinkundla eziphantsi. Xa inkundla ephakamileyo igqiba imbambano, ukugcinwa kwayo kusebenza kuzo zonke iinkundla ezisezantsi eziphantsi kolawulo lwayo.

Isigqibo senkundla ephakamileyo sisiphelo semibuzo yomthetho. Imisa umthetho ofanayo omele ulandelwe kuzo zonke iimeko ezifanayo. Eli gunya lokumisela imodeli yesikhokelo linika iinkundla eziphakamileyo impembelelo enzulu kwinkqubela-phambili yomthetho. Ukucingisisa okuthembekileyo kwenkqubo yenkundla yelo lizwe eUnited States, [[FLT:] ubuncwane obunengeniso obuvela kwi-webhsayithi ye-U.S. ebalaseleyo.

Iindlela zokuchaza ngokusemthethweni: Umbhalo, Ukuzimisela, Neziphumo

Isiseko somsebenzi wokugweba sixhomekeke ekutolikeni umthetho. Imithetho, imimiselo, kunye namalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko asoloko ebhalwa ngokwendlela eqhelekileyo, kwaye iwela kwiinkundla ukuwanika intsingiselo ecacileyo kumongo wetyala elithile. ABagwebi basebenzisa uludwe lweendlela zokucacisa, kwaye ukhetho oluphakathi kwazo lungagqiba iziphumo.

Umbhalo: Umbhalo Obalulekileyo WeLizwi Elibhaliweyo

I-textualism yindlela yokuchaza imithetho ejolise kwintsingiselo eqhelekileyo yamagama kumbhalo osemthethweni. Ijaji efunda imibhalo ifuna ukusebenzisa umthetho kanye njengoko ubhalwe, ngaphandle kokuqwalasela injongo ephambili yabenzi bomthetho okanye injongo ebanzi yomthetho. Umgaqo okhokelayo ngowokuba umbhalo ngokwawo ngowokuphela kokubonakaliswa okuthembekileyo komthetho.

Abaxhasi bencwadi baxhomekeke kakhulu kwinkcazelo zesichazi-magama kwaye baseka uluhlu lwegama lolwakhiwo. Umzekelo, uluhlu lwemisebenzi . luchaza ukuba igama liyaziwa yinkampani, lithetha ukuba amagama adidayo amele achazwe kumxholo wamagama ajikeleze. [[FLT:] uxinzelelo lwe-iustious exclus transformius[[[FLT:][FLT]] [icelot] utoliok' eninzi lwezi zixhobo ezisetyenziswayo.[FLT]] [FLT]] icebisa ukuba ukhahlulo olunye lwegama lokuchaza olunye. Ezi zibonelelo lolwimi. [FLT][5]

Abaxhasi bomgaqo-siseko bathi ithintela ukugweba nokuhlonela indima yendlu yowiso-mthetho njengoyena Menzi-mthetho uphambili. Abahlalutyi bathi inokubakhokelela kwiziphumo ezingekho ngqiqweni ngokungawuhoyi umongo okanye injongo yomthetho.

Ukuzibekela Injongo Nengcamango Yokuqala: Iphulo Lokufuna Intsingiselo Yembali

UbuQhobosheli, obunxulumene ngokusondeleyo nobuBhodi, bufuna ukufumanisa injongo yokuqala yabenzi bomthetho abaqesha baza bamisela umthetho okanye umgaqo-siseko. Ijaji eyaziwayo ijonge ngaphaya kombhalo kwimbali yowiso-mthetho, njengeengxelo zeekomiti, iingxoxo zomgangatho, kunye nebungqina, ukufumanisa oko abafaki-mthetho babezama ukukufeza.

Kwinkcazelo yomgaqo-siseko, uqobo ludla ngokuthatha iindlela ezimbini: injongo yantlandlolo nentsingiselo yangaphambili kawonke-wonke. Injongo yokuqala ijonge kwiinjongo zomxholo weFramers. Intsingiselo kawonke-wonke, inguqulelo enobunempembelelo kakhulu namhlanje, ikhangela koko umbhalo othethayo kumntu onengqondo ngexesha eyamkelwa ngalo. Le ndlela idla ngokuquka uhlalutyo olunzulu lwembali ukuphinda iguqulele ulwimi kunye nentsingiselo yoluntu. [indawo yomgaqo-siseko wesizwe] izibonelelo zembali yomgaqo-siseko wembali inika imizekelo entle yale ndlela yokusebenza.

