Iinkundla Nenkqubo Yokusesikweni: Isikhokelo Sabemi

Iinkundla zingamaziko achaza imithetho aze enze izigqibo kumatyala asemthethweni. Aqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni kuphunyezwa ngokucombulula iimpikiswano phakathi kwabantu, imibutho, okanye urhulumente. Inkqubo yokugweba ilungiselela inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo yokulungisa iingxabano ngoxolo, ukukhusela amalungelo abantu, nokugcina abantu benoxanduva phantsi komthetho.

Igunya leenkundla lisuka kumgaqo-siseko nemithetho emisela ulawulo lwalo. EUnited States, isebe lezomthetho lisebenza ngokwalo kumasebe owiso-mthetho kunye nawolawulo, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya enzelwe ukukhusela nayiphi na ingalo karhulumente ukuba ingabi namandla kakhulu. Iinkundla zeli lizwe zisingatha imicimbi yemihla ngemihla engomthetho, ngoxa iinkundla zezorhulumente zithetha ngamatyala abandakanya imithetho karhulumente, imibuzo yezomgaqo-siseko, kunye neempikiswano phakathi kwamazwe. Le nkqubo yezomthetho idityaniswe kwizigidi zabantu unyaka ngamnye, ilungisa yonke into ukusuka ekuphathweni kwemibutho elintsonkothile.

Iinkundla azizimiseli ngokwazo amatyala. Zilinda amaqela ukuba azise imbambano phambi kwawo. Ityala liqala xa omnye umntu efaka isikhalazo okanye isicelo, eqalisa inyathelo elisemthethweni inkundla emele ilicombulule. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba iinkundla azithathi cala kuneejaji ezikhutheleyo okanye abatshutshisi.

Inkqubo Yasemthethweni Kwinkundla: Inyathelo Ngenyathelo

Xa ityala lisiwa enkundleni, omabini amacala anikela iimpikiswano zawo kunye nobungqina. Abagwebi okanye abagwebi bahlola le nkcazelo ukuze bafumanise ukuba kwenzeka ntoni baze bagqibe ukuba ngubani ochanile. Le nkqubo ilandela ulandelelwano oluqinisekisiweyo olulungiselelwe ukunika iqela ngalinye ithuba elifanelekileyo lokuviwa. Ngoxa iinkqubo ezichanekileyo zingafani phakathi kwamatyala asekuhlaleni nawamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, imo engundoqo ihlala ingqubana macala amaninzi.

Iqela elikhokelayo

Inkqubo engokwasemthethweni iqala ngamaxwebhu abhaliweyo abizwa ngokuba ziingngxengxezo. Kwityala loluntu, ummangalelwa ufaka isikhalazo esichaza izibakala kunye nezityholo ezingokwasemthethweni. Ummangalelwa uyaphendula, avume okanye aphikise ityala ngalinye. Le ngxoxo ichaza imbambano inkundla emele iyenze. Kwizityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho, urhulumente ubeka izityholo ngetyala okanye ngolwazi, kwaye ummangalelwa ungena kwisibongozo setyala, akabi natyala, okanye akangeneli mphikisi.

Inkundla iyakwazi ukuchaza ukuba ziziphi izibakala ezivumelanayo nezisaqhubeka zikhuphisana. Oku kugcina ixesha kwaye kubhekisa izinto kwimicimbi yokwenyaniso kunokuba kujoliswe kwimicimbi enzima.

Ukufumana iPase

Ngaphambi kokuba kugwetywe, omabini amacala abandakanyeka ekufumaneni, inkqubo apho athe anikana khona ulwazi olunxulumene netyala. Uhlolo luquka ukudityaniswa, ukuncinwa kwemibuzo, izicelo zamaxwebhu, nezicelo zokungeniswa. Eli candelo lithintela ukuvavanywa ngokulalela, liqinisekisa ukuba akukho namnye umbutho ofihliweyo onokuthi ngokungekho sikweni wothuse elinye icala.

