Indlela Iinkundla Ezizicombulula Ngayo Iimpikiswano Zezomthetho: Isikhokelo Esinetyala Kumatyala

Inkqubo yokugweba lisiseko soluntu lobudemokhrasi, linikela ijelo elilungelelanisiweyo nelingakhethi buso ekucombululeni iingxabano. Ukuqonda indlela iinkundla ezicombulula ngayo iingxabano akuyomfuneko kuphela kwiingcaphephe ezingokwasemthethweni kodwa kwanakwabantu abanokuthi ngenye imini bafumane ukuba babandakanyeke ekuhlawulweni. Eli nqaku linikela ukujonga ngokunzulu kwiinkundla ezisemthethweni ezilandela ukuqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni kulawulwa kakuhle kwaye kusoloko kusenziwa. Ukusuka kwiseko lokuqala ukumangalelwa kwesigqibo sokugqibela, sihlolisisa iqonga ngalinye lenkqubo, iintlobo zeenkundla ezibandakanyekileyo, nemigaqo engundoqo ekhokelayo ekwenzeni isigqibo sogwebo-mthetho.

Indima Yeenkundla Ekuxambuliseni

Iinkundla zisebenza njengeenkundla ezingoondilele apho iimpikiswano zomthetho zigwetywa ngokwemithetho emiselweyo kunye neenkqubo. Ngokungafaniyo nengxoxo okanye ukudityaniswa, ukugwetywa kwenkundla kusemthethweni, kukhutshelwa, kwaye kufikelela kwisigqibo esisinyanzelisayo sejaji okanye ijaji. Indima ephambili yenkundla kukutolika nokusebenzisa umthetho kwiingxelo ezinikelweyo, ngaloo ndlela ukucombulula impikiswano nokunika isicombululo semali, umyalelo, okanye isigwebo sokurhoxa. Iinkundla kwakhona zixhasa umthetho ngokuqinisekisa ukuba onke amaqela amkele inkqubo efanelekileyo, kuquka ilungelo lokuviwa, unelungelo lokufumana ubungqina obukhoyo, kunye nokunika uncedo olufanelekileyo kwinkundla engakhethi cala.

Igunya lenkundla linqunyulwa ngokolawulo lwalo, olusenokuba lusekelwe kwinzululwazi yelizwe, kwimibandela yemibandela, okanye kwinani lempikiswano. Umzekelo, inkundla encinane ethethayo isingatha iimbambano ezincinane zamakhaya, ngelixa inkundla yesithili isingatha amatyala abandakanya umthetho karhulumente okanye iimbambano phakathi kwabemi bemimandla eyahlukeneyo. Ukuqonda inkundla echanekileyo ukwenzela imbambano ethile linyathelo lokuqala elibalulekileyo kwinkqubo esemthethweni.

Iinguqu

Iinkqubo zenkundla zilungelelaniswe ngokulandelelana, zivumela imigangatho emininzi yohlalutyo. Esi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuba iimpazamo zingalungiswa kwaye imigaqo engokwasemthethweni isetyenziswa rhoqo. Iintlobo ezingundoqo zeenkundla ziquka:

  • IiNkundla eziQuquzelelayo (ekwabizwa ngokuba ziinkundla zesithili okanye iinkundla eziphezulu): Ezi ziinkundla zemeko zokuqala apho kuthethwa khona amatyala. Iimvavanyo ziqhutywa apha, kunikelwa ubungqina, kwaye zingqinwa ngamangqina. Iinkundla zokuvavanya zifumana izibakala zetyala kwaye zisebenzisa umthetho kwezo meko. Iingxoxo ezininzi ziqala zize ziphele kweli nqanaba.
  • IiNkundla eziphandayo (ezibizwa ngokuba ziinkundla zesiphaluka okanye iinkundla zesibheno): Ezi ntena zihlola izigqibo ezenziwe ziinkundla zokuvavanya. Ezi ntena aziqhubeli matsha okanye zive ubungqina obutsha; endaweni yoko, zihlola ingxelo evela kwinkundla evavanyayo ukufumanisa ukuba iimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni zenzekile. Iinkundla zezicelo zinokuqinisekisa, ukubuyisela, okanye ukuphinda uphinde uqulunqe ityala lokumangalelwa okubhekele phambili.
  • IiNkundla zeNkundla eziPhakamileyo (umntla okanye urhulumente): Ezi ziinkundla eziphezulu kwigunya. Ziva kuphela eyona mibuzo ibalulekileyo engokwasemthethweni, ngokufuthi leyo ibandakanya imibandela okanye iimbambano zomgaqo-siseko okanye iinkundla eziphakathi kweenkundla ezisezantsi. Izigqibo zenkundla ephakamileyo zigqibele kwaye zibophelele kuzo zonke iinkundla ezisezantsi eziphantsi kulawulo lwazo.