Le ndlela inika uzinzo lwembali kwaye ithintela abagwebi ekuzibhoxeni ngokwabo amaxabiso akwisibhalo. Kodwa ke, ijongene nocelomngeni lokwahlula injongo enye engqinelanayo kwiqumrhu lowiso-mthetho elinamalungu amaninzi okanye isizukulwana sembali.

Ukuthenga Nokufumana Imali: Indima Yentsingiselo Nemiphumo

IPurposivism iphikisa ngelithi inkundla kufuneka ichaze umthetho ngokulula ngenjongo ebanzi eyayiyilelwe ukufikelela. Le ndlela, exhaswe ngoMgwebi uStephen Breyer, iyaqonda ukuba abenzi bomthetho abanako ukuqwalasela zonke iimeko kwaye iinkundla kufuneka zithathe inyathelo lokuzalisekisa iinjongo ezisisiseko zomthetho.

Intanda-bulumko enxulumene nento leyo egxininisa iziphumo ezisebenzayo zesigqibo somthetho. Ijaji ehamba phambili iqwalasela iziphumo zokwenene zehlabathi lomthetho, ibuza ukuba yeyiphi isiphumo esikhokelela kwesona sifanelekileyo okanye sesodwa. Le ndlela ithambe yaye ingathi qatha, ijonge kwimisebenzi elungileyo. Ngoxa abahlalutyi bephikisa ukuba i-purpositive kunye ne-pragmatism zinika abagwebi amandla amakhulu kakhulu okuthabathela indawo ezo mithetho zifunwa ngabo basebenzi bendlu yowiso.

Ubuchule Bokugweba: Ukusebenzisa Umthetho Kwizibakala

Xa inkundla igqibile intsingiselo yomthetho onxulumeneyo kwaye iseke izibakala zetyala, kufuneka isebenzise umthetho kwezo nkcukacha ukuze ifikelele isigqibo. Le nkqubo ilandela imo engqinelanayo isoloko ishwankathelwa ngamagama angaqhelekanga IRAC: Impikiswano, Umthetho, Isicelo, isiphelo.

Ukuqiqa Okusemthethweni Nomthetho

Undoqo wokusebenza okusemthethweni lulawulo lwezomthetho. Uqikelelo oluphambili ngumthetho ngokwawo. Uqikelelo oluncinane luyimeko ecacileyo yetyala. Isigqibo sisiphumo esisemthethweni esilandela ekusebenziseni lo mthetho kwizibakala.

Umzekelo, ukuba umthetho (major project) uthi isivumelwano sifuna ukubonelelwa, ukwamkelwa, kunye nolwamkelo, kunye nezibakala (ingcaciso encinci) zibonisa ukuba iQela A lenziwa lithembisa, iQela B lalamkela, neQela B lihlawula iSahluko A isixa semali, isigqibo sithetha ukuba isivumelwano esisemthethweni sakhiwe. Kakade, amatyala okwenyaniso anzima kakhulu, abandakanya imithetho edidabanisayo kunye nezibakala. Amandla okuqiqaliso olusemthethweni axhomekeke kubuchule bomgwebi bokwahlula, nokusebenzisa imigaqo esemthethweni.

Umkhosi wokunxulumana we Predent: Stare Decisis

Imfundiso ye i-decis lisiseko sesiseko seenkqubo zomthetho eziqhelekileyo. Kuthetha "ukuma ngokwezinto ezigqityweyo". Lo mgaqo ufuna ukuba iinkundla zilandele ukugcinwa kwezigqibo zangaphambili xa izibakala kunye neempikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni zifana ngokuqwalaselweyo. Umgangatho unika ukuxelwa kwangaphambili, ukuzinza, kunye nokufana komthetho.

Kukho umahluko phakathi kokukhangela okuthe tyaba nokuthe nkqo. Ukujongwa okuthe nkqo kufuna ukuba iinkundla ezisezantsi zilandele izigqibo zeenkundla eziphezulu kummandla omnye. Ukukhangela okuthe tyaba kufuna inkundla ukuba ilandele izigqibo zayo zangaphambili. Inkundla ingabhukuqa imo imodeli yayo, kodwa idla ngokufuna isizathu esinyanzelisayo, njengotshintsho olubalulekileyo kwiimeko okanye ukuqaphela ukuba isigqibo sangaphambili sasiphosakele. Ukuqonda ubunzima nomlinganiselo wemodeli kusemzinzi kwimfundo esemthethweni. [[FLT: 0] ICornell translate on des decis

Ubulumko Bokugweba Nemida Yabo Eyimfuneko

Akukho nkqubo yemithetho ipheleleyo ukuze ilawule isiphumo sayo yonke imeko. Abagwebi kufuneka basebenzise ubulumko. Oku kuqiqa kucacile kwimimandla efana nesigwebo, apho ijaji kufuneka igqibe isohlwayo esifanelekileyo kuludwe olumiselwe ngomthetho, okanye kukulungelelanisa iimvavanyo, apho ijaji kufuneka ilinganise izilangazelelo zokukhuphisana ezifana nemfuneko yokhuseleko lukawonke wonke ngokunjalo nelungelo lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo.

