Table of Contents

Ukuqonda indlela iinkundla ezenza ngayo izigqibo kubalulekile kubavoti abafuna ukwenza ukhetho olunolwazi ngexesha lonyulo. Izigqibo zogwebo zichaphazela iinkalo ezininzi zobomi bemihla ngemihla, ukusuka kwisigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho ukuya kumalungelo abantu, ezichaphazela yonke into ukususela kwinkululeko yomntu ngamnye ukuya kwibutho labantu ngokwalo. Xa uphosa ipesenti yakho kubagwebi okanye uvote kumanyathelo achaphazela inkqubo yenkundla, uthatha inxaxheba ekuxoliseni indlela okusesikweni okulawulwa ngayo kuluntu nakuhlanga lwakho. Olu khokelo luchaza imigaqo yokugweba, oothunywa abaphembelela inkundla, noko bonke abavoti abamele bakwaziyo ngabagwebi abacacisayo nabasebenzisa umthetho.

Isiseko Samandla Okugweba EMerika

Iinkundla zomanyano zinandipha amandla okuchaza umthetho, ukugqiba ubume bomthetho, zize ziwusebenzise kwiimeko nganye. Eli gunya lisisiseko libeka ijaji njengesebe elilinganayo likarhulumente ecaleni kwamasebe owiso-mthetho kunye namasebe alawulayo. Inkqubo yokugweba yaseMerika isebenza phantsi kwesiseko esimiswe ngumGaqo-siseko, esidala isiseko sendlela iinkundla esebenza ngayo namhlanje.

Elona xesha libalulekileyo kwimbali yamandla obulungisa baseMerika lafika ngo-1803 ngetyala eliphawulayo leMarbury v. Madison, apho iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba kwelokuba inegunya lokuhlola okusemthethweni, / amandla okuvakalisa isenzo seBhunga okanye uMongameli ongenazo iziqumrhu kwaye ngenxa yoko iphuthile, imisela isebe lejaji njengesebe likarhulumente elilinganayo. Eli gunya lokwenza uhlolo lihlala lihleli elinye labona macala abalulekileyo enkqubo yomthetho yaseMelika, livumela iinkundla ukuba zisebenze njengovavanyo kwamanye amasebe karhulumente.

Ukwakhiwa Kwenkqubo Yenkundla

Inkqubo yezomthetho eMelika isebenza kwimigangatho emininzi, kunye neenkqubo zenkundla zorhulumente nezorhulumente ezisebenza ngokuhambelana. Iinkundla eziphantsi zinyanzelwa zisigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo (h1) kulapho iNkundla ePhakamileyo ichaza umthetho, iinkundla eziphantsi kufuneka zisebenzise ukutolikwa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo kwimiba ethile. Esi sakhiwo sephondo siqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki ngendlela imithetho esetyenziswa ngayo kulo lonke ilizwe, nangona sikwathetha ukuba ukwenziwa nentanda-ntanda-bulumko yeenkundla eziphakamileyo kunokuba neziphumo ezifikelela kwiziphumo ezingokomthetho.

Kumgangatho karhulumente, inkqubo yenkundla iquka iinkundla zesithili (iintendelezo zetyala), iinkundla zesiphaluka zezibheno, kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo. Iinkqubo zephondo zibonakalisa esi sakhiwo ngeenkundla zamatyala, iinkundla eziphakathi, kunye neenkundla eziphakamileyo zikarhulumente. Ukuqonda esi sakhiwo kubalulekile kubavoti kuba iinkundla ezahlukeneyo zisingatha iindidi ezahlukeneyo zamatyala, kwaye abagwebi kwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo bakhethwa ngeenkqubo ezahlukeneyo.

Indlela Ekwenza Ngayo Izigqibo

Inkqubo efikelela ngayo izigqibo iinkundla kunzima kakhulu kunokumane ufunde umthetho nokuwusebenzisa ezibakaleni. Isigqibo senkundla sisenzo esisemthethweni sejaji okanye inkundla elungisa ityala, esisekelwe kumgaqo-nkqubo omiselweyo wokusebenzisa imimiselo, imimiselo, kunye neenkundla zangaphambili kwiingxelo ezicaciswe ngamaqela akwityala elithile.

Inkqubo yeCandelo loMgwebo ngeNdlela

Ukwenziwa kwesigqibo komgwebi ogwebayo kufuneka agqibe ukuba ziziphi izibakala nokusetyenziswa kakuhle komthetho kwezi zibakala. Lo msebenzi ubonakala ulula ubandakanya ulwaleko oluninzi lohlalutyo nolwalo. Xa ityala lifika phambi kwenkundla, abagwebi bathatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo ecwangcisiweyo equka amanyathelo angundoqo aliqela.

Okokuqala, abagwebi kufuneka bamisele izibakala zetyala. Iinkundla, kuquka iNkundla Ephakamileyo, azinakwenza isigqibo ngaphandle kokuba zinokuchophela ityala phambi kwazo, kwanangetyala, inkundla kufuneka ilawule ngokwezibakala zazo. Oku kuthetha ukuhlolisisa ubungqina, ukuvavanya ubungqina, nokugqiba oko kwenzekayo kwimeko ethethwayo. Isibakala sokufunyanwa kwetyala ngalinye sibalulekile kuba umthetho ofanayo ungenza iziphumo ezahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko ezithile zetyala ngalinye.

Okwesibini, abagwebi bachaza amagunya angokwasemthethweni anxulumeneyo. Abagwebi baqala ngokuhlolisisa imithetho, imimiselo, imimiselo, nemimiselo esemthethweni (izigwebo zenkundla yangaphambili) ezinxulumene netyala elikhoyo.

Okwesithathu, abagwebi bahlolisisa indlela umthetho osebenza ngayo kwizibakala. Ukuzisa umyalelo wokudideka kwezibakala neengcamango zomthetho, ijaji echophela amatyala ngengcamango okanye ngothotho lweengcamango ezithe ngqo, ngokusekelwe koko abagwebi bacinga ukuba ubungqina buza kuba kuko okanye bubonise, indlela umthetho osebenza ngayo kwezo ngxelo ziyinyaniso, nokuba iziphumo zisengqiqweni okanye zisesikweni. Le nkqubo yezo ngxelo ifuna abagwebi baqwalasele iinkcazelo ezininzi ezinokwenzeka kunye neziphumo ezinokwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba bagqibe isigqibo sokugqibela.