Ukongezelela, kukho iinkundla ezikhethekileyo, njengeenkundla ezibonileyo, iinkundla zerhafu, okanye iinkundla zentsapho, ezisingatha iindidi ezithile zeempikiswano. Inkundla nganye isebenza phantsi kwemithetho engqalileyo, enjengeMimiselo yeSizwe yoLuntu eUnited States okanye iZigwebo zeSizwe eNgilani naseWales.

Inkqubo Esemthethweni Kwisigqibo Sokuphikisana

Uhambo oludlula kwinkqubo yenkundla lubandakanya amanqanaba aliqela ahlukeneyo, enzelwe ukuqinisekisa okusesikweni nokusebenza kakuhle. Ngelixesha iinkqubo ezichanileyo zokwahluka ngokwendlela yokulawula nohlobo lwamatyala, isakhiwo jikelele sihlala sime ngokulinganayo. Ngezantsi, saphula amacandelo angundoqo ukusuka kuvavanyo lwangaphambili ukuya kutsho kumgwebo kunye nobheno.

Iziphumo eziphambili:

Phambi kokuba ityala lifike enkundlani, uthotho lwamanyathelo angaphambili luyenzeka abalulekileyo ekuxinaniseni imicimbi nokulungiselela ukuchotshelwa kwetyala. Ezi nkqubo zinceda ekulawuleni izibuko lenkundla, ukukhuthaza ukuhlaliswa kwezindlu, nokuqinisekisa ukuba omabini amaqela anethuba elifanelekileyo lokuchaza ityala lawo.

  • [[NTL:0] Iqala inkqubo yokukhalaza: Xa ummangali (umbutho ozisa ityala) efaka isikhalazo kwinkundla efanelekileyo. Isikhalazo siveza izikhalo ezisemthethweni, izibakala ezixhasa ezo mbango, kwaye isicombululo sifunwa. Umkhankanyi makaphinde akhonze ikopi yesikhalazo kummangalelwa.
  • Impendulo ne Counterclaims: Ummangalelwa kufuneka afake ifayile yempendulo esemthethweni ebizwa ngokuba yimpendulo, evuma okanye akhanyele ityholo ngalinye. Ummangalelwa angaphinda avume ukhuseleko okanye aphikise ifayile ephikisana ne Platiff.
  • Isicelo: Eli lisigaba sokuqokelela ubungqina. Omabini amaqela atshintshisana ngolwazi oluyimfuneko ngophendlo (imibuzo ebhaliweyo), ii-ficess (ubungqina bomlomo), izicelo zokuveliswa kwamaxwebhu, kunye nezicelo zokuvunywa. Uboniso lwendawo yexesha elininzi nexabiso elininzi lokudityaniswa, kodwa kubalulekile ekutyhileni izibakala nokuthintela izimangaliso ekuvavanyweni.
  • Intshukumo zemposiso eziqulethweyo: Izithuba zingayi ntshukumo zefayile ukusombulula imiba ethile phambi kovavanyo. Iintshukumo eziqhelekileyo ziquka iintshukumo zokukhupha (ukuchaza ukuba isikhalazo asiphumeleli ukuchaza intsingiselo esebenzayo), iintshukumo zomgwebo wesishwankathelo (ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho mpikiswano kwaye iqela elihambayo linelungelo lokugweba njengombandela womthetho), kwaye ukunyanzela ukufunyanwa (xa iqela lisilela ukunikela ulwazi olufunekayo).
  • IMimiselo yeNkqutyana kunye neSisombululo seDisosi-X: Iinkundla ezininzi zikhuthaza amaqela ukuba ahlole ulwamkelo olungeyondlela yokukhupha okanye yokukhupha ityala. Ezi ndlela ze-ADR zingagcina ixesha nemali, kwaye zivumela amaqela ukuba enze izisombululo zezobugcisa ezinokuthi inkundla ingakwazi ukucwangcisa.