Oku kuqonda kuxhomekeke kwimithetho yesithethe, irekhodi eyinyaniso, imizekelo enyanzelisayo, kunye nembopheleleko esemthethweni yomgwebi yokulawula ngokungakhethi. Ukusebenzisa ingqiqo okusemthethweni kusekelwe kwingqiqo, kungekhona kumgaqo wokukhetha okomntu afunayo. Xa ijaji ihamba ngaphandle kwale mida, isigqibo sayo sixhomekeke ekusebenziseni kakubi ingqiqo.

Impembelelo yoluntu neZiseko zoMthetho wezeejaji

Izigqibo zeenkundla zivelisa iziphumo ezinzulu zentlalo, zezoqoqosho, nezezobupolitika. Umthetho omnye ungabuyisela ulungelelwano, uphuculo lwamalungelo abantu, okanye imithetho engenanto edluliselwa ngabaninzi abagqwesi. Eli gunya likhulu lidala ingxwabangxwaba yemfuza nemigaqo yedemokhrasi, ingxaki edla ngokubizwa ngokuba bubunzima bobuzwe obungalawulekiyo.

Eyona Nto Ibalulekileyo Ekutshintsheni Nakukhuseleko Lwamalungelo

Iinkundla ziye zangundoqo kwezinye zeenguqu ezibalulekileyo zentlalo. Ngokutolika iziqinisekiso eziphangaleleyo zomGaqo-siseko, iinkundla ziye zandisa ukhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu ngabanye, zanyanzelisa ukhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi komthetho, zaza zachaza imida yamandla karhulumente. Kwanaxa iinkundla zingaqhubeli phambili, izigqibo zazo zibumba indawo apho iingxoxo zenkqubo ziqhubeka khona. Isisongelo sokuziphikisa singenza umsebenzi womthetho, kwaye umthetho ogwebayo ungaqinisekisa okanye ulahle ukusetyenziswa komthetho omtsha.

Ukuhlala Ukholose Ngoluntu Ngomgwebo Oqiqayo

Igunya lenkundla ekugqibeleni lixhomekeke ekuvumeni kukawonke-wonke ukufaneleka kwalo. Ukuba abemi bakholelwa ukuba abagwebi bangoopolitiko abanxibe iingubo, isiseko senkqubo yokugweba siyawohloka. Iinkundla zifumana kwaye zigcine imigaqo yazo ifanelekile ngezimvo ezibonisa umgudu wokholo olulungileyo wokusebenzisa umthetho ngokungakhethi buso.

Ukuzimela geqe kubalulekile kule nkqubo. Abagwebi kufuneka bangabi nangcinezelo yezopolitiko okanye bangabi namkhethe. Imilinganiselo yemithetho ifuna ukuba baphinde bathethelelwe kwiimeko zongquzulwano.

Isiphelo: Intsingiselo Ehlala Ihleli Yokucaciswa Kwezigwebo

Yinkqubo esetyenziswa ziinkundla ekutolikeni nasekusebenziseni umthetho yi-injini yenkqubo yokugweba. Ibandakanya umxube ontsonkothileyo wesakhiwo, intanda-bulumko ecacisayo, ingqiqo engqongqo, kunye nemigaqo esesikweni. Ukusuka kwinqanaba lokufumana iinkundla ezivavanya iinkundla eziphakamileyo ukuya kwizigqibo ezimanyanisayo zeenkundla eziphakamileyo, umgangatho ngamnye wejaji udlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuguquleleni umthetho ukusuka kwimo ecacileyo kumbhalo ocacileyo.

Kubafundi nabafundisi, le nkqubo inika abafundi iwindow ebalulekileyo kwindlela ibutho labantu elilawulwa ngumthetho elisebenza ngayo. Ikhanyisa indima entsonkothileyo yabagwebi abamele basebenzise umthetho ngokuthembeka ngoxa beqhuba iinqobo, becombulula ingxabano, bexhasa ukuthembana kwabantu. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kweenkundla, iindlu zowiso-mthetho, kunye nabantu iyaqhubeka ibumba intsingiselo ecacileyo yokusesikweni. Ukusebenza kwenkundla akuyonto nje yemfundo; kuyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yolwazi kunye nobumi obusebenzayo.