Indima yomGaqo-siseko wesebe eligwebayo

Isebe lejaji lorhulumente wase-United States liyintsika elinganayo yedemokhrasi, esebenza ngokuchaza imithetho nokuqinisekisa ukuba iyavumelana nomgaqo-siseko. Ngoxa izikhulu zemithetho yowiso-mthetho zimisela imimiselo kunye namagunya alawulayo, iinkundla zisebenza njengabaququzeleli bokugqibela boko kuthethwa ngumthetho. Eli gunya lokuhlola ngezomthetho likwimeko yedemokhrasi (`````````````````````'']''''''' [[FLTBHOU] v.[FLT]]] [[FLT]]]] [iiiiiinkundla zamagunya] [iiinkundla zomthetho ezilawula umthetho ochasene nomthetho. Ngokwenza njalo, i-judiary ikhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye, igcina ukwahlulwa kwegunya ngalinye, kwaye inikela ulawulo lolawulo lolawulo lwezomthetho lwezilawulo lwezigqeqesho-mthetho.

Isakhiwo seSizwe

Inkqubo yenkundla yesizwe ilungelelaniswe ngokucwangcisiweyo ukuqinisekisa uhlolo nokusetyenziswa komthetho okungaguquguqukiyo. Kwincopho kukho iNkundla yeNkundla yeZibheno yaseUnited States, esebenzisa igunya elilawulayo kumatyala abandakanya umGaqo-siseko okanye iingxabano phakathi kweenkundla ezisezantsi. Ngaphantsi kweNkundla ePhakamileyo yiBhunga ePhakamileyo [[FLT] iUnited States] United States iiNkundla zeeNkundla zeeNkundla zeempuko zeempuko [[[FLT]] [FLT]] [3], eziva izibheno zeenkundla zesithili, eziva izibheno ezibheno zetyala nezizikhethekileyo zezomthetho zeNkulungisa-mthetho. KwiNkundla yeNkundla engongoma ePhakamene nezo zezo .

Iinkqubo zeNkundla yoMgangatho woMgaqo-siseko

Ukongeza kwijaji yesizwe, urhulumente ngamnye ugcina inkqubo yakhe yenkundla ngezakhiwo ezizimeleyo. Iinkundla zeli lizwe zisingatha ityala elininzi lemicimbi yomthetho ``impikiswano yentsapho, ukuchasana kwemiba yemoto, kunye namatyala olwaphulo-mthetho karhulumente. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iinkundla zomanyano, ziva amatyala abandakanya umthetho karhulumente, ukwahluka-hluka-hlukene kobumi, okanye iimpikiswano phakathi kwamazwe. Ukubandakanya ezi nkqubo zilawulwa yimigaqo yemithetho yoburhulumente, kunye neNkuNkundlalelo ePhakamileyo ekhonza njengegunya lokugqibela kwimibuzo yesogqeba. Ukuqonda esi sakhiwo sibini kuyafuneka kuqonde indlela echazwe ngayo kwaye kunyanzeleke ngayo ukuba imigaqo eyahlukeneyo.

Iindlela zokuchaza imigaqo-siseko nenkcazelo yomGaqo-siseko

Abagwebi basebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuchaza ukusombulula izinto ezingalunganga kwimithetho nakumalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko. Akukho ndlela inye eyamkelekileyo kwindalo yonke; endaweni yoko, ukufikelela kusoloko kubonisa iintanda-bulumko ezibanzi ezibonisa indima yeenkundla. Ngeli ngezantsi zizikolo eziphambili zokutolika.

Ubhalo

I-Tracyism ithi abagwebi kufuneka baxhomekeke kwintsingiselo ecacileyo yokubhaliweyo okusesikweni, njengoko iqondwa ngumntu onolwazelelelo ngexesha lokwenziwa ummiselo. Abaxhasi, ngokuphawulekayo iJaji yamva uAntonin Scalia, baphikisa ukuba ukunyanzela kombhalo kugunyazisa imigaqo yokulawula nokuhlonela igunya lomthetho. Umzekelo, iHeller [2008], iNkundla yasebenzisa indlela yokuchaza indlela yokuchaza indlela yokuchaza iSinyuko sesibini sokulungisa izinto, iphikisa ukuba "kugcine nokuphatha izixhobo ze-ARGS" njengenkuselo zomntu onelungelo lokuzidubula ngemilo, ukuzenzela iziqhubo zenkonzo. [FLT:] [FLT] [FPT] [FPT]