Iinkundla: Imini Ekwinkundla

Ukuba imigaqo yangaphambi kovavanyo ayiphumeleli ekuhlalisweni, ityala liqhubekela ekuvavanyweni. Ityala lingumba ophambili wenkqubo yokucalucalula, apho icala ngalinye linikela imeko yalo kumgwebi okanye kwijaji. Ukuvavanywa okuqhelekileyo kuyatyhilwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

  • IiNgxelo ezivulayo: igqwetha ngalinye linika ushwankathelo olufutshane lobungqina obuzakubonisa. Oku asibobungqina ngokwabo, kodwa yimap yokunceda umfumani wento ayiqondi le meko.
  • Umzekelo-ngecala- kwi-Chief: I-paltiff (okanye ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho) inikela ubungqina bayo kuqala. Oku kuquka ukubiza amangqina ukuba avavanywe ngokungqalileyo, azise amaxwebhu, kwaye anike ubungqina obungochwepheshe. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokunqamleza i-examine ingqina ngalinye.
  • [[NTLA:0] Umzekelo we-Defentant: Emva kokuba ummangalelwa ehleli, ummangalelwa unikela ubungqina bakhe. Ummangalelwa angabiza amangqina akhe aze azise imiboniso. Ummangalelwa uyakwazi ukunqumla i-examine.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Icala kunye neMvume: I-paltiff inganika ubungqina obongezelelekileyo ukuphikisa ummangalelwa, elandelwa yimpendulo yokugqibela evela kummangalelwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Iimpikiswano ezinika umdla: igqwetha ngalinye lishwankathela ubungqina lize libonise isizathu sokuba umfumaneli wento makalawule ngokuxhasa kwazo. Iimpikiswano zokuvala azibobungqina kodwa ziintetho ezeyiselayo ezibalaselisa amandla emeko yeqela kunye nobuthathaka kwingingqi yomchasi.
  • [[FLT: 0] IMithetho neSigwebo se-Verdict: Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, ijaji ifundisa abachopheli-tyala ngomthetho osebenzayo. Ijaji ngoko iyaququzelela ize ibuyisele isigqibo. Kwityala lebheri, ijaji ithatha ityala phantsi kocetyo kwaye inikezele isigqibo, ngokufuthi ngokufumana okubhaliweyo kwezibakala nezigqibo zomthetho.

Kulo lonke ityala, imithetho engqongqo yobungqina ilawula oko kunokunikelwa yinkcazelo. Ukuphulaphula, ubungqina obungancedi nto, kunye nonxibelelwano olubalulekileyo azinakuthenjwa. Ijaji isebenza njengomgcini-sango, iqinisekisa ukuba ityala liqhubeke kakuhle nokuba abachopheli-tyala (ukuba bakhona) bafumana kuphela ubungqina obuvumelekileyo.

Intshukumo yomgwebo neyomva wesiphelo

Emva kwesigqibo okanye kwesigqibo sesihlalo, inkundla ingena kwisigwebo. Isigwebo yinkundla esemthethweni elawula impikiswano. Isenokuquka umvuzo womonakalo, umyalelo, umthetho wokurhoxa, okanye esinye isiphumlisi. Emva komgwebo, iqela eliphulukana nefayile yentshukumo yasemva kovavanyo, njengokuhamba kwetyala elitsha (ukuchaza ukuba isigqibo sasichasene nobunzima bobungqina okanye iimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni) okanye intshukumo yokugweba ngaphandle kwesigwebo (ukungafikeleli sigqibo esifanelekileyo sokufikelela eso sigqibo). Ezi ntshukumo kufuneka zigcinwe ngethuba elifutshane, eliqhelekileyo ukuya kwiintsuku ezingama-10.

Inkqubo Yezibheno: Ukufuna Ukukhangela Okwesibini

Ukuba iqela likholelwa ukuba inkundla yamatyala yenza impazamo engokwasemthethweni eyachaphazela isiphumo, banelungelo lokubhena. Inkqubo yesibongozo asiyotyala lophinda liqulunqe; kukuhlola ingxelo yenkundla echongiweyo ukufumanisa ukuba iimpazamo zomthetho zenzekile. Inkundla yezaphula-mthetho ayibuva ubungqina obutsha okanye ubungqina obungqinelayo. Amanyathelo asisiseko aquka:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukubhalisa isaziso sesibheno: I-apulant (umqokozo onomtsalane) kufuneka ifake isaziso sesibheno kwinkundla evavanyayo kumda wexesha ochaziweyo. Ukungaphumeleli ukwenza njalo kurhoxiswe ekubhexezeni.
  • Ukulungiselela iSikhundla: Iqokelela ingxelo yenkundla evavanyiweyo, kuquka iirejishi, imiboniso, kunye nezibongozo. Le ngxelo igqithiselwe kwinkundla ye-appellate.
  • Ukuthunyelelwa okugqithisileyo: omabini amaqela afaka iimpendulu ezibhaliweyo. Impikiswano emfutshane yenkundla yamatyala yetyala yenze impazamo, icaphula igunya elisemthethweni kunye neenxalenye ezithile zengxelo. Impendulo emfutshane ye-Appellee, iphikisa ukuba isigqibo senkundla yetyala sasichanile okanye ukuba naziphi iimpazamo zazingenabungozi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Iimpikiswano ezi-Oral: kwiinkundla ezininzi zesambuku, amaqela anikela iimpikiswano zomlomo kwiqela labagwebi (ngokoqobo ezintathu). Eli lithuba lokuba abagwebi babuze imibuzo kwaye bacacise imibandela.
  • Isigqibo sokukhupha isantya: Emva kokuqwalasela iimpikiswano ezifutshane nezidluliselwa ngomlomo, inkundla edlulisela isigwebo esibhaliweyo. Inkundla ingasiqinisekisa isigqibo senkundla esezantsi, iguqule, iphinde isibeke, okanye iphinde iphinde igqibe (emva) ityala lokuqhubeka kwemicimbi engqinelanayo noluvo.

Izibheno zifumaneka jikelele njengombandela wasekunene wemigwebo yokugqibela, kodwa kwimiyalelo ephakathi (izicathulo eziphakathi), ikhefu lenkundla ingafuneka. Inkundla ephakamileyo elawulayo (njengenkundla ePhakamileyo) okanye inkundla ephakamileyo karhulumente elawulayo.

Imigaqo Engundoqo Exatyisweni

Imigaqo eliqela esisiseko isekelwe kwinkqubo yokugweba imbambano, iqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo zifanelekile yaye aziguquguquki.

  • Inkqubela yemodeli: Ilithuba kufuneka lifumane isaziso esaneleyo kunye nethuba lokuviwa. Oku kuquka ilungelo lokunika ubungqina, amangqina e-aximine, kwaye amelwe licebiso.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ibherin yobuMqondisi: Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, umchasi-staff kufuneka abonise imeko yakhe nge inkcazo yobungqina[ (ekunokwenzeka kakhulu kunangenjalo). Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, ingtshutshiso kufuneka ibonise ukuba unetyala [[FLT:]] ngaphandle kothandabuza okusengqiqweni [.
  • Iinkundla zilandela umzekelo, umgaqo wokuba amatyala afanayo agqitywe ngendlela efanayo. Oku kukhuthaza ukuxelwa kwangaphambili nokungaguquguquki kumthetho.
  • Inkqubo ye-Adversarial: Amaqela, esebenzisa amagqwetha awo, alawula ukunikelwa kobungqina neempikiswano. Ijaji (nejaji) ihlala ingathathi cala, igqiba ngokusekelwe koko kunikelweyo.
  • [[NTL: 0] Imithetho yobungqina: Le mithetho ilawula oko bubungqina bunokuthenjwa, ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka nokusesikweni. Umzekelo, indlebe ngokuqhelekileyo ayinakuthenjwa kuba ayinako ukunqumla i-examine ideclarant yokuqala.

Inkcazelo eninzi ngenkcazo kwiinkqubo zenkundla nemigaqo engokwasemthethweni, jonga izibonelelo ezifana ne- U.S. i-website esemthethweni, i- iZiko lolwazi loLwelo eCornell Law School, okanye iBYUM iiNtendelezo kunye neTribunals Judiciary.

Enye Indlela Yokuthetha: Xa Iinkundla Zingekho Kuphela

Ngeli xesha iinkundla ziyindawo yesithethe yokulungisa impikiswano, ungquzulwano luninzi lungaconjululwa ngenye indlela. Ukuququzelelwa kunye nokuhlawulwa ziintlobo ezimbini eziqhelekileyo zengxoxo ( izisombululo zempikiswano eziphindiweyo (okanye iqela) [ADLT:1]. Kwindawo yokukhupha icala, iqela lesithathu elingathathi-nxaxheba liyazinceda ukuba bafumane indawo yokuhlala yokuzithandela. Kwinkundla ethile, amaqela azisa imeko yabo kwilungu (okanye iqela) elibophayo. I-ADR isoloko isenza isigqibo esinexabiso elincinane, ibiza imali eninzi, kwaye iyimfihlo kakhulu kunetyala. Ezinye iinkqubo zenkundla zifuna kwanamaqela ukuba azame ukuzama ukuquququzelela ukuvavanywa kwemidwa kwezondaba phambi kokuvavanywa.

Noko ke, i-ADR ayilungelanga zonke iimpikiswano. Iimeko ezibandakanya imiba entsokothileyo yomthetho, imibuzo yomgaqo-siseko, okanye ukungalingani kwamandla phakathi kwamaqela kusenokusombululwa kakuhle kumiselo lwenkundla esemthethweni. Ukuyiqonda nzulu i ADR ekunokukhethwa kuyo, bona icandelo leMelika Bar Bar Comment=Icandelo leDiffte .

Isiphelo

Iinkqubo zenkundla zenzelwe ngenyameko ukulungiselela isigqibo esisesikweni nesisesikweni sokuphikisana. Ngokuqonda amaqondo ahlukeneyo eenkqubo zomthetho ngezantsi ukusuka kwintshukumo zangaphambi kwetyala kunye nokufunyanwa ngovavanyo, umgwebo, kunye nesibheno (iindidividid) ziyakwazi ukuqhuba kakuhle ubunkimbini benkqubo esemthethweni. Nokuba ngaba ungumenzi wesigqeba, ugqirha osemthethweni, okanye ummi onolwazi nje, ulwazi ngendlela iinkundla ezicombulula ngayo iingxoxo zikunika amandla okukhusela amalungelo akho nokuxabisa umthetho. Ijudicary ihlala iyisiko elibalulekileyo lokugcina ulungelelwano lwentlalo kunye nokuhambisa ubulungisa ngendlela elungelelanisiweyo, engenakhethe.

Njengokuba iinkqubo zomthetho ziqhubeka ziguquka, iinkundla zidibanisa ubugcisa kunye nezinye iindlela zezigqibo zokuphucula ukufikelela kokusesikweni. Kodwa imigaqo engundoqo /ukubonakalisa, ukucaciswa nokunamathela kumthetho, ihlala ingatshintshi. Ukuqonda le migaqo linyathelo lokuqala lokuzibandakanya ngokunempumelelo kwinkqubo yokugweba.