Ukwenza isigqibo esiphunyeziweyo

Inkqubo yokwenza izigqibo yahlukile ngandlel ’ ithile kumgangatho wesakhono. Ngaphambi kokukhupha isigqibo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo idla ngokuva iimpikiswano zomlomo, apho amaqela ahlukeneyo esuthwini anikela iimpikiswano zawo kunye neJaji ezizibuza imibuzo, kwangoko iziJaji zibamba iingqungquthela zangasese, zenze isigqibo, zinikezele uluvo lweNkundla, kunye nazo naziphi na iimpikiswano eziphikisayo ezisenokuba zibhaliwe.

Kwiinkundla ezigwebayo, izigqibo zidla ngokwenziwa ngamacandelo abagwebi kunokuba abe ngumgwebi omnye, amalungu eqela elilawulayo exubusha kwaye engafuni ukufika kwisigqibo esimanyeneyo. Le nkqubo yesivumelwano ithetha ukuba abagwebi abasebenzisanayo akufunekanga bahlolisise umthetho ngokuzimeleyo kuphela kodwa bakwafanele bacebise abo basebenza nabo baze bavumelane ngokunxulumene nenkcazelo ethile okanye iziphumo ezithile.

Emva kokufikelela kwisigqibo, abagwebi babhala izimvo ezichaza ingqiqo engokwasemthethweni esemva kwesigqibo sabo, banike ukhokelo kwiinkundla eziphantsi, amagqwetha, kunye nabantu abasekuhlaleni. Ezi mbono zibhaliweyo zisebenza kwiinjongo ezininzi: bachaza ingqiqo yenkundla, banikela ukhokelo kumatyala exesha elizayo, kwaye banegalelo ekuphuhlisweni kwemfundiso engokwasemthethweni ekuhambeni kwexesha.

Indima Ebalulekileyo Yoqhankqalazo Neenkwenkwezi

Enye yoothunywashe ababalulekileyo abaphembelela izigqibo zezomthetho yimfundiso yokuhlola idecisis, ethetha ukuba "ukuma ngokwezinto ezigqitywe." IStarte decisis yimfundiso eya kulandelwa ziinkundla ekwenzeni izigqibo zazo. Lo mgaqo usisiseko kwinkqubo yezomthetho yaseMerika kwaye uneziphumo ezinzulu ngendlela iinkundla ezisebenza ngayo.

Isizathu Sokuba Kubekho Izinto Ezithile Ngaphambili

Isizathu sokujongwa kwabantu sikhuthaza ukuba kubekho imigaqo elungeleleneyo, ethelekelelwayo, nengaguquguqukiyo, ikhuthaza ukuxhomekeka kwizigwebo zomthetho, kwaye inegalelo kwingqibelelo yokwenene nenokubonwa njengengqinelana nenkqubo yokugweba. Xa iinkundla zilandela umzekelo, abantu banokuqikelela bhetele indlela umthetho oya kusetyenziswa ngayo kwiimeko zabo, amashishini angenza izigqibo ezithelekelelwayo, yaye inkqubo engokwasemthethweni igcina ukuzinza ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Inkqubo yamaMerika yokwenza izigqibo zomthetho ekwahlulelwa kuyo isekelwe kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi, inkqubo eyaphuhliswa kwiinkulungwane ezininzi apho abagwebi badala umthetho ngezigqibo zabo ezibhaliweyo kwiimeko nganye, nomgaqo wokuqwalasela intsingiselo yokuba kwelinye icala isigqibo sibe ngumzekelo osisigxina kwikamva, amatyala afanayo, ukwenza ukuxelwa kwangaphambili nokuzinza. Esi siseko sembali siyaqhubeka sibumba indlela iinkundla zaseMerika ezisebenza ngayo namhlanje.

Iinkundla eziphantsi zinyanzelekile ukuba zilandele umzekelo obekwe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo xa inikela izigqibo. Le migaqo yokuqwalasela iqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo yomthetho isetyenziswa ngokungaguqukiyo kuyo yonke inkqubo yenkundla. Noko ke, iinkundla ezikwinqanaba elifanayo zilandela izigqibo zazo zangaphambili, ingcamango eyaziwa ngokuba kukujongwa ngokuthe tyaba.

Xa Iinkundla Zihamba Kwingozi

Ngeli xesha ukujongwa kwamehlo kungumgaqo onamandla, akunanto ipheleleyo. Nangona iinkundla zinqabile ukumisela umthetho, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ichaze ukuba ukujongwa kwamehlo akungomyalelo "ongenakubekelwa ngaphaya," kwaye xa izigqibo zangaphambili zisithi“ azisebenzi okanye aziqiqeki kakuhle," ngoko iNkundla ePhakamileyo ayinakulandela umzekelo, nto leyo engowokuba "inyanisekile kwiimeko zomgaqo-siseko".

Kunzima ukuxela kwangaphambili xa iNkundla ePhakamileyo iza kulawula isigwebo kuba iNkundla ayikhange inike uluhlu olupheleleyo loonobangela eyisebenzisayo ukugqiba enoba isigqibo sifanele siwiswe phantsi kwegunya, okanye sichazwe indlela esimele sinyanzeleke ngayo. Noko ke, iinkundla ziye zachonga iingqwalasela eziliqela eziza kusetyenziswa xa kugqitywa enoba ziya kuzibhukuqa kusini na izigqibo zangaphambili.

Ukugqiba ukuba kufuneka isuka kujongo, inkundla echaphazelekayo isebenzisa ezi zinto zilandelayo: nokuba isigqibo sangaphambili asisebenzi okanye asicingwanga kakuhle, naziphi na iziganeko ezithabathayo, ukulindela okusengqiqweni kwamalungu enkonzo, nomngcipheko wokuphelisa ukuthemba kukawonke-wonke kumthetho. Ezi zinto zinceda iinkundla zilungelelanisa imfuneko yokuzinziswa nxamnye nemfuneko yokulungisa iimpazamo okanye ukuqhelanisa neemeko ezitshintshayo.