Injongo Yokwazi

I-Evontalist ifuna ukutyhila oko abenzi bomthetho babekuhlolele xa bemisela umthetho okanye ilungiselelo lomgaqo-siseko. Abagwebi bahlolisisa imbali yemithetho-mthetho. "iingxelo zekomiti, iingxoxo zomgangatho, kunye neeprojekthi zangaphambi kokumiswa komthetho] ukufumanisa injongo esemva komthetho. Icawa kaBathathu Engcwele v. [[FLT] [1892] [iNku-1892], iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo ijonge ngaphaya kombhalo oqhelekileyo wesivumelwano somgunyaziso, igqiba kwelokuba iBhunga lecawanyathelela ukurhoxisa umsebenzi ophantsi, hayi ukuqeshwa kwecawa komfundisi. Ngoxa ubukhozi bomthetho-demokhrasi bungasolwa ngenxa yokukholo olungaqhelekanga nokuphakamisa intengongowayo.

Izakhono

Utoliko lwezindululo lulinganisa iziphumo ezisebenzayo zerula, iqwalasela indlela ezahlukileyo eziya kuchaphazela ngayo ibutho labantu, inkqubo kawonke-wonke, kunye namalungelo omntu ngamnye. Abagwebi abasebenzisa indlela elula yokulungelelanisa iminqweno ekhuphisanayo bangayilinganisa, besebenzisa "umlinganiselo" okanye intelekelelo yexabiso. Umzekelo, [uvavanyo oluthelekelelwayo] lokugqibela [umthwalo ophezulu]. I-Casey[FLT][FLT] [1992], iNkuxhase ukugcinwa komna kwexabiso v. Roe. ngokusebenzisa "unt" uvavanyo oluthe krawulwayo olufuna ukukhusela ukuqhotyosa komthetho. I-Pmagragn isetyenziswa rhoqo kwiimeko eziqinileyo (uhlulo oluneyo), ukuvavanyanisa imigaqo yomthetho.

UmGaqo-siseko Ophilayo / Ingcaciso Enamandla

Ingcamango ekhoyo yomgaqo-siseko iposits ukuba intsingiselo yezomGaqo-siseko iguquka ngokuhamba kwexesha ukuze ibonise ukutshintsha amaxabiso entlalo kunye neemeko. Ngale mbono, abagwebi ababotshelelwanga ngokwentsingiselo yantlandlolo kodwa banokutshintsha imigaqo-siseko ngokwezimeko zangoku. Le ndlela iphantsi kwemiqathango emininzi, iquka [[FLT: 0]] Brown v. [IBrown [FLT] v]. Ibhodi yemfundo [iikqum].[FLT] [iiinte] ivumela umGaqo-siseko uhlale uhleli, ungenayo, uk'uthelela ngenxa yokuba abagwebi baphumele iimbono zabo. [[FFLT]

Amacandelo Olwakhiwo

Ngapha koko, abagwebi baxhomekeke kwimithetho emiselweyo yolwakhiwo, imigaqo enika isikhokelo imigaqo efundeka ngokulandelelana. Imizekelo iquka [[FLT: 0]] isolishi (igama elaziwa yinkampani elihlalayo), [[FLT:] ijijelo] lejini [[FLT]] [iiijini] [iiijini]] [indlela] yento elandelayo] (izinto ezithe ngqo ezithe ngqo zilinganiselwe kwicandelo elinye), kunye [[FLT] ne[FLT] [iff:] ucrexious esterius excluex proces [ist projective:5] [iiiiiiiiiinter, isebenzisa intebeko yomthetho womthetho womthetho-mthetho womthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko se-siseko se-siseko se-siseko se-siseko se-siseko se-siseko se-siseko soburhulumente, [[4] [ethentiv]], isebenzisa

Imfundiso Yenkwenkwezi Iyachaphaza

Isiseko senkqubo esemthethweni yaseMelika sinobukho bemithetho obukhoyo. i-decis] umgaqo wokuba iinkundla zimele zilandele imizekelo emiselwe kwiimeko zangaphambili ngaphandle kokuba kukho isizathu esinyanzelekileyo sokulawula. iStarle decisis ikhuthaza uzinzo, okungalungisi, nentlonelo kubaphathi bezomthetho. Iqinisekisa ukuba amatyala afanayo agqibeke ngokufanayo, ivumela abemi namagqwetha ukuba baxhomekeke kumthetho omisiweyo. Inkundla ephakamileyo inqabile ukubeka imizekelo yayo, igcina ukuba igunya kwiimeko zangaphambili zingqineke zingafezeki, lithotyelwe zizinto ezilandelayo, okanye azifuni qhathanga kakuhle. [[FFFF] [FF] [10] [evos.FFF] kunye nehlelo oluthe k] [awuninzi] [awunyuke] [[10][3][3][3][3]

Izigqibo Zophawu Nempembelelo Yazo Engokolawulo - melo

Ukucaciswa kwezeejaji ngokuthe ngqo kubumba ulawulo lwedemokhrasi namalungelo omntu ngamnye. La matyala alandelayo abonisa indlela iinkundla eziye zaguqula ngayo ibutho lamaMelika ngokuqonda umGaqo-siseko.

Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo (1954)

[[NKT.] Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yavumelana ukuba ucalulo lohlanga kwizikolo zikawonke wonke lwalwaphula uKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Claus eMphetho-Mdambini we-145th Amendment. Isigqibo seJaji enkulu u-Earl Warren's sawakhaba iliso "kube ulingana" imfundiso esuka .[FLT][FLT:][FLT][FF:][5]][FLT] [5]] [18] [18] [18] [18] Iekiso-myusamyusa elungeleneyo yokuchaza imigangatho yolungelelaniso ye-demokhrasiti ye-om-ognome.[5] [3]

Umgangatho ophezulu wesinyithi

[[FLT: 0] .[FLT]] Roe v. wamkela ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokukhupha isisu phantsi kweNkqutyana yoMphetho-Msebenzi we-145], elisekelwe kwilungelo lobuqu bobuqu. Kwisiqingatha sekhulu leminyaka, [[[FLT:]] Roe [[FLT:]] inkqubo yesizwe emekekileyo kumalungelo okuzalayo ngexesha kuqhushukumiswa ingxushusa kakhulu kwezobupolitika. Noko ke, [[FLT:]] Dobs v. Jackson's Organization Health [[FLT:] [202]], uninzi [FLT] [FLT] [FL:] [5] [5] [iiiiiiiiiiiindlela ebanzi yokukhupha i-ncithathu], i-RO [FFF] kunye nenkcazelo elinamandla yomthetho-osethi, i-octive.[FF]

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

i-Obergefell v. Hodges, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi izibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo zinelungelo elisisiseko lokutshata phantsi kweNkqubo elindelekileyo kunye noKhuselo lwe-Umlinganiselo ka-Cemeter Clausss. Uluvo lukaJaji Kennedy lugxininisa isidima kunye nokuzilawula okusemtshatweni, ukuqiqaqaza ukuba umGaqo-siseko ukhusela ukhetho lobuqu kulwalamano olusondeleleneyo. Isigqibo esisemthethweni sikwamkeleke ngokunempumelelo emtshatweni we-1446, ukwandisa amalungelo abantu abamele iLBTQ+ abantu ngabanye. OK]berge yesona sithethe somgaqo oqhelekileyo, njengoko ichaza ulungelelwano lwendlela lokulungelelanisa ulungelelwano lwentlalo lwe-Geneepu ye-Geneargences.

Abemi Manyene/-5C (2010)

Isigqibo seNkundla, esisekelwe kwiKhomishini yoNqumaniso manyano saphelisa imiqathango yenkcitho yezopolitiko ezizimeleyo zemibutho yezopolitiko ngamaqumrhu kunye namaqumrhu, sibambe ukuba ukuchitha ezo zinto kuyintetho ekhuselekileyo phantsi koMphengululo wokuqala. Isigqibo seNkundla, esisekelwe kwinkcazo yenkcaso kunye nenkcazo yokuqala, sakhupha igazamvo zemali echithwayo kwimali echithwayo kwiPucine. Abahlalutyi bethiswa yi-demokhrasi ngokunyusa impembelelo yabani abazizityebi, ngoxa abaxhasi besenza ikhuselwa ngenkululeko yentetho yezobupolitika. Le meko ibonisa iziphumo ezifikelelayo zokucacisa ukhetho kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi ngokwayo.

Inkululeko Yejaji Nenkuselo Yayo

Ukuze iinkundla zitolike imithetho ngokungakhethi buso, abagwebi kufuneka bakhuselwe kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika nakwiminqweno ethandwayo. Ukuzimela geqe kuyimfuneko ekuxhaseni umthetho nasekukhuseleni amalungelo amancinane kubantu abaninzi abaphangiweyo.

Ubomi Bomntu Onexesha Elide Nokhuseleko Lokuthengiswa Kwemali

Inqaku III loMgaqo-siseko linika abagwebi ukumiselwa kobomi babo bonke ngexesha "lokuziphatha okuhle," kunye nomvuzo oqinisekisiweyo ongenakuncitshiswa. Le migaqo ivumela abagwebi ukuba bagqibe amatyala asekelwe kumthetho kuphela nezibakala, ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindezela kumasebe alawulayo okanye owiso-mthetho. Ixesha lobomi likwanceda abagwebi ukuba baqokelele amava kunye nobuchule bokuphuhlisa, nto leyo enegalelo ekuzinziseni ngokungaguqukiyo iimbono zobomi. Noko ke, abagxeki baphawula ukuba amabinzana obomi anokukhokelela kwiimbono eziphelelwe lixesha kwaye akhuthaza izicelo zemiqathangokwakhelo.

