Indlela Iinkundla Zeenkundla Zenza Ngayo Izigqibo: Ingcaciso Elula

Iinkundla zezomthetho zesizwe zisisiseko senkqubo yokugweba yaseMerika, ukusingatha iimpikiswano ezininzi ezingokwasemthethweni ezivela phantsi komthetho wesizwe. Ukusuka ekuphulweni kwemithetho yezomthetho nasekuthatyathwa-nxaxheba ukuya kwiinkundla ezinzulu zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye namatyala okugcina abantwana, ukuqonda indlela iinkundla zikarhulumente ezifikelela ngayo kwizigqibo zazo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ohamba ngemiqathango esemthethweni okanye ofuna nje ukuba ngummi onolwazi. Inkqubo yokwenza isigqibo isebenza ngendlela elungeleleneyo, isekelwe kwiinkulungwane zezithethe ezisemthethweni, kwaye yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba sesikweni, ukungaguquguquki, nokunamathela kumthetho.

Ngelixesha iinkqubo ezichanekileyo zohluka ngokwemeko, isiseko solwakhiwo sihlala siqinile. Eli nqaku liqhekeza iqonga ngalinye lohambo oluthathayo, ukusuka kwisakhelo sokuqala ukuya kwisigqibo sokugqibela, kwaye lihlola oothunywa abangundoqo abaphembelela ijaji okanye abachopheli-mgwebi i-’ isigqibo sokugqibela. Nokuba ungumfundi womthetho, umnini weshishini omncinane, okanye umntu ojongene nenkupho esemthethweni, le nkcazelo iza kunikeza uluvo olucacileyo, olusebenzisekayo ngendlela iinkundla zelizwe ezicinga nezenza ngayo izinto.

1. Umva wetyala kunye nohlolo lokuqala

Inkundla nganye eqhubekayo iqala xa iqela (ummangalelwa okanye umceli) lifakela uxwebhu olusemthethweni olwaziwayo njengesikhalazo okanye isibongozo ngenkundla efanelekileyo yorhulumente. Olu xwebhu luchaza isiseko esisemthethweni setyala, izibakala njengoko umgcini-fayili ezibona, kwaye isiqabu esifunwayo (njengeyomonakalo wemali, umyalelo, okanye umyalelo welokulibo). Umthetho wenkundla i’ unobhala uhlola ikhupho lolawulo olupheleleyo — ugweba iintlobo ezichaneyo, iindleko, kunye nolwazi lwenkonzo luqukiwe.

Noko ke, uhlolo lokuqala ludlulela ngaphaya komthetho nje. Inkundla, ngokufuthi ngomgwebi ’ uhlolo lokuqala, iza kugqiba ukuba ukukhalaza kwe “ ichaza ukuba kusini na ukuba lunganikwa uncedo. ” oku kumsebenzi wokugcina isango obalulekileyo. Ukuba isikhalazo asiphumeleli ukuchasana okusemthethweni okuvumelekileyo okanye ukuswe iinkcukacha ezicacileyo, ijaji ingalikhupha elityala okanye inike umnikezi-fayile ithuba lokuphelisa. Umzekelo, ityala elithi ivenkile yi “unfair &quordo; ngaphandle kokuchaza uksolelo lwesivumelwano okanye ukhuseleko lwabathengi lizakugxothwa kweli nqanaba.

Ukuba isikhalazo sidlulisa uququzelo, inkundla ikhupha izicelo ize iqhubeke. Ummangalelwa (okanye umphendulayo) ngoko ufumana isaziso kwaye unexesha elimiselweyo i — ngokuqhelekileyo 20 ukuya kuma-30 iintsuku —to aphendule. Le mpendulo, ebizwa ngokuba yimpendulo, ingavuma okanye ikhanyele, iphakamise ukhuseleko lokuvuma, okanye ikhuphele ifayile yokulwa. Kule ndawo, i “ imigca ye-battle ” iyazoba, kwaye inkundla iqalisa ukulawula ixesha lomthetho.