Imimiselo emininzi isekelwe kwizibakala ezithile ngexesha elithile kwimbali, kwaye njengoko uhlanga lukhula luze lutshintshe ngenxa yobugcisa obutsha okanye ukutshintsha kwenani labantu, ulungiso kunye nokucaciswa kwezigqibo zangaphambili kungaphulukana nenkxaso, mhlawumbi nomzekelo ongcono ongowona mzekelo weNkundla ePhakamileyo kwiBrown v. IBrown Board of Education (1954), eyayibhukuqa ngqo iqhinga lePlesby v. Ferguson. Le ngxelo yembali ibonisa ukuba iinkundla zinakho ukunikezela kwaye ziyawubhukuqa umgaqo xa imigaqo engundoqo yemithetho yezobulungisa ifuna oko.

Izinto Eziphembelela Izigqibo Zokwephula Ityala

Ngoxa umthetho kunye nemizekelo imisela isiseko sokwenziwa kwesigwebo, oothunywashe abaninzi baphembelela indlela abagwebi abatolika ngayo baze basebenzise imigaqo esemthethweni. Ukuqonda ezi meko kubaluleke kakhulu kubavoti abachopheli bomgwebi.

Imithetho esemthethweni namalungiselelo omGaqo-siseko

Eyona mpembelelo isisiseko kwizigwebo zomthetho yimibhalo yomthetho ngokwawo. Abagwebi kufuneka batolike baze basebenzise amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko, imimiselo yowiso-mthetho, imimiselo yolawulo, kunye nemithetho yasekuhlaleni. Umsebenzi weNkundla kukuchaza intsingiselo yomthetho, ukugqiba enoba umthetho unxulumene noludwe oluthile lwezibakala, okanye ukumisela indlela umthetho omele usetyenziswe ngayo.

Amalungiselelo omGaqo-siseko athwala ubunzima obukhethekileyo kwinkqubo yomthetho waseMerika. Isebe eligwebayo linegunya lokugqiba ubume bomGaqo-siseko wemithetho karhulumente nokucombulula eminye imiqathango ebandakanya imithetho karhulumente. Eli gunya lithetha ukuba kwanemithetho emiselwe ngokusemthethweni isenokubethwa phantsi ukuba iyangqubana neemfuno zomGaqo-siseko, isenza ukucaciswa komGaqo-siseko kube yenye yezona nkalo zibalulekileyo ekwenzeni kwesigwebo somthetho.

Ubungqina Nobungqina

Izibakala ezimiselwe ngobungqina nangobungqina zibumba isiseko apho kusetyenziswa imigaqo engokwasemthethweni. Iinkundla zinamandla abalulekileyo okunyanzela ukuveliswa kobungqina. Iinkundla, njengeNkundla, zinganyanzela ukuveliswa kobungqina nobungqina ngokusebenzisa ipopona. Eli gunya liqinisekisa ukuba abagwebi bayakwazi ukufumana inkcazelo efunekayo ukuze benze izigqibo ezifunekayo.

Umgangatho nokunyaniseka kobungqina bungachaphazela iziphumo eziphawulekayo. Abagwebi kufuneka bahlolisise ubungqina obuphikisanayo, bahlolisise ukuthembeka kobungqina obubonakalayo, baze bafumanise ukuba bubaluleke kangakanani ukunikela inkcazelo eyahlukahlukeneyo. Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, abagwebi banendima ebalulekileyo ekuboneni ukuba ngabagwebi abavumelekileyo ukuba babuqwalasele baze babayalele ukuba babuhlolisise njani ubungqina obukhoyo.

Intanda - bulumko Nenkcazelo Yezantlukwano

Mhlawumbi akukho nto ibalulekileyo kubavoti ukuba bayiqonde njengentandabulumko yokugweba qha, kanye njengendlela esisiseko abagwebi abayisebenzisayo ekutolikeni umthetho. Abagwebi abahlukeneyo basebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokutolika, kwaye oku kungakhokelela kwiziphumo ezahlukeneyo kwiimeko ezifanayo.

Abaxhasi bobuGaqo-siseko / bobuTshalatho bathi abagwebi kufuneka bagqibe amatyala asekelwe kwintsingiselo yokuqala kawonke-wonke yomGaqo-siseko okanye umbhalo ocacileyo womthetho, bekholelwa ukuba indima yomgwebi kukusebenzisa umthetho njengoko wawubhalwe, hayi ukuwuhlaziya ukuze ubonise imilinganiselo yale mihla. Abagwebi abalandela le ntanda-bulumko bagxininisa koko kwakuthethwa yiyo kuMgaqo-siseko okanye kummiselo xa ubhalwa, ngokufuthi bajongana nemithombo yembali kunye nesichazi-magama somhla ofanelekileyo.

I-Massmnationalism ephilayo/iPragmaticism ikholelwa ukuba umGaqo-siseko nguxwebhu "oluphilayo" nokuba abagwebi kufuneka bawuchaze ngokuqwalasela ibutho labantu elikhoyo kunye nemigangatho yalo ejikelezayo, bekholelwa ukuba umthetho ufanele ube nomvandedwa ngokwaneleyo ukusingatha iingxaki zale mihla ebezingenakuze zicingwe ngabalawuli abanokuze bazicinge. Abagwebi abasebenzisa le ndlela bajonga umGaqo-siseko njengowumisela imigaqo ebanzi ekufuneka isetyenziswe kwiimeko ezingenakulindelwa.

Le ngxoxo ingundoqo ekuqinisekisweni kwamadabi asemthethweni abagwebi baseluntwini nabagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo, njengoko intandabulumko yabo iza kukhokela indlela abagqiba ngayo ezona mbambano zibalulekileyo kwixesha lethu. Kubavoti, ukuqonda intanda-bulumko yomntu oza kuthabatha inxaxheba egwebayo kunika ukuqonda ngendlela abanokuba bajonge ngayo amatyala abandakanya impikiswano ebandakanya amalungelo abantu, ulwaphulo-mthetho, umgaqo wezoqoqosho, kunye nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye.

Izizathu Zobuntu Nezokungaqondi

Impembelelo eyongezelelekileyo engokwasemthethweni, yemvo, neyezobupolitika ichaphazela iNkundla Ephakamileyo kunye nenkqubo yayo yokwenza izigqibo. Ngoxa abagwebi bezabalazela ukungacaluli, ngabantu abanamava, imilinganiselo neembono zabo ezinokuyiphembelela indlela abawajonga ngayo amatyala.

Ingcebiso yobuqu, yemiqathango, neyezobupolitika ifikelele kwingqiqo yomgwebi, nangona umlinganiselo kunye nokufaneleka kwezi mpembelelo kuseyingxoxo eqhubekayo. Abanye abaphengululi baphikisa ngelithi imvelaphi yabagwebi, amava obomi, kunye nemilinganiselo yexabiso zizisa iimbono ezibalulekileyo eziphuculayo ekwenzeni izigqibo zomthetho. Abanye baxhalaba ukuba oothunywashe bobuqu banokukuphelisa ukuqiqa nokungakhethi buso okumele kubangele izigqibo zogwebo.

Izigqibo zaBagwebi zingaphenjelelwa yintanda-bulumko yabo engokwasemthethweni, imilinganiselo yabo, kunye neenkcazelo zomthetho, kwaye ngoxa bezama ukuphakamisa umthetho ngokunyaniseka, i-arhente yomntu isenokudlala indima kwindlela yokwenza izigqibo. Oku kubonisa ukubaluleka kweenkqubo zokukhetha ngokwezomthetho kunye nemfuneko yabavoti ukuba bavavanye ngenyameko abachophe ikomiti.

Ukunikela Ulwazelelelo Olusebenzisekayo

Iinkundla zikwaqwalasela oothunywashe abasebenzisekayo xa kusenziwa izigqibo. Iinkundla zisoloko zijonga iziphumo ezithelekelelwayo zesigqibo, yaye ngamanye amaxesha ukuxela okunjalo kuya kushukumisela ijaji ukuba itshintshe isigqibo. Abagwebi basenokuqwalasela enoba umthetho othile uya kusebenza kusini na, enoba uya kudala iziphumo ezingalindelekilenga, okanye enoba bekungayi kuba nzima ukunyanzelisa ngokunempumelelo.

IStarde decisis ithe yongezeleleke xa indlu yowiso-mthetho, kwingqungquthela kawonke-wonke, nabemi, kummandla wabucala, besebenze ngokuxhomekeke kwisigqibo sangaphambili, kuba kule meko ukuphazamisa isigqibo kungasusa amalungelo agqityiweyo kunye namathemba afunekayo okanye kufune ukuphendula okugqithisileyo kwemithetho. Iinkundla ngokufuthi ziyamathidala ukubhukuqa imizekeliso xa ukwenza oko bekuya kuphazamisa amathemba amiselweyo okanye kufuna utshintsho olubalulekileyo kubantu ngabanye, amashishini okanye amaqumrhu karhulumente.

Indima YaBagwebi Nabagwebi

Ngokungafaniyo nabalawuli nabalawuli abalawulayo, abagwebi balindeleke ukuba bangabi nalucalucalulo, basebenzise umthetho ngaphandle kokuqwalasela ezopolitiko okanye iimbono zikawonke-wonke. Ukuqonda indima yetyala kubalulekile kubavoti abavavanya iikomiti zekomiti.

Inkululeko Yomthetho

Abaphathi besakhelo badala ijaji elizimeleyo, isebe likarhulumente elikhuselwe kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika, ukuqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zisekelwe kumthetho, azithandwa. Olu zimelelo lukhuselwa ngeenkqubo ezahlukeneyo, kuquka ubomi obusetyenziswa ngabagwebi bephondo, ukukhusela ekuncitshisweni kwemali, nemithetho yokuziphatha emisela imiqathango imisebenzi yezopolitiko.

ABagwebi abaxhomekeke kwisebe eliphetheyo ukunyanzelisa izigqibo zenkundla, bebalaselisa ukuzimela nokusikelwa umda kwamandla okugweba. Iinkundla zingachaza oko kungumthetho kunye neziphumo ezithile, kodwa baxhomekeke kwamanye amasebe karhulumente ukuze baphumeze izigqibo zabo. Oku kuxhomekeka kumalungu enkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela okuphawula urhulumente waseMerika.

Abagwebi abangajongani nokukhethwa kwakhona basenokuzenza izigqibo ezikufuphi nomthetho kunokuba ziphenjelelwe yimikhosi yezobupolitika. Oku kuqwalasela kunentsingiselo ebalulekileyo ngendlela abagwebi abakhethwa ngayo. Amanye amagunya amisela abagwebi kwiimeko ezinde okanye eziphila ubomi babo bonke ukuze babakhusele kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika, ngoxa amanye amajaji ekhetha ii-arhente ngokweemeko ezizinzileyo, ekholelwa ukuba ukuzimela ngedemokhrasi kubaluleke kakhulu kunokuzimela ngokupheleleyo kwimbono kawonke wonke.

Imithetho Yomgwebo Nehambo

Abagwebi babotshelelwe ngemithetho engqongqo yokuziphatha elungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba abachopheli-mthetho abakhethanga mntu kwaye bagcine intembelo yoluntu kwijaji. Le mithetho idla ngokuthintela abagwebi ukuba bangabandakanyeki kwimicimbi yezopolitiko, ifuna bazithethelele kwiimeko apho bexabana, kwaye bamisele imilinganiselo yokuziphatha okufanelekileyo kokusesikweni kwisebe elilawulayo nangaphandle kwebheri.

Ukubaluleka kwemigaqo yokugweba kuye kwabalasele kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ngengxoxo yamaphulo onyulo, indima yemibutho engaphandle ekukhetheni ikomiti, nemibuzo engexesha abagwebi abafanele bazibeke izityholo kwiimeko. De amatyala owee 1980 asoloko engavavanywanga kwaye maxa wambi akavelisi dola enye kwimali yezomrhumo, kodwa umhlaba uye watshintsha ngokuphawulekayo, unyusa inkxalabo ngempembelelo yemali yokwenza izigqibo zomthetho.

Imida Yamandla Okugweba

Ngeli xesha iinkundla zinegunya elibalulekileyo, elo gunya linemiqathango ebalulekileyo. Olona vavanyo lubalulekileyo kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo kukusetyenziswa kwemithetho elawulayo nokusetyenziswa kwemithetho elawulayo ekuzalisekisweni nasekunyanzelweni kwemithetho yazo, inkqubo ebizwa ngokuba kukuphunyezwa kwemithetho, naxa iinkundla zinendima ephambili ekwenzeni inkqubo, azinandlela yokwenza ukuba imithetho yazo ibe yeyokwenyani.

UAlexander Hamilton kuFederal List No. 78 wagqabaza ukuba iinkundla zazinga "zinganyanzeli okanye zingenamdla womgwebo". Oku kuqwalasela nje kuthatha uhlobo olubalulekileyo lwamandla okugweba ```iikhonto'') zingachaza oko kufunwa ngumthetho, kodwa zixhomekeke kwabanye ukuphumeza izigqibo zabo. Oku kuxhomekeka kudala inkqubo yokuziphendulela komntu ngamnye phakathi kwamasebe karhulumente.

Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zomatyala kunye neenkqubo zokwenza izigqibo

Ukuqonda iindidi ezahlukeneyo zamatyala nendlela eziconjululwa ngayo akuyiyo yonke imiba egqitywe ngendlela efanayo, kubanceda abavoti baqonde umlinganiselo opheleleyo womsebenzi wokugweba.

Izigqibo Zenkundla

Iinkundla zamatyala zilapho amatyala amaninzi aqala khona nalapho kumiselwe khona izibakala. Kwinkundla yamatyala, iijaji (kwaye maxa wambi) ziva ubungqina, zivavanya ubungqina, zize zenze izigqibo zokuqala ngoko kwenzekayo, nendlela umthetho osebenza ngayo. Iijaji zenkundla yetyala zinokuqiqa ngendlela ephawulekayo ekulawuleni iinkundla zazo, zigqibe ngemibuzo ecacileyo, ziqinisekisa ukuba amatyala aqhubeka ngokufanelekileyo nangempumelelo.

Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwinkonzo yabachopheli-tyala kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwenkqubo yokugweba, ngenxa yokuba kunika abantu basenkundleni ithuba lokuviwa nokulingwa ngokufanelekileyo liqela loontanga babo. Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, abagwebi bayalela abachopheli-jaji ngomthetho osebenzayo, kodwa abagwebi bafumana izibakala baze basebenzise umthetho ukuze bafikelele kwisigqibo. Eli candelo loxanduva phakathi kwejaji nejaji liyinkalo eyahlukileyo yenkqubo yezomthetho yaseMerika.

Impinda ephunyeziweyo

Ityala leNkundla liphantse lipheleliswe kwindalo, kwaye izigqibo zeNkundla azinakubhenela nakuliphi na igunya, njengokuba ingumgwebi wokugqibela wenkundla eUnited States kwimicimbi yomthetho wesizwe, nangona iNkundla ingacinga ukuba izibheno ezivela kwiinkundla eziphezulu okanye kwiinkundla zenkundla zephondo. Iinkundla zenkundla zenkundla ze-appelllate zidla ngokungaphindi zifune okanye zive ubungqina obutsha; endaweni yoko, zihlola ingxelo yenkundla yokuvavanya ukuba iimpazamo zomthetho zenzeke kusini na.

Iinkundla ezichanekileyo zijolise ingqalelo kwimibuzo yomthetho kunokuba iphakamile ngenyaniso. Zihlola enoba inkundla yamatyala itolike ngokufanelekileyo ize isebenzise imigaqo esemthethweni, enoba imigaqo efanelekileyo ilandelwa, nokuba iziphumo zichanile na ngokusemthethweni kusini na. Oku kujoliswe kwimibandela engokwasemthethweni kunokuba kungqinelanelwano oluyinyaniso kuthetha ukuba abagwebi abagwebi abaphumeza indima ebalulekileyo ephuhlisayo nasekucaciseni imfundiso engokwasemthethweni.

Enye impikiswano

Asiyoyonto yonke impikiswano engokwasemthethweni ephumela kwityala okanye kwisigqibo esisemthethweni. Amatyala amaninzi aconjululwa ngokuthethana, ngokuphendulana, okanye ngokuvala ityala. Iinkundla zidla ngokukhuthaza amaqela ukuba acombulule iimpikiswano zawo ngezi ndlela zingezizo, ezinokukhawulezisa, ezingabizi mali ininzi, kwaye zingabikho iingxelo ezingephi kunezomthetho.

Abagwebi bangenza indima ekuhlalisweni kwemibutho, kwaye ezinye iinkundla zinenkqubo ezisesikweni zokulungisa. Ukuqonda ukuba amatyala amaninzi aconjululwe ngaphandle kokuvavanywa kubalulekile ekuvavanyeni inkqubo yenkundla yabavoti, njengoko ibalaselisa ukubaluleka kobuchule bolawulo lwetyala kunye nobuchule babo bokukhuthaza izigqibo ezisengqiqweni.

Ulwalamano Phakathi Kweenkundla Namanye Amasebe Karhulumente

Iinkundla azihlali zodwa. Zisebenza njengenxalenye yenkqubo yamagunya ahlukeneyo, nesebe ngalinye likarhulumente lokuhlola nokulungelelanisa amanye.

Ingcebiso yezeejaji yezenzo zomthetho nezolawulo

Omnye wemisebenzi ebalulekileyo yeenkundla kukuqwalasela izenzo zamasebe orhulumente. Ngokuhlolisisa ikomiti, iinkundla zingawisa imithetho edluliswa ziindlu zowiso-mthetho okanye izenzo ezithatyathwa ngamagosa aphezulu ukuba aphula iimfuno zomGaqo-siseko. Eli gunya lenza iinkundla zibe luhlolo olubalulekileyo kwiimeko zorhulumente ezinokuqhathwa.

Noko ke, iinkundla zisebenzisa eli gunya ngobulumko. Abagwebi bayaqonda ukuba amagosa anyuliweyo anegunya ledemokhrasi yaye iinkundla azifanele zizibhukuqe izigqibo zabameli babantu. Olu xinezeleko luphakathi kohlalutyo lwezagwebo nolawulo-demokhrasi lungumxholo ophindaphindwayo kumthetho-siseko waseMerika.

Iingcebiso zomthetho nolawulo oluphezulu kwiinkundla

Amasebe aphetheyo nawalawulayo nawalawulayo ajonge aze alungelelanise isebe lezejaji ngeendlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, umongameli ekwazi ukushiya iziphumo ezihlala zihleli kwibhedi ngokuphuma komnxeba, kwanasemva kokuba egqibile. Igunya lokumisela abagwebi yenye yezona ndlela zibalulekileyo eziphembelela abagwebi.

Amagosa asemthethweni akwanokusabela kwizigqibo zenkundla ngokukhupha imithetho emitsha, ngokuxhasa imimiselo ekhoyo, okanye kwanokubeka izindululo zomGaqo-siseko ukuze kubhukuqekelwe iinkcazelo zomthetho. Umongameli usenokuphembelela iNkundla ngokubandakanyeka komqeshi-mthetho okanye ngokuthobela imigaqo emifutshane yamatyala apho iUnited States ingeyolungu. Ezi nkqubo ziqinisekisa ukuba iinkundla zihlale zinetyala kwamanye amasebe karhulumente yaye, ekugqibeleni, kubantu.