Ukufumanisa kukhuthaza ukuhlaziywa. Xa amacala omabini ekuqonda kakuhle oko kusemandleni nokungalungisi kwesikhundla sawo, asoloko eshukunyiselwa ukuba athethe ngesigqibo kunokuba angcakaze kwiziphumo zokuvavanywa. Malunga namashumi asithoba anesihlanu ekhulwini amatyala amakhaya ahlala phambi kokuba afikelelwe kwityala, ubukhulu becala kuba ukufunyanwa kunika icace ngoko ubungqina buza kubonisa.

Ukuvavanywa Kwetyala

Ukuba ityala liqhubeka livavanywa, lilandela indlela elungelelanisiweyo. Iingxelo zokuvula zivumela icala ngalinye ukuba lichaze oko liceba ukukungqina. Ityala eliqhelekileyo okanye elingxengxezwayo lichaza kuqala, libiza amangqina lize lizise imiboniso. Emva kobungqina ngabunye, icala eliphikisanayo linethuba lokunqumla i-examine, livavanya ukuthembeka nokuchana kobungqina.

Xa ityala lithe labekwa, ingxubusho ichaza ityala lalo., kuveliswa amaxwebhu, yaye iingcali zisenokunikela izimvo kwimibandela yobugcisa. Ijaji iwisa umthetho ngemibandela ephikisayo, igqiba ukuba bubuphi ubungqina abachopheleyo abachopheli - tyala abanokubuqwalasela. Emva kokuba amacala omabini egqibile, iingxoxo zokuqukumbela zishwankathela ubungqina yaye zibongoza abachopheli-tyala okanye abagwebi ukuba bafikelele isigqibo esithile.

Isigwebo noMgwebo

Umfumani wento, nokuba yijaji okanye ngabachopheli-tyala, ababom kwaye bafikelele kwisigqibo. Kwimiba yolwaphulo-mthetho, isigqibo kufuneka sihlangane kwaye umgangatho wobungqina ungaphaya kokungathandatyuzwa okufanelekileyo. Iimeko zabemi zifuna ukuqwalaselwa kobungqina, ithetha ukuba icala eliphumeleleyo limele lingqine ukuba linyaniseke ngakumbi kunangenjalo. Amanye amazwe avumela izigqibo ezingasetyenziswayo kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni, nangona intsingiselo ifuna isivumelwano esingqinelanayo.

Emva kwesigqibo, ijaji ingena kwisigwebo, yenza isigqibo. Isigwebo sichaza isiqabu esinikwayo, esiquka ukonakaliswa ngemali, umyalelo oyalela umntu ukuba athabathe amanyathelo okanye angakhuphi, okanye avakalise amalungelo. Kwimiba yolwaphulo-mthetho, umgwebo uquka isigwebo, esibandakanya ukuhlawuliswa, ukuvalelwa, ukuvalelwa okanye ezinye iimvume.

Indlela ABagwebi Abazenza Ngayo Izigqibo

Abagwebi basekela izigqibo zabo kwimithetho, kwimizekelo engokwasemthethweni, nakwiinyaniso ezinikelwayo. Batolika imimiselo nemithetho yangaphambili ukuze baqinisekise ukuvisisana.

Inkcazelo yesiseko

Xa umthetho usebenza kwityala, abagwebi kufuneka bagqibe oko kujongwa yinjongo yendlu yowiso-mthetho. Bahlola ulwimi olucacileyo lomthetho, bafunde amagama ngokwentsingiselo yawo eqhelekileyo. Ukuba ulwimi ludida, abagwebi bangajonga imbali yemithetho, kuquka iingxelo zeekomiti kunye neengxoxo zomgangatho, ukuze baqonde injongo yomthetho. Kwakhona baqwalasela iinkonzo zolwakhiwo, ezimiselwe imithetho yokutolika imibhalo engokwasemthethweni.

Ngokomzekelo, umgaqo wobusela ufuna ukuba imimiselo yolwaphulo-mthetho edidayo ichazwe ngokuxhasa ummangalelwa. Umthetho ochasene nokulahlwa kwentsalela yemali uqikelela ukuba igama ngalinye elikummiselo linentsingiselo yaye akufunekanga liphathwe njengelingeyomfuneko. Ezi zixhobo zokutolika zinceda abagwebi bafikelele iziphumo ezithe ngqo nezinokuthelekelelwa ngoxa kubhekiswa kukwahlulwa amasebe eekomiti.

Umthetho Oqhelekileyo Nophando

Uninzi lomthetho waseMerika awuveli kwimimiselo kodwa kwizigwebo eziziimeko eziziindawo ezininzi. Imfundiso yokuhlola, ethetha "ukuma ngokwezinto ezigqitywe," ifuna ukuba abagwebi balandele imizekelo emiselwe ziinkundla eziphakamileyo kummandla omnye. Lo mgaqo uqinisekisa ukuba amatyala afanayo aphathwa ngendlela efanayo, ekhuthaza okusesikweni nokuzinzileyo kwinkqubo engokwasemthethweni.

Xa ijaji ijongene nembambano engagqitywanga ngaphambili, ijaji kufuneka iqiqe ngokuthelekisa, ithelekisa ityala langoku namatyala afanayo nokusebenzisa imigaqo esisiseko. Le ndlela yomthetho iqhelekileyo ivumela umthetho ukuba utshintshe ngokuthe ngcembe xa kuvela iimeko ezintsha. Abagwebi bangasuka kwimizekelo xa iimeko zitshintsha ngokuphawulekayo okanye xa izigqibo zangaphambili zibonakala zingasebenzi, kodwa zifuna ulungiso olunamandla lokwenza oko.

Intanda - bulumko Yokugweba

Abagwebi bazisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo kumsebenzi wabo. Abanye banamathela kwimfundiso yokuqala, batolika amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko ngokwentsingiselo yawo ngexesha lokumkelwa. Abanye bamkela indlela yomgaqo-siseko ophilayo, bavumela intsingiselo yoxwebhu ukuba iguquleke ngeenguqu zentlalo. Olu mahluko wentanda-bulumko ungakhokelela kwiziphumo ezisusela kwiimeko ezibandakanya ulwimi olubanzi lomgaqo-siseko, njengokhuseleko okanye inkqubo efanelekileyo.

Ingqiqo yejaji ikwanendima kwizigqibo ezininzi. Abagwebi bagqiba izigwebo ezikwimiqathango esemthethweni, bagqibe ukuba baza kuvumela na ukuqhubekeka, bamisele kwiimeko ezicacileyo, baze balawule ihambo ecacileyo enkundleni. Ngoxa ingqiqo ivumela abagwebi ukuba bavumelane neemeko ezingaqhelekanga zetyala ngalinye, kwakhona yenza ukuba kubekho ukuguquguquka.

Uvavanyo lobungqina

ABagwebi kufuneka bahlolisise ukuthembeka nobunzima bobungqina obunikelwe enkundleni. Bagqiba ukuba bubuphi ubungqina abachopheli-tyala ababuvayo, basebenzisa imithetho yobungqina enzelwe ukunganyaniseki okanye ukugxeka ulwazi oluvela kwibhedri. Ngexesha lokuvavanywa kwebhedi, apho umgwebi asebenza njengofumana inyaniso, ijaji ihlola indlela umntu abonisa ngayo, iqwalasela ubungqina obuxhasayo, kwaye ivavanya ubungqina obuphikisanayo.

Imithetho yobungqina, enjengeMithetho yoMgaqo-siseko yoBufakazi esetyenziswa kwiinkundla zephondo, ibonisa iinkulungwane zamava malunga noko ulwazi lunokuthenjwa ngokwaneleyo ukwenzela ukuqhubekeka okusemthethweni. Umzekelo, ukuva, jikelele kususiwe kuba iqela elichasayo lingenakukwazi ukunqumla i-examine yoqobo. Ingqino ecacileyo mayihlangabezane nemilinganiselo yokuthembeka ngaphambi kokuba inikelwe kwinkundla egwebayo. Ezi zinto zikhusela ukuthembeka kwesigqibo sokwenziwa kwesigqibo.

Indima Yezigqibo Kwizigqibo Zenkundla

Kwezinye iimeko, abachopheli-mgwebi bagqiba ngesigqibo. Abachopheli-tyala baphulaphula ubungqina baze baxubushe ngetyala ukuze bafumane isigqibo. Isigqibo sabo kufuneka sisekelwe kuphela kwizibakala nakumthetho njengoko kuchazwe yijaji.

Ukhetho lwe Jury kunye nokwakhiwa

Ilungelo lokuchophela ityala liqinisekiswe yiSihlanu soMchiza woLwemi lweSithandathu wamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho kunye noMphengululo weSebentebe kumatyala asekuhlaleni. Ukukhethwa kwe Jury kuqala ngequmrhu labemi abacelwa ukuba basebenze, ngokuqhelekileyo kukhutshwe kwingxelo yomvoti nelayisensi yabaqhubi. AbaLawuli bamangalelwa ngamacala onke ngenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-voirdad, befuna ukuchaza iimbono ezithintela ukugwetywa ngokungakhethi.

Icala ngalinye lingabacingela abachopheli-jula ukuba babonakalisa ikhethe lokwenene, njengolwalamano lobuqu neqela okanye iimbono eziqinileyo ezimiselwe kwangaphambili ngetyala. Ukubetha ngenxa yesizathu akunasiphelo. Icala ngalinye lifumana inani elilinganiselweyo leengxaki zokucinezela, ezivumela ukususwa kweejaji ngaphandle kokuchaza isizathu. Noko ke, iingxaki zokuzikhulula azinakusetyenziswa ukucalula ngokusekelwe kuhlanga okanye kwisini.

Ijaji yokugqibela iqulethwe ngamalungu alishumi elinesibini kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, nangona amanye amazwe esebenzisa izigwebo ezincinane kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni. Iindawo ezichaphazelekayo zikhethwa ukuthatha indawo yabo nabaphi na abagwebi abangakwaziyo ukusebenza ngexesha lokuchotshelwa kwetyala. Injongo kukuhlanganisa iqela labemi abamele icandelo elifanelekileyo elinqamleze uluntu kwaye banokugqiba ityala ngokungakhethi.

Ihambo Efanelekileyo Nenkululeko

Ngexesha lokuvavanywa, abachopheli-mthetho kufuneka balandele imithetho engqongqo. Abakwazi ukuxubusha ngetyala nabani na, kuquka nabaququzeli bomthetho abangomnye, de kuqalise amaqhinga. Abakwazi ukuphengulula ityala ngokwabo, ukutyelela iziganeko, okanye ukusebenzisa ijelo-ndaba lokunxibelelana ukuze baqokelele ulwazi. Le miqathango ithintela ukungcoliswa kwesigqibo sabachopheli-tyala ngempembelelo yangaphandle okanye imigwebo yangaphandle ngaphambi kwexesha.

Emva kokwamkela imiyalelo evela kumgwebi malunga nomthetho osebenzayo, abagwebi bathatha umhlala-phantsi kwigumbi lokuxubusha ngobungqina. Bakhetha umphambili ukuze akhokele ingxubusho nokunxibelelana nenkundla. Imiyalelo isenokuthabatha iiyure okanye iintsuku ezigqithileyo, kuxhomekeke ekuntsonkothekeni kwetyala nokudibana kobungqina. Abagwebi bahlola umboniso, ukuphinda bahlolisise ubungqina, kwaye baxambulisana ngokubaluleka kwentwana nganye yobungqina.

Ukuba abachopheli-tyala abanakuvumelana emva kokuququzelela, ijaji ingalikhupha ityala elitsha phambi kwenkundla eyahlukileyo. Oku kufunekayo ukuze kuvumelane kukhuthaza ingxubusho enzulu nokulalanisa, kodwa kukwanika negosa elinye igunya lokuvala isigqibo ukuba liqinisekile ukuba ubungqina abuphumeleli ukufikelela umgangatho ofunekayo.

Ukwenziwa kwe Jury Nullification

Kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, abachopheli-tyala basenokukhetha ukumgweba ummangalelwa naxa kukho ubungqina obunamandla bokwenza ityala. Lo mkhwa, owaziwa ngokuba kukupheliswa kwetyala, uyenzeka xa abachopheli begwebi bekholelwa ukuba ukusebenzisa umthetho kuya kuvelisa iziphumo ezingekho sikweni. Ngoxa amajaji enegunya elingapheliyo lokuphelisa, akanalo ilungelo lokwenza oko, kwaye abagwebi abawazisi amajaji okunokwenzeka. I-Unication isebenza njengevalverhe ngokukhusela ukuchasa abatshutshisi abacinezeli kodwa ibeka engozini yokuhlisa umthetho xa usetyenziswa ngendlela engafanelekanga.

Iimeko Ezibangela Izigqibo Zenkundla Zibe Nempembelelo

Kunqabile ukuba izigqibo zenkundla zixhomekeke kwityala elinye. Endaweni yoko, zivela kwintsebenziswano yezinto ezininzi, nganye inegalelo kwisiphumo sokugqibela. Ukuqonda ezi meko kunceda abemi bale meko bahlole isizathu sokuba amatyala avele ngendlela asebenza ngayo kwaye bahlole naziphi na iindlela ezinokuphumelela ekuchazeni ityala.

  • Imithetho esemthethweni esebenzayo kwityala. Imithetho yokumisela imimiselo echaza amalungelo, imisebenzi, kunye nezohlwayo. Iinkundla kufuneka zisebenzise le mithetho njengebhaliweyo, nangona utoliko lungayichaphazela ngokuphawulekayo intsingiselo yayo. Amagama achanileyo omthetho, ukufakwa kwawo ngaphakathi kwekhowudi ebanzi, kunye nomhla wayo osebenzayo wonke ophembelela indlela inkundla eza kuyisebenzisa ngayo.
  • Izabelo zenkundla yangaphambili ezikhokelayo imithetho yangoku. Iinkundla zilandela umgaqo wokujonga idecis, ithetha ukuba zinamathela kwizigqibo zangaphambili kwiimeko ezifanayo. Iinkundla eziphezulu zibophelelekile kwiinkundla ezisezantsi kulawulo olunye. Nakuko ukungabopheleli kwemizekelo evela kwamanye amagunya kungayeyisela, ingakumbi xa kukho icebo okanye kungekho gunya lasekuhlaleni.
  • Inyaniso kunye nobungqina obunikelwe ngexesha lokuvavanywa. Ubungqina buquka ubungqina, amaxwebhu, izinto eziphathekayo, iifoto, iirekhodi, kunye neembono zolwazi. Ubunzima obunikwa inxalenye nganye yobungqina buxhomekeke kukubaluleka, ukuthembeka, kunye nokungaguquguquki kobunye ubungqina.
  • iimpikiswano ezingomthetho: Ukuqiqa okunikwa ngabameli nabagwebi. Iingxoxo ezisebenzayo zomthetho zidibanisa izibakala zetyala nemeko esebenzayo esebenzisa ubuchule, imizekelo, kunye neenkcazo zemigaqo. Abalawuli bamisela iingxoxo zabo ukubhenela ekuqondeni kwenkundla ngokusesikweni nemigaqo enxulumeneyo esemthethweni. Abagwebi bavavanya ezi mpikiswano baze bachaze indlela yokuqiqa kwimbono ebhaliweyo ekhokela amatyala kwixesha elizayo.
  • [[NTLA] I-BENTS-bubungqina: Liliphi iqela elimele lingqine ityala kwaye ngohlobo olunjani. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, ukutshutshiswa kufuneka kubonise ukuba unetyala ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okufanelekileyo. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, ummangali-mthetho makangqine ityala ngokuqwalaselwa kwangaphambili kobungqina okanye, kwezinye iimeko, ngobungqina obucacileyo nobuneyiselayo. Ulwabiso lomthwalo lungagqiba iziphumo xa ubungqina buthe balungelelaniswa.
  • Imithetho echazayo: Imithetho emiselweyo yolawulo lwendlela amatyala ahamba ngayo kwinkqubo yenkundla. Imithetho yenkqubo yengingqi neyolwaphulo-mthetho ichaza imigca yexesha, iimfuno zesambuku, kunye nendlela yokuhamba. Ukungaphumeleli ukulandela imithetho yemiqathango yeprocedtura ingenza isiphumo sokugxothwa, umgwebo wokungagqibeki, okanye ukususwa kobungqina. Le mithetho ichaphazela izigqibo ngokulungisa ulwazi oluqwalaselwa yinkundla.

Inkqubela Yezibheno Nezigqibo Zenkundla Ephakamileyo

Emva kokuchotshelwa kwenkundla yetyala, iqela eliphulukana netyala lisenokubhenela kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Izibheno aziyotyala elitsha; bagxininisa kusini na kwiimpazamo zenkundla yamatyala ezichaphazelekayo. Iinkundla zetyala zihlola ingxelo yetyala, zifunde imibandela emifutshane ebhaliweyo macala omabini, yaye zisoloko ziva iingxoxo zomlomo ngaphambi kokukhupha isigqibo.

Iinkundla zezicelo zisebenzisa imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yohlolo exhomekeke kwimo yemeko yalo mcimbi. Imibuzo yomthetho ihlaziywa de novo, ithetha ukuba inkundla echaphazelekayo igqiba umngeni womthetho ngaphandle kokubhekisa kwinkundla evavanyayo. Ukufumana inyani kubuye kuhlolwe ngempazamo ecacileyo, ukunika imvume ephawulekayo kumgwebi ojonge amangqina ngokwakhe. Imithetho yenkcaso kunye nezigqibo zenkcazo zenkcazo yezomthetho zibuye zihlaziselwe ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwengqiqo, owona mlinganiselo ubalulekileyo.

Inkundla ephakamileyo kwigunya ngalinye, njengenkundla ephakamileyo yeli lizwe okanye iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States, inesigqibo sokukhetha amatyala emawachotshelwe. Ezi nkundla zidla ngokwamkela kuphela amatyala athetha ngemibuzo ebalulekileyo engokwasemthethweni okanye iimpikiswano phakathi kweenkundla eziphantsi. Izigqibo zazo zimisela ikhondo elisisigxina kuzo zonke iinkundla ezikhoyo.

Indlela Iinkundla Eziwutolika Ngayo UmGaqo-siseko

Iinkundla zinendima ekhethekileyo ekutolikeni umgaqo-siseko, worhulumente nowamagunya. Xa umthetho okanye isenzo sikarhulumente sicelw'ityala njengelingekho mgaqo-siseko, iinkundla kufuneka zigqibe enoba lingquzulana na nemiqathango yomgaqo-siseko. La mandla okuhlola asekwa lityala lembali yembali uMarbury v. Madison ngo-1803 kwaye ebesembindini we-jurisprudence yaseMelika ukususela ngoko.

Iinkundla zifuna ulungelelwaniso lwemilinganiselo ekhuphisanayo. Amalungelo amiselwe kwiBhili yamaLungelo asoloko engqubana nezilangazelelo zikarhulumente kukhuseleko loluntu, okanye kulawulo olufanelekileyo. Iinkundla zivavanya ezi zilangazelelo zisebenzisa iimvavanyo ezahlukeneyo, njengokuvavanya ngokungqongqo amalungelo asisiseko okanye ukuvavanywa okuphakathi kokwahlulwa ngokwesini. Isiphumo sixhomekeke kwindlela inkundla echaza ngayo ilungelo elibandakanyekileyo nokugwetyelwa ngurhulumente ukulilinganisela.

Iinkundla zeli lizwe zichaza umgaqo-siseko wazo ngokuzimeleyo, zisoloko zinikela ukhuseleko olubanzi olufunekayo kumGaqo-siseko wesizwe. Le mithetho yorhulumente ivumela amazwe ukuba azame iindlela ezahlukeneyo zamalungelo omntu ngamnye ngeli lixa egcina umgangatho wesizwe wokukhuselwa phantsi komGaqo-siseko wase-United States.

Iingxelo Ngamandla Eejaji

Ngoxa iinkundla zisebenzisa igunya elibalulekileyo, zisebenza kwinkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela. Isebe lowiso-mthetho lingayiguqula imithetho eziyitolike iinkundla ngeendlela ezingayithandiyo indlu yowiso-mthetho. Ingqungquthela ikwanokusikelela ulawulo lweenkundla zikarhulumente, nangona ingenakuyiphelisa imisebenzi engundoqo yomgaqo-siseko. Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zisenokucebisa ukuba kulungiswe ukulungisa komgaqo-siseko ukuphelisa ukuchazwa komgaqo-siseko.

Isebe eliphetheyo ligunyazisa inkundla, liyinika igunya elisebenzayo kwizigwebo zomthetho. Ukuba umphathi akavumi ukunyanzelisa umyalelo wenkundla, abagwebi banezixhobo ezilinganiselweyo zokunyanzela ukuthotyelwa. Noko ke, iimfazwe ezinjalo aziqhelekanga kwinkqubo yamaMerika, apho ukuhlonelwa kwegunya lokugweba kuhlala kunamandla kuwo onke amasebe karhulumente.

Inkqubo yokutyumba ijonge igunya lokugweba. Abagwebi boMasipala batyunjwe ngumongameli baza baqinisekiswa yiNdlu yeeNkulumbuso, beqinisekisa ukuba baya kuphendula ngenkqubo yezopolitiko. Abagwebi baseburhulumenteni basenokujongana nonyulo okanye ukuqulunqwa kwakhona ngabalawuli, benika amathuba athe rhoqo okungeniswa kolwazi oluthe rhoqo kwimicimbi yokugweba.

Izizathu Ezisebenzisekayo Kubemi

Ukuqonda indlela izigwebo ezenza ngayo izigwebo kunceda abemi balapho basebenzise imigaqo esemthethweni ngokuphumelelayo. Nabani na obandakanyekileyo etyala makayiqonde imfuneko yokugcina ubungqina, ukugqiba ixesha lokuququzelela iintlanganiso, nokunikela iimpikiswano ezicacileyo. Ukwazi ukuba abagwebi balandela umzekelo kunokukunceda uphando lwamatyala abo ngokuphanda indlela eziye zaconjululwa ngayo iimpikiswano ezifanayo.

Abahlali bacelwa ukuba basebenze kwinkundla yabachopheli-tyala kufuneka bayithabathe nzulu imbopheleleko yabo. Ukukhonza njengejaji kunikela ingqiqo engqalileyo ngendlela iinkundla ezisebenza ngayo kwaye kunika ithuba lokuba nenxaxheba ekulawuleni okusesikweni. Abasebenzi abayiqondayo indima yabo nemilinganiselo yokungqina banokuba negalelo elifanelekileyo kwizigwebo ezifanelekileyo.

Abo banomdla kufundisiso olunzulu, oovimba abasuka kwi Iziko lezeMithetho yezeMithetho yezeMithetho kunye ne[FLT]American Bar Association inikela iingcaciso ezifikelelekayo zeenkqubo zenkundla. Ulwazi olungokwasemthethweni oluvela kwiZiko loLwazi lwe-Legeral kwiSikolo soMthetho weCornell lunika unikezelo olukhululekileyo kwimimiselo, imithetho yenkundla, kunye namanqaku achazayo anceda abemi baqonde imithetho echaphazela ubomi babo.

Isiphelo

Iinkundla zenza izigqibo ngobuchule ezilungelelanisa imithetho, izibakala, kunye nemithetho ebhaliweyo. Enoba uMenzi wesigqibo ngumgwebi okanye umchopheli-tyala, injongo ihlala ifana: ukufikelela isigqibo esifanelekileyo nesisesikweni esisekelwe kubungqina kunye nomthetho ofanelekileyo. Ngoxa inkqubo engokwasemthethweni isenokubonakala intsonkothile kwaye yoyikisa, imigaqo yayo esisiseko ilula kuye nabani na okulungeleyo ukufunda.

Ngokuqonda indlela iinkundla ezisebenza ngayo, abemi baxhotyiswa bhetele ukukhusela amalungelo abo, bafeze iimfuno zabo zoluntu, baze babe nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yokusesikweni. Umthetho uxhomekeke kungekuphela nje kububulumko babagwebi kodwa kwintembelo nentsebenziswano yabantu abavela phambi kwabo, abasebenza kwiinkundla zejaji, kwaye baxhasa amaziko acombulula iingxabano ngoxolo. Ummi onolwazi uhlala esona siseko siqinileyo kwinkqubo esesikweni nesebenzayo yomthetho.