Ukhuseleko Olufanelekileyo

Abagwebi bangasuswa kuphela ngokungacetyiswa yiNdlu yabameli kunye nokuvunywa yiBhunga, eligcinelwe "ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye neMisdears". Esi sigqeba siphezulu siqinisekisa ukuba ukususwa kusekelwe kwihambo embi enzulu ````````Ibriberry''', i- pejury'', okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwesikhundla . Inkqubo yokungaquququzeli isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola igunya lokulawula ngexesha lokulondoloza inkululeko.

Imigangatho esesikweni kunye nokuthenjwa

Abagwebi abamanyeneyo babotshelelwe yimithetho yeNdlela yaBagwebi baseUnited States, efuna ukungacaluli, ingqibelelo, nokuphepha iimfazwe zomdla. Ukukholosa kwabantu ngokubanzi kwijaji kuxhomekeke ekunamatheleni kwabagwebi kule milinganiselo nakuzimele kwabo abakugqalayo kokungathobeli zobupolitika. Iimpikiswano zakutshanje ngokuchaphazelekayo ngokwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha nezigqibo ezizinzileyo zibalaselise imfuneko yokugcinwa kwemithetho ecacileyo ecacileyo ukugcina umthetho usemthethweni.

Iimbambano KwiNkundla Yanamhlanje

Namhlanje isebe eligwebayo lijamelene neengcinezelo eziphawulekayo ezivavanya indima yalo njengomtoliki ongakhethi buso womthetho.

Ukuphakanyiswa Kwezobupolitika Nokupakishwa Kwenkundla

Inkqubo yokuqinisekisa abagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo iye yajika yaya iphela, ngamadabi abonisa ukwahlulwa okunzulu kweengcamango. Oku kuthatyathwa komhlaba kukwaphule imbono yeenkundla njengeziko lezobupolitika. Iinjongo zokwandisa iNkundla ePhakamileyo ("ukupakisha inkundla") ziye zajinga-jinga yimida yabanye abezobupolitika abafuna ukuphinda balungelelanise ukwenziwa kwengqiqo yejaji, kodwa ezo nguqulelo zisongela ukuhlazisela kweNkundla ngokubhekele phambili kwaye zinciphisa ukuzimela kwayo. Ukugcina ilungelo lokuhlola kwenkundla kudinga ulungelelwaniso oluluvo oluphezulu phakathi kokuziphendulela

Umthetho nomthetho

Uhlolisiso lweembono lubonisa ukuncipha kokuthenjelwa kwabantu kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo, namaMerika amaninzi ekujonga njengequmrhu lezobupolitika eliqhubeka lisebenzisa izigqibo eziphambili. Le ngcamango ikhuthazwa zisigqibo sokuphikisana ngokuqhomfa, imipu, kunye nonqulo. Iingxelo zangaphakathi zeNkundla zibonakala ngokudibana nokungavumelani kweembono ezihlukeneyo . "Izikhundla zesebe lejaji" zibangela ukuba abantu baqhubeke bekhonza njengomphathi wedemokhrasi, kufuneka ziqinise ukuzinikela kwabo ukuqiqa, ukutolika ngemigaqo, kwananobuso boxinzelo.

Isiphelo

Amandla esebe lejaji ukuchaza imithetho ligumbi ledemokhrasi yaseMerika. Ngendlela ezisuka kumbhalo obhaliweyo ukuya kumgangatho ophantsi, iinkundla ziguqulela imigaqo ebanzi yemigaqo-siseko kwimithetho ethile elawula ubomi bemihla ngemihla. Izigqibo zelizwe elilawulayo njenge Brown[[, [OMYE] wehlela [[FLT], [[FLT]], [[FLT] [[FLT]] [iiiiiiiindlela] ezibonisa indlela ukutolikwa komthetho okunokuqhubekeka nokuhlola utshintsho lwedemokhrasi. Kwalo, impilo ye-judiary ixhomekeke kwinkululeko yayo, ukulandela imodemo-maspoint, iinkundla zezopolitiki ezimele zihlale ziqinile kwinkonzo yazo zezomthetho " eziwulungele ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho esemthethweni, kwaye ingenayokugwebo, inyani ekufuneka inyani, inyani, inyani, inyani, i