2. Iinkqubo zangaphambili: Ukudumba ibala ledabi

Phambi kokuba naliphi na ityala livele, inyathelo elicwangcisiweyo langaphambi kovavanyo lenzeka. Le nxalenye ilapho uninzi lwamatyala lugqitywa khona ngokuhlaliswa okanye ngokugxothwa, kuba inyanzela amacala omabini ukuba atyhile ubungqina bawo neengcamango ezingokwasemthethweni. Amalungu amabini angundoqo afunyanwa kwaye aqheliselwa ukushukuma.

Ukufunyanwa: Inkcazelo Ephangaleleyo

Ukufumana okuyinkqubo esesikweni apho iqela ngalinye lifumana khona ubungqina kwelinye icala. Yenzelwe ukunqanda i “ uvavanyo ngokulalela i ” kwaye iqinisekise ukuba izibakala zikhutshwe ngokupheleleyo phambi kwenkundla. Izixhobo zokufumana eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

  • [[UMKCIT: 0] Iziphumo zencoko yababini [[FLT: 1] &nnash; imibuzo ebhaliweyo emele iphendulwe phantsi kwesifungo.
  • [[UMTHL: 0] Ukwakhiwa [[FLT: 1] – ubungqina bomlomo obuthathwe phantsi kwesifungo ngaphandle kwenkundla, bubhalelwe ukusetyenziswa kamva.
  • [[UMTLL: 0] Izicelo zemveliso – iimfuno zamaxwebhu, ii email, izivumelwano, okanye obunye ubungqina obuphathekayo.
  • Izicelo ze Active – iingxelo ezicela omnye umntu ukuba avume okanye akhanye, acuthe imiba yokuvavanya.

Ijaji ijolise ekufunyanisweni kwayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ayisetyenziswa kakubi. Ukuba iqela alivumi ukuthobela, inkundla ingamisela isigwebo, kuquka izibongozo ezibethayo okanye kwanokungena kumgwebo ongagqibekanga.

Uqheliselo lweNtshukumo: Ukusombulula Iengxaki Kusemsinyane

Ngexesha langaphambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala, naliphi na iqela lingafaka ifayile yentshukumo licela inkundla ukuba igqibe imiba ethile engokwasemthethweni ngaphandle kokuvavanywa ngokupheleleyo. Iintshukumo ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukukhupha &nnash; iphikisa ngokuthi nokuba yonke i- caltiff ’ inyani ziyinyaniso, umthetho awuniki nyango.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Umbutho womgwebo wesishwankathelo[[FLT: 1] – ingqina ukuba akukho mpikiswano yokwenene ngolwazi lwezinto eziphathekayo, ngoko ijaji ingalawula njengomthetho. Ukuba iyavunywa, ukuvavanywa kuphetshwa ngokupheleleyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Motion kwi Limine – ufuna ukungabufaki ubungqina obuthile ekulingweni, obufana nolumva okanye iifoto zerhafu.

Inkundla ithetha ngezi zenzo, iphulaphula impikiswano edluliselwa ngomlomo, kunye nemithetho ebhaliweyo.

3. Inkqubo Yokuvavanywa: Ukuchaza Ityala

Ukuba ityala lisinda kwimisinga yangaphambi kovavanyo kwaye amatheko akahlali, liqhubekela phambili ekugwetyweni. Ityala sisiganeko esingundoqo apho ijaji okanye abachopheli-tyala befumana bonke ubungqina buhleli kwaye bakhupha isigqibo. Iityala zikarhulumente zilandela isakhiwo esifana kakuhle, nokuba ziluvavanyo lwebhedri (isigqibo esigwebayo) okanye amatyala abachopheli-tyala (isigqibo).

Ukhetho

Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, inyathelo lokuqala kukukhetha inkundla yabachopheli-tyala. Ii-attorney nabagwebi babuza imibuzo enokuba ngabagwebi ukutyhila ucalucalulo okanye iingxabano zomdla. Icala ngalinye lingabetha inani elithile leejaji “ ukubangela i ” (ukungalungi) okanye ukusebenzisa i &lquo; imingeni efunekayo, kwimida).

Ukuvula iNgxelo

Igqwetha ngalinye lichaza ngokufutshane oko kuya kuboniswa bubungqina obubonisayo. La magqabaza awabo ubungqina kodwa asebenza njengemapu yegcisa lejaji.

Ukunikelwa Kobungqina

Undoqo wetyala kukuveliswa kobungqina. Iqela elinomthwalo wobungqina (ngokoqobo i-plantiff) lichaza imeko yalo kwintloko. Ubungqina bungaquka:

  • Uvavanyo &nash; amangqina aphendula imibuzo phantsi kwesifungo. Uvavanyo oluthe ngqo lweqela elibizayo, emva koko nqumla- uvavanya umchasi.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Imilinganiselo ye([FLT: 1] ['' uxwebhu] &nadash; amaxwebhu, iifoto, izinto eziphathekayo, okanye iirekhodi zamanani. Ezi kufuneka ziQinisekiswe kwaye zifikelele imithetho yobungqina (imithetho yokuphinda-phinda, iyasebenziseka, njl.njl.).
  • Izicwangciso [[FLT: 1] &nadash; izibakala zombini amacala ayavumelana, funda kwi rekhodi.

Emva kokuba ithe gqi, ukhuseleko lusenokubiza amangqina alo luze lubonise izinto ezikhoyo.

Impikiswano Zokuvala

Emva kokuba bonke ubungqina bukho, icala ngalinye lishwankathela ityala lalo lize libongoze ijaji okanye abachopheli-tyala ukuba babhale iingcaciso ezintle. Ii-Attorney zibalaselisa ubungqina obungundoqo, zihlasela umchasi u’ ukuthembeka, kwaye zichaze isizathu sokuba umthetho uxhasa umxhasi wabo. Umlandu uhamba kuqala, emva koko akhusele, nge-pecttiff isoloko ivumela uphindaphindo olufutshane.

Imiyalelo yengoma kunye nonikezelo

Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, ijaji iyalela abachopheli-tyala kumthetho ongekho mthethweni. Le miyalelo icacisa imigangatho esemthethweni abachopheli kufuneka bayisebenzise kwizibakala. Umzekelo, kwityala lobungakhathali, imiyalelo iza kuchaza umsebenzi wenkathalo, ukuqhekeza, ukukrala, kunye nomonakalo. Abaqeshi badla ngokuphumla ngabom, rhoqo emfihlekweni, de bafikelele isigqibo esidibeneyo (okanye ukusetyenziswa kweminye imiba yamakhaya).

Kwityala eliphakathi kwesihlalo, ijaji ithabatha eli tyala phantsi koluleko, ihlolisise ubungqina, ize ibhale isigqibo esiqulethe izinto ezifunyenweyo neziphendu zomthetho.

4. Izinto ezibangela ukuba kwenziwe izigqibo ezikhuthazayo

Enoba isigqibo senziwa yijaji okanye ngabachopheli-tyala, kukho oothunywashe abaphambili abakhokelayo kwiziphumo. Ukuqonda ezi zinto kuyayiphelisa le nkqubo yaye kugxininisa isizathu sokuba iinkundla ezahlukeneyo zifumane iziphumo ezahlukeneyo zezi ngxelo.

Imithetho esemthethweni namalungiselelo omGaqo-siseko

Ingongoma yokuqala isoloko ingumthetho ofanelekileyo: imimiselo yomthetho, umgaqo-siseko worhulumente, kunye, apho kusebenza khona, umthetho worhulumente. Inkundla kufuneka itolike ulwimi olusemthethweni, ngokufuthi ijonga kwiinjongo zomthetho, intsingiselo ecacileyo, kunye noluhlu lwemithetho yolwakhiwo. Umzekelo, imiyalelo eneziyobisi zikarhulumente iza kuchaza ukuba ziziphi izinto ezingekho mthethweni, oko kukuthi ziziphi i- &lquo; i-Aldquo; kwaye ziziphi izigwebo ezisebenzayo. Inkundla isebenzisa loo nkcazelo kwiinkcukacha.

Uqwalaselo Lomzekelo (Stare Decissis)

Iinkundla zelizwe zibotshelelwe yimfundiso ye stare decis i — isiLatin ye “ ukuma ngokwezinto ezigqitywe. ” iinkundla ezisezantsi kufuneka zilandele izigwebo zeenkundla eziphezulu kwilizwe elinye. Kwanabagwebi abagwebi kufuneka balandele imizekelo emiselwe ngurhulumente wabo i’ iNkundla Ephakamileyo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki nokuxelwa kwangaphambili. Noko ke, iinkundla zingahlula imizekelo ukuba izibakala zezinto ezohlukeneyo ngokwezinto, okanye kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, imizekelo eguquliweyo ukuba iimeko ziguqukile.

Ubungqina Nobungqina Obuphathekayo Bokuba AmaNgqina Akho

Inyaniso ayithethi ngokwayo; iqwalaselwa ngobungqina nangemiboniso. ABagwebi kunye nabagwebi bavavanya indlela ababonisa ngayo, ukungaguquguquki, ikhethe, kunye nokuxhasa. Ingqina elinenkumbulo engaqinanga okanye elinentshukumisa yokuxoka liya kunikwa ubunzima obungaphantsi. Ubungqina obubhaliweyo obufana nezivumelwano ezityikityweyo, iinyawo ezijongiweyo, okanye iingxelo zemali zisoloko zithwala ubunzima obungaphezulu kunobo zibhaliweyo kuphela.

Umthwalo Wokungqina

Umgangatho wobungqina uchaza indlela emele inyaniseke ngayo umenzi-zigqibi. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, ityala kufuneka libonise ukuba unetyala “ ngaphandle kobuthandabuza obusengqiqweni. ” Kwimeko zabemi, i-plactiff kufuneka ingqine imeko nge &lquo;preprevancement yobungqina ” (kunokwenzeka ukuba akakho), okanye kwezinye iimeko, i &lqueo; i-clear nengxces. ” Le milinganiselo ichaphazela ngqo nokuba iqela liyaphumelela okanye liyalahlekelwa.

Ubulumko Bokugweba

Abagwebi banengqiqo ephawulekayo kwimimandla emininzi: ukulawula ukuchasa okucacileyo, ukulawula iinkqubo zokuvavanya, ukugweba kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, nokusebenzisa iindlela zokunyanga ezilinganayo. Oku kuqiqa akunakugwetywa; kufuneka kusetyenziswe ngaphakathi kwemida yomthetho kwaye kungenziwanga nto imbi. Umzekelo, ijaji ingamgqala ummangalelwa u’ imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho, ilusizi, kunye nokukwazi ukubuyisela isimilo xa kubekwa isigwebo.

5. Intshukumo nezibheno zasemva

Isigqibo sokuvavanya asinqabile ukuba ligama lokugqibela. Iqela eliphulukana nento lisenokuyifakela ifayile yentshukumo yasemva kwetyala, njengentshukumo yokuvavanya okutsha okanye intshukumo yokugweba phezu kwayo nje isigqibo, liphikisa ngelithi isigqibo sasichasene nobunzima bobungqina okanye iimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni. Ijaji ingayinika le ntshukumo, kodwa isoloko isenza oko kuphela ngenxa yokungalungisi okucacileyo.

Ukuba inyathelo elilandelayo lisilela kwinkundla yetyala ephakathi (okanye ngqo kwinkundla ephakamileyo kumazwe amancinci). Izibheno azingo “do-overs ” inkundla elawulayo ihlola ingxelo ebhaliweyo yezobutyala, hayi iimpikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni. Iyakusibhukuqa isigqibo kuphela ukuba umgwebi wetyala udedelela umthetho okanye ukuba ubungqina babunganele kangangokuba akukho nkundla ifanelekileyo enokuthi ifikelele eso sigqibo.

Inkundla ephakamileyo yaseburhulumenteni, esoloko ibizwa ngokuba yiNkundla Ephakamileyo, igqibelela ngokuthetha ngemibandela yomthetho karhulumente (ngaphandle kokuba kubandakanyeke umcimbi womgaqo-siseko wesizwe, onokuthi ke ungene kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States).

Indima ye Juries vs ABagwebi

Umahluko osisiseko kwizigqibo zenkundla yeli lizwe ngowokuba ngubani oya kubiza isalathisi sodidi okanye ijaji eqeqeshiweyo.

Imikhosi eninzi izisa amaxabiso entlalo kwinkundla yenkundla. Isoloko ibonwa njengesazela soluntu, ingakumbi kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho apho banokukwazi khona u “nullig ” umthetho ukuba bakholelwa ukuba umthetho ongalunganga uyasetyenziswa. Ii Juries zifumana inyani; zigqiba oko kwenzekayo ngokusekelwe kubungqina kwaye zisebenzisa umthetho njengoko uyalelwa ngumgwebi.

Abagwebi, kwelinye icala, bangamava omthetho. Kwizingxubusho zebhentshi, benza zombini iindima zokufumana inyaniso kunye nohlalutyo olusemthethweni. Abagwebi badla ngokuqhelana nemibandela entsonkothileyo engokwasemthethweni, njengaleyo ibandakanya iisivumelwano zoshishino okanye imibuzo yomgaqo-siseko, kwaye isenokungaphenjelelwa kakhulu kukubhexekwa kwemizwana. Ilingenwa lisenokukhetha ibhedrin xa bekholelwa ukuba iimpikiswano zomthetho zibaluleke kakhulu kuneenkcukacha, okanye xa ijaji isenokuba nekhethelo.

Ngokomzekelo, ukuqonda le ngxaki kunceda ukuba ityala lonyango elibandakanya abachopheli abanovelwano nesibhedlele esikhulu lisenokufaneleka ngakumbi kwinkundla yabachopheli - tyala, ngoxa impikiswano yobugcisa phakathi kwemibutho emibini isenokuba bhetele kumgwebi.

7. Ukuthabatha Abemi Ngobuchule

Ukuba ubandakanyekile kwityala lenkundla yaseburhulumenteni, ukwazi inkqubo yokwenza izigqibo kungakunceda wena negqwetha lakho nilungiselele. Nazi izilumko ezinokuphunyezwa:

  • [[FLT: 0] Uxwebhu yonke into [[FLT: 1] &nash; ubungqina ngukumkani. Gcina ii email, iirisithi, iifoto, namaphetshana. Okukhona ubungqina befayile obuthembekileyo unayo, kokukhona unobukhali.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ngaphantsi komthetho – sebenza negqwetha ukuchaza imimiselo nemizekelo esebenzayo. Igqwetha elilungileyo lizakubeka imeko yakho kwisakhelo esifanelekileyo somthetho.
  • Lungela ulibaziseko – iinkundla zikarhulumente zisoloko zinzima. Iinkqubo zangaphambi kovavanyo zingathatha iinyanga. Umonde nolungiselelo olucokisekileyo lubalulekile.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Cinga ngesinye isigqibo sempikiswano [[FLT: 1] – iinkundla ezininzi zikarhulumente zigunyazisa ulawulo phambi kokuvavanywa. Ukuzinzisa kwangethuba kugcina ixesha, imali, kunye noxinzelelo lwemvakalelo.

Isiphelo

Isigqibo senkundla yelizwe sisenkqubo elungelelanisiweyo, ebekwe ngobuninzi engqinelana nomthetho ngokuqwalasela ngenyameko izibakala. Ukusuka kwigophe lokuqala ukuya kwintshukumo zangaphambi koshicilelo, ukuvavanya, kunye nezibongozo ezinokwenzeka, inyathelo ngalinye lenzelwe ukuvelisa isiphumo sobulungisa. Ngelixesha inkqubo ingagqibekanga kwi — iidelay, izigqibo ezingaguquguqukiyo, kunye namaxabiso aphezulu zingxaki zokwenene — isiseko senkqubo ekwimo engaphambili, ukubonakala kwelinye icala, kunye nokuvavanywa kwe-adversari iyenza yahluka.

Kumntu ofuna ukusebenzisa le nkqubo, ulwazi lunamandla. Ukuqonda indlela abagwebi nabagwebi ababuhlola ngayo ubungqina, abasebenzisa imimiselo, kunye nemizekelo kukuvumela ukuba ufikelele ityala lakho ngolindelo olusengqiqweni nangendlela eyomeleleyo. Umthetho awuyomfihlelo; yimithetho esetyenziswa ngendlela elungele ukuxambulisana kwabantu. Yaye iinkundla zeli lizwe zilapho eso sicelo senzeka khona yonke imihla.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda kwiinkqubo zenkundla, ungajonga Icandelo lolwazi loMgaqo-siseko &squo; inkcazo yeenkundla zikarhulumente okanye uphando iU.S. uthelekiso phakathi kweenkqubo zorhulumente nezorhulumente. Ukufunda okungakumbi ngenkqubo yezibheno, i[[FLT:]] iNxulumaniso yeMelika inikeza isikhombisi esiluncedo [[].