Oko Abaphulaphuli Bafanele Bakucinge Xa Begweba

Xa benolwazi ngendlela inkundla ezenza ngayo izigqibo, abavoti bangenza ukhetho oluthe kratya malunga nabachopheli-mthetho. Nazi izinto ezingundoqo ezimele ziqwalaselwe xa kuqwalaselwa iijaji nabachopheli-mthetho.

Intanda - bulumko Yezeejaji Nokuqalisa Ukutolika

Ukuqonda intanda-bulumko yomntu oza kuthabatha inxaxheba mhlawumbi kunguthunywa obalulekileyo kubavoti. Ngaba umvoti uxhasa ubukho bokuqala okanye indlela yomgaqo-siseko ophilayo? Oza kubhaptizwa uyijonga njani indima yemizekelo? Yintoni indlela yomntu oza kuthabatha inxaxheba ekutolikeni komthetho? Le mibuzo inganika ukuqonda ngendlela anokuba unyukela ngayo kwisigqibo semeko.

Abajongi kufuneka bakhangele abaza kucacisa intanda-bulumko edityanisiweyo yomthetho kwaye bachaze indlela le ntanda-bulumko eya kukhokela ngayo ukwenza kwabo izigqibo. Lumka kubathathi bezakuba "landela umthetho" ngaphandle kokuchaza indlela abachaza ngayo." bonke abagwebi bazibanga belandela umthetho, kodwa badla ngokungavumelani noko kufunwa ngumthetho kuba besebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokutolika.

Ukufaneleka koochwepheshe namava

Abo bafumana iikomiti ezilawulayo kufuneka babe neemfaneleko ezinzulu zobugcisa, kuquka imfundo engokwasemthethweni, amava afanelekileyo, kunye nokuboniswa kolwazi ngomthetho.

Imibutho yoogqirha isoloko ivavanya abathathi-nxaxheba kwaye inike ireyithingi ezisekelwe kwiimfaneleko zabo. Ngelixesha ezi zibakala zingekuphela kwefekta eqwalaselwayo, zinganika ulwazi oluluncedo malunga nokuma kobuchule nobuchule bomntu oza kuthabatha inxaxheba.

Inkcitho kunye nogwebo

Abagwebi bafuna okungaphezulu kunolwazi olungokwasemthethweni, kwaye kufuneka babe neempawu zokusingatha iimbopheleleko zeofisi egwebayo. Abagwebi abalungileyo banomonde, banengqondo entle, bayawahlonela onke amaqela, bayakwazi ukuphatha iinkundla zabo ngokunempumelelo. Bafanele bakwazi ukuphulaphula ngenyameko iimpikiswano, baqwalasele iimbono ezahlukeneyo, bacacise ingqiqo yabo ngokucacileyo.

Ngaba banokukwazi ukwahlukanisa izinto abazithandayo nolunokuhlaziywa?

Ukuzinikela Kwinkululeko Nemilinganiselo Yokuziphatha

Abagwebi kufuneka bazinikele kwinkululeko yokugweba nakwihambo entle. Abaququzeleli kufuneka bakhangele abo banokuqonda ukubaluleka kokugqiba amatyala asekelwe kumthetho kunokuba banyanzele kwezobupolitika okanye kwiimbono zikawonke-wonke. Abathathi-nxaxheba bafanele bakwazi ukuchaza indlela abaya kusingatha ngayo iingxwabangxwaba zomdla, balondoloze ukungabi namkhethe, baphakamise nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha.

Lumka kubantu abaza kuzenza izithembiso ngendlela abaya kugqiba ngayo iindidi ezithile zamatyala okanye ababonakala benomdla ongakumbi ekuqhubeni phambili ucwangciso lwezopolitiko kunokusebenzisa umthetho ngokuthembeka.

Ukuqonda Indima Nemilinganiselo Yenkundla

Abagwebi abalungileyo bayawaqonda amandla kunye nokusikelwa umda kwegunya lokugweba. Bayazi ukuba iinkundla zinendima ebalulekileyo kodwa elinganiselweyo kwinkqubo yethu karhulumente. Abachopheli kufuneka bakhangele abo baqonda umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo wamandla okugweba nabangayi kugqitha imida yendima yokugweba.

Amalungu afanele akwazi ukuchaza iimbono zawo ngokuthintelwa kwekomiti egwebayo kunye nokugweba, ulwalamano phakathi kweenkundla namanye amasebe orhulumente, nendima efanelekileyo yeenkundla ekusingatheni imicimbi yentlalo neyezobupolitika. Ezi mbono ziya kuphembelela ngokuphawulekayo indlela abajonga ngayo amatyala xa benyulwe okanye bemiselwe.

Impembelelo Yeendlela Zokukhetha Iijaji

Indlela abagwebi abakhethwa ngayo yahluka-hluka kakhulu ngaphaya kwemithetho, kwaye ezi ndlela zokhetho ezahlukeneyo zingaphembelela ukwenza izigqibo zomthetho nokuphendula.

Iinkqubo zedinga

Kwinkqubo karhulumente nakwamanye amazwe, abagwebi bamiselwa kunokuba banyulwe. Abagwebi bamaPhondo batyunjwa nguMongameli kwaye baqinisekiswe yiNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, ngoko basebenza ubomi ngexesha lokuziphatha okuhle. Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukukhusela abagwebi kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika kwaye bavumela ukuba benze izigqibo ezisekelwe kumthetho kuphela.

Iinkqubo zokutyumba zingenza abagwebi abafanelekayo abakhululekileyo ekwenzeni izigqibo ezingathandwayo kodwa ezichanekileyo ngokusemthethweni. Noko ke, zikwanciphisa ukuphendula ngokwedemokhrasi ngokungqalileyo kwaye zinokubangela ukuba abagwebi abangayithobeli imilinganiselo kawonke-wonke. Inkqubo yokutyunjwa ngokwayo inokuba yeyokwezobupolitika ephezulu, ngokulwa amadabi amakhulu kwii-mineenjina eziphikiswana ngempikiswano.

Iinkqubo zoKhetho

Amatyala amaninzi anyula abagwebi bawo, mhlawumbi ngonyulo oluvela kubaququzeleli (apho abatshati basebenza khona ngeelebhile zamaqela) okanye ngonyulo (apho amaqela angadweliswanga kwivoti). Unyulo lwejaji lwandisa ukuphendula kwedemokhrasi kwaye lunika abavoti intetho engqalileyo yokuba basebenze kwibhedri.

Noko ke, unyulo olugwebayo lukwanyusa inkxalabo ngempembelelo yegalelo lephulo, ingcinezelo yokwenza ingxolo ephambili kunokuba kwenziwe izigqibo ezichanekileyo ngokusemthethweni, kunye nabavoti abanobunzima bajongene novavanyo lwabachopheli-mthetho. Ukwanda kwamaphulo okugweba abiza imali eninzi kuye kwakhulisa inkxalabo, abanye ababukeli bexhalabisa ukuba okusesikweni kuya kuncitshiswa.

Iinkqubo Zokhetho

Amanye amagunya asebenzisa iinkqubo zokukhetha ezifanelekileyo (ngamanye amaxesha ezibizwa ngokuba yi-"Missouri Plan") ezidibanisa iziqalelo zokumiselwa nonyulo. Phantsi kwezi nkqubo, ikhomishini engeyoya apartistiki ivavanya abathathi-nxaxheba kwaye incomela uluhlu olufutshane kwirhuluneli, eyenza idinga. Emva kokusebenza ixesha elithile, ijaji ijonge unyulo lwenkumbulo apho abavoti bagqiba ukuba ngaba ijaji kufuneka ihlale eofisini.

Iinkqubo zokukhetha ezifanelekileyo zizama ukulungelelanisa usukelo lokukhetha abagwebi abafanelekileyo nokugcina ityala ledemokhrasi. Zinganciphisa impembelelo yezobupolitika kukhetho lokuqala lo gama zinika abavoti isaziso sokuba abagwebi bahlala behleli kwibhedri.

Ucelomngeni Lwangoku Nempikiswano Ekumilisweni Kwesigqibo Sejaji

Inkqubo yokugweba ijamelana neengxaki eziliqela ezikhoyo ezimele ziqondwe ngabavoti xa bevavanya iinkundla nabachophele ityala.

Ukuncitshiswa Kwezikhundla

Iinkundla ziye zahlukana ngokukhulayo ngokweengcamango, xa amatyala kunye nonyulo lusiba ziimicimbi ezicalucalula kakhulu. Oku kuhlaziywa kubangela amaxhala okuba iinkundla zinokuyigcina kusini na indima yazo njengabaxhasi bomthetho abangathathi cala okanye enoba ziya kuba nje yindawo yemfazwe yezobupolitika.

Abasebenzi bezomthetho kufuneka baxhalabe ngokugqithisileyo ngokubekwa kweliso kwezahlulelo zetyala ngoxa beqonda ukuba intanda-bulumko yokugweba iphembelela ngokusemthethweni indlela abagwebi abawuchaza ngayo umthetho. Ucelomngeni lukwahlula phakathi kwabagwebi abaneentanda-bulumko ezingqinelanayo nabo bahambela phambili nje kwimicimbi yezobupolitika.

Ukufikelela Kokusesikweni

Abantu abaninzi abanako ukufikelela kwimiqathango esemthethweni, kwaye iinkqubo zenkundla zisoloko zithwaxwa ziimeko, ezikhokelela ekulibaziseni nasekunciphiseni ukufikelela kokusesikweni. Olu celomngeni luluncedo luchaphazela indlela iinkundla ezinokuyifeza kakuhle ngayo indima yazo kwibutho labantu. Abasebenzi kufuneka baqwalasele iimbono zabathathi-nxaxheba ekufikeleleni kwimicimbi yokusesikweni nokuzimisela kwabo ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo engokwasemthethweni inceda onke amalungu ebutho labantu, kungekhona abo nje banokuhlawula amagqwetha abiza imali eninzi.

Ukucaca kwengxelo nokuphendula

Imibuzo ephathelele ukubonakala kakuhle kwekomiti nokuphendula ityala iye yabalasele kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Ngaba ityala lifanele livulelwe uluntu lonke? Iinkundla zifanele ziwucombulule njani umdla? Yiyiphi indima ekufuneka iphunyezwe kwimirhumo yonyulo? Le mibuzo ayinazimpendulo ezilula, kodwa ibalulekile ukuba abavoti bayiqwalasele.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nokuhlaziywa

Iinkundla ziyangqubana nendlela yokudibanisa ubugcisa kwimisebenzi yazo ngeli lixa zigcina ubulungisa nokufikelela. Ukusuka kwinkqubo ye-elektroniki ukuya ekusetyenzisweni kwezaphula-ndlebe ezidibeneyo kuphando olungokwasemthethweni, ubugcisa butshintsha indlela iinkundla ezisebenza ngayo. Abachongi kufuneka baqwalasele indlela abakujonga ngayo olu tshintsho lobugcisa kunye nokuzimisela kwabo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulwakhiwo-nkqubo lusebenza ngokusesikweni kunokuba benze imiqobo emitsha.

Imithombo yabathathi-nxaxheba

Abasebenzi bezomthetho bayakwazi ukufumana izinto ezahlukeneyo ezinokubanceda bavavanye abo baza kugweba baze benze izigqibo ngolwazi.

IziKhokelo zeVoter kunye nolwazi lweCandidate

Imibutho emininzi ivelisa izikhokelo ezinika inkcazelo ngabachongi abaza kuchola, kuquka imvelaphi yabo, iimfaneleko, nezikhundla kwimibandela ebalulekileyo. Iikhomishini zebar zisoloko zivavanya abathathi-nxaxheba zize zinike ireyithingi. Ngoxa ezi zixhobo zingengokuphela komthombo wenkcazelo, zinokuba luncedo kwinqaku lokuqala labavoti.

Abavoti bangaya nakwii-fom zombutho, iiwebhsayithi ze-website zabahlolo-hlolo kunye nezixhobo zephulo, kunye neemvelaphi zophando zobugcisa kunye nezigqibo zangaphambili (ukuba baye basebenza njengabagwebi ngaphambili). Xa abavoti beqokelela ulwazi oluninzi, baya kuxhotyiswa ngakumbi ukwenza ukhetho olunolwazi.

Iincwadi zeNkundla neengxelo zikawonke-wonke

Iinkundla ezininzi zigcina iiwebhsayithi ezinika iinkcukacha ngemisebenzi yazo, amatyala ajonge phambili, kunye nezigqibo ezikhutshwe. Ezi zibonelelo zinganceda abavoti baqonde oko kwenziwa ziinkundla nendlela abasebenza ngayo.

Iingxelo zikawonke-wonke ezimalunga nabachopheli-mthetho, kuquka imbali yabo yezobugcisa, naziphi na izenzo zoqeqesho, nokubandakanywa kwabo kwimisebenzi yoluntu, zikwanokwazisa izigqibo zabavoti. Ngoxa imicimbi yezobuqu ibalulekile, abavoti banomdla ofanelekileyo wokwazi ngemvelaphi neemfaneleko zabo bafuna isikhundla sokugweba.

Oovimba Bemfundo

Izintlu ezinjenge American Bar Association ( http://www.amaricanbar.org), iiNkundla ze-U.S. ( HTTPs//wwww.ustouts.gouv), kunye namaqela eemfundo ezahlukahlukeneyo zezezemfundo zasekuhlaleni anika oovimba bokunceda abemi baqonde inkqubo yezomthetho. Ezi zifundo zinganceda abavoti bakhulele ulwazi olufunekayo ukuvavanya abaqulukileyo ngokunempumelelo.

Izikolo zomthetho nemibutho esemthethweni idla ngokuba neenkqubo zikawonke-wonke ezimalunga neenkundla kunye nokukhethwa kwekomiti. Ukuya kwezi nkqubo okanye ukufikelela kwizixhobo zazo kwi-intanethi kunokubenza baqonde ngakumbi abavoti ngendlela iinkundla ezisebenza ngayo noko bafanele bakukhangele kubachonyi abagwebi.

Ukubaluleka Kokwazi Ukwamkelwa Kombutho Wokwahlulela

Abavoti abachongi baya kukhetha izinto ezichaphazela amalungelo asisiseko, bacombulule iimpikiswano baze bachaze imithetho kangangeminyaka okanye amashumi eminyaka ezayo.

Ngokungafaniyo nabavoti abakwiphulo lowiso-mthetho okanye abamele bathathe amanyathelo eenkqubo, abachopheli-mthetho kufuneka balungelelane nemfuneko yokwazisa abavoti ngeemfaneleko zabo kunye nentanda-bulumko yokugweba kunye nemfuneko yokuziphatha yokuphepha ukwenza izithembiso ngendlela abaza kugqiba ngayo amatyala. Oku kwenza kube nzima ngakumbi kubavoti ukuba bavavanye abachophe abacholi-mthetho, kodwa kwakhona kwenza ukuvota ngolwazi kubaluleke ngakumbi.

Abalawuli kufuneka baxhathise isilingo sokuvota ngokusekelwe kunxulumano lweqela okanye kulwazi lwegama. Endaweni yoko, zinike ixesha lokufunda ngeemfaneleko zabahlolo, iintanda-bulumko zokwahlulela, kunye neemvakalelo. Qwalasela indlela abasebenzisa ngayo indlela yokutolika kunye nokwenza izigqibo ezihambelana nembono yakho ngendima efanelekileyo yeenkundla kwibutho labantu.

Khumbula ukuba abagwebi abangoowiso-mthetho. Ngoxa imicimbi yentanda - bulumko yokugweba ingekafikeleli kwiziphumo ezithile zamatyala. Abagwebi abalungileyo basebenzisa umthetho ngokuthembeka, kwanaxa ukwenjenjalo kuvelisa imiphumo abasenokungayithandi ngokobuqu.

Isiphumo: Indima ye Voter ekuxoliseni

Ukuqonda indlela izigqibo ezenziwa ziinkundla ezinika ngayo amandla abavoti ukuba babe nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo ekuxoliseni inkqubo yokugweba. Iinkundla zinendima ebalulekileyo kwidemokhrasi yaseMerika, ukutolika imithetho, ukukhusela amalungelo nokucombulula iimbambano. Abagwebi abasebenza kwezi ntendelezo baphembelela ngokuphawulekayo indlela okusesikweni okulawulwa ngayo nendlela umthetho okhula ngayo ekuhambeni kwexesha.

Xa abavoti beyiqonda inkqubo yokwenza izigqibo zejaji, (5) kuquka indima yezakhelo, impembelelo yentanda-bulumko egwebayo, ukubaluleka kwezibakala nobungqina, kunye nolwalamano phakathi kweenkundla namanye amasebe karhulumente ) bangenza ukhetho oluthe xhaphake ngakumbi ngabachopheleyo. Oku kuthabatha inxaxheba ngolwazi kuqinisa ijaji kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba iinkundla zinokuyifeza indima yazo ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo karhulumente wethu.

Nokuba ngaba abagwebi banyulwe okanye bamiselwe, abavoti banendima yokudlala kukhetho lokugweba. Kwimithetho elawula unyulo lwezahlulelo, abavoti bakhetha abagwebi ngqo. Kwinkqubo zokumisa, abavoti banyula oomongameli, iirhuluneli, kunye nabalawuli abamisela iijaji nabaqinisekisa abachongi. Ngaphandle koko, unyulo olunolwazi lubalulekile ekulondolozeni inkqubo yokukhetha esesikweni, ezimeleyo, nephumelelayo yokugweba.

Izigqibo ezenziwa ziinkundla namhlanje ziya kubumba ibutho labantu kwizizukulwana ezizayo. Ngokuqonda indlela iinkundla ezenza ngayo izigqibo nokuvavanya ngenyameko abachopheli bejaji, abavoti banokunceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba ijaji ihlala inyanisekile kumsebenzi wayo wokumisela okusesikweni okulinganayo phantsi komthetho. Le mbopheleleko ayisoloko ilula, kodwa ibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwedemokhrasi yaseMerika nasekukhuseleni amalungelo omntu ngamnye kunye nenkululeko yakhe.

Njengoko ulungiselela ukuvota kunyulo olubandakanya abatshayeli abagwebi okanye iimbambano ezichaphazela iinkundla, khumbula ukuba awukhethi nje kuphela abantu abaza kuzalisa iindawo − unceda ekulungiseni indlela okuya kulawulwa ngayo okusesikweni kuluntu nohlanga lwakho. Thabatha loo mbopheleleko nzulu, zifundise ngabaza kuchota kunye nemibandela, uze uvote ngolwazi lokuba unenxaxheba kwenye yeenkalo ezibalulekileyo zolawulo lwedemokhrasi.