Ukwazisa: Ukunciphisa Ukhuphiswano Lwezobupolitika

Umelo lwePropotionel (PR) lungaphezulu nje kwendlela yokubala iivoti . Itshintsha ngokusisiseko izikhuthazo ezibumba amaqela ezobupolitika, izicwangciso zawo zangaphakathi, kunye nokusingqongileyo kwedemokhrasi okubanzi. Ngokungafaniyo nokufumana- zonke iinkqubo ezicinezela ukhetho lwezobupolitika kumaqela amabini alawulayo, iinkqubo zePR zijolise ekuguquleni umvoti ngqo kwizihlalo zomthetho. Oku kutshintsha kusuka kwinkalo nganye yeqela: indlela abakha ngayo, indlela ababhenela ngayo ekuvoti, indlela abalawula ngayo, nendlela abalawula ngayo ngexesha elidluleyo. Ukuqonda olu tshintsho kuyimfuneko kumntu ovavanya utshintsho okanye uthelekiso lwedemokhrasi kumazwe anqamleze amazwe.

Ukuqonda umelo lwenkcazelo

Umbindi wayo, umelo lolungelelwaniso luqinisekisa ukuba ipesenti yezihlalo eziphumeleleyo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho efumanayo ifana kakhulu nepesenti yamavoti. Oku kuchasene ngokucacileyo neenkqubo zomphathi omkhulu ezifana neyokuqala-mva (FPTP), apho iqela lingafumana uninzi lwezihlalo ngemininzi engaphantsi kakhulu kwevoti. Iinkqubo zePR zivela kuhlobo oluninzi, ngalunye oluneenjongo ezicacileyo zophuhliso lweqela.

Iintlobo zomelo lwenkcazelo

  • Uluhlu PR: Iipari zingenisa uluhlu oluyalelweyo lwabathathi-nxaxheba. IiVoters zikhetha iqela, kwaye izihlalo zabelwa ngokwemo kwisabelo sovoti yeqela ngalinye. Okukhona amavoti amaninzi amkela iqela, okuninzi kwabathathi-nxaxheba kunyulwa ngokulandelelana. Le nkqubo inika ulawulo olunamandla kukhetho lweqela kunye nesigaba.
  • I Vote edluliselweyo eyodwa (STV): Abavote bajonge abantu ngabanye abaza kufikelela ngamaqela ngapha nangapha kwesithili esinamalungu amaninzi. Amaqumrhu anikwa ngenkqubo yequmrhu, avumela abavoti ukuba banqamleze imigca yeqela kwaye bachaze izikhethelo phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba enye. STV inciphisa ulawulo lweqela kunalowo unyulwayo aze akhuthaze ukhuphiswano lweqela.
  • [[NTL:0] Isithuba se-MEMber Proportionel: Abalawuli baphosa iibhola ezimbini zeqela lasekuhlaleni, (ngokufuthi basebenzisa i-FPTP) kunye nesinye soluhlu lweqela. Ulwabelo lwesihlalo silungelelanisiwe ukuze kufunyanwe ulungelelaniso, ngoko iqela elifumana izihlalo ezininzi zasekuhlaleni lingafumana izihlalo zoluhlu oluncinci. MMP ixuba umelo lwasekuhlaleni ngolungelelwaniso kwaye lusetyenziswa kumazwe afana neJamani neNew Zealand.

Lucetyo ngalunye olunempembelelo ezahlukahlukeneyo kwiqela, kwidemokhrasi yangaphakathi nakumaqela ahlukahlukeneyo.

Impembelelo Yemibhiyozo Yezobupolitika

Umelo lwezakhono luphinda luwanike amaqela ezobupolitika asuka emhlabeni ukuya phezulu(-) ubukhulu, inani, umbutho wangaphakathi, ucwangciso lwephulo, kunye nokuziphatha kolawulo. Olu tshintsho alulolwahlula-phinde lube luphawulo kuphela kodwa lungalinganisi.

Ukukhuthaza Abancinane Nabangcangcazeli

Kwindlela yePR, iqela elikhusela i 5% yevoti edla ngokuphumelela malunga ne 5% yezihlalo. Lo mqobo usezantsi umqobo wokungena kwiqela elitsha nelincinane. Amaqela aluhlaza, intshukumo ezithe ngqo, amaqela eendawo, kunye nemibutho enye edibanisa iipalamente, lingafumana umelo lwepalamente ngaphandle kokufuna ukwaphula intloko yentloko---------mgadla “into-zonke” umqobo. Oku kukhuthaza indalo eyahlukeneyo. U Voter akasafuni mfuneko yokukhetha“ ezincinci kwezimbini”. [iiiiiindlela] ezinokuvota ngokunyanisekileyo kwiqela elifana neendawo ezithanda zona. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ezintlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo zendalo apho ikhuliswa khona nokucolishwa. Noko ke, abagxeki-chasana banokukhuthaza amaqela amaqela angenayo.

Umanyano loorhulumente bemibutho enxulumeneyo kunye nomanyano

Ngenxa yokuba akukho qela linye elidla ngokuphumelela uninzi, iinkqubo zePR ziqinisekisa urhulumente odityanisiweyo. Iintlanganiso kufuneka zithethe ngeeplatfomu, izikhundla zoorhulumente, nezinto eziphambili zowiso-mthetho kunye namaqabane anokungena. Oku kutshintsha indlela yokuziphatha yeqela ngeendlela ezininzi:

  • izivumelwano zokhetho zePrequarter: Imikhosi ingenza amacandelo phambi konyulo ukuphawula ukuhambelana okunokwenzeka, ngaloo ndlela ilolongela ukulindela kovoti.
  • ucebisi lweposi : Ukhokelo lwamaqela lufuna ukuba ngabaququzeleli abanobuchule, ngokufuthi lulungisa iindawo ezigqithisileyo ukwenza imiqolo iphumelele.
  • Ulalaniso olukhoyo: Imikhosi ifunda ukurhoxisa iimfuno ezingeyomfuneko eziphambili. Oku kungakhokelela kwizinzipho ezizinzileyo, ulawulo lwe-centrist(kodwa nakulwaphulo-mthetho lwegumbi lokusebenza emva oludelisa izithembiso zephulo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Amacandelo aphakathi[[FLT: 1]: Iingcinezelo zokhuphiswano zingaqinisa iingxoxo zangaphakathi, njengoko amaphiko eqela engavumelaniyo apho uvumelwano lwamkelekileyo.

Ukubandakanyeka Kwezopolitiko Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwezobupolitika

Phantsi kwePR, abavoti abanakuziva ukuba ukuvota kwabo “kwaphukile.” Kwinkqubo zovotiwelo, abaxhasi bamaqela amancinane bahlala ekhaya okanye ngokuququzelela. `PR' basusa uxinzelelo oluninzi. Uphando lubonisa ngokuzingisileyo umvoti ophezulu kumazwe ePR xa kuthelekiswa neenkqubo ze-FPTPPP, naxa ulawulo lweminye imiba. Ingqiqo yokuba yonke imiba yokuvota ijongela ngqo indlela amaqela ahlala ngayo. Endaweni yokuhlasela imimandla ejijekileyo kuphela, amaqela kufuneka abhenele ngokubanzi kwaye athumele isiseko sawo kuyo yonke indawo. Oku kunganyusa umsebenzi kwaye kunyuse izikolo zedibini. Ngaphezu koko, ngenxa yokuba abavoti-votenti bayakwazi ukuba ngabavoti (udeV) okanye bakhethe phakathi kwamaqela amaninzi, bavakalelwa ngakumbi kwinkqubo yezo ezobupolitiko.

Umbutho weQela nokuKhetha

Iinkqubo ze-PR zisoloko zikhuthaza idemokhrasi enkulu ekwicandelo elibanzi. Ngaphantsi koluhlu lwePR, amaqela alawula umyalelo wabathathi-nxaxheba, kodwa angaphakathi okanye iindibano ezinika abantu imvume zingagqiba olo lungelelwano. Kwinkqubo ezininzi ezivulekileyo, abavoti bangaphembelela abathathi-nxaxheba abanyuliweyo, abaxhobi ukuba bahlakulele i-ethematika yobuqu kunye namaqhina obulali. Oku kungakhokelela kumaqela ahlukeneyo eePR, amaqela amaqela amaqela anokuwasebenzisa amandla awo okulandela izikhundla eziphezulu, anokuqhathathiweyo. Umlinganiselo ophakathi kolawulo oluphakathi noomatshini abalawulayo kunye nemithetho e-omatiloshe abakhethiweyo uyahluka-tshintsha kakhulu.

Ucelomngeni Lomelo Oluvela Kulwazi

Nangona iziphumo zedemokhrasi, i-PR ikho ngaphandle kweendleko. Kwale misebenzi ikhuthaza ukufuziselwa inokubangela iingxaki.

Ukwahlulwa Kwendlela Ebupolitika

Xa amaqela amaninzi ephumelela kwizihlalo, ukwakha urhulumente ozinzileyo kuba yingxaki enzima. Kwimeko ezimandundu, njengokuba zibonwa kwaSirayeli nase-Itali ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, unyulo oluthe rhoqo noorhulumente abahlala ixeshana elifutshane banokuphelisa ukuthembana kwabantu. Ukwahlula-hlula kunika amandla amancinane “oMenzi” akhupha iimvume ezigqithisileyo, aphazamisa amaqela amakhulu kunye nokuvota ngokufanayo. Imithetho yentelekelelo (umz. 3% okanye 5% yevoti) isoloko ibekwa ekunqandeni ukwahlukana, kodwa kwakhona bakhupha amazwi okwenyaniso. Ukufumana ulungelelaniso olulungileyo kulucelomngeni oluqhubekayo.

Ukuntsonkotha kolawulo

Ulawulo lwezikhundla lufuna ingxubusho eqhubekayo, enokuthi ithobe isantya ekwenzeni izigqibo. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi oorhulumente abasebenzisanayo bavelisa “ityala eliphantsi eliqhelekileyo” iinkqubo ezingakholisanga mntu ngokupheleleyo. Kwimiba engxamisekileyo . "njengengxaki yezoqoqosho okanye ukhuseleko lwesizwe" oku kusenokuba yingxaki. Ngaphezu koko, izivumelwano ezidibeneyo zidla ngokunikezela ngeenkonzo phakathi kwamaqela, nto leyo ekhokelela kumadabi kunye nenkqubo yokungavumelani. Imfuneko yokulalanisa ityala ingenza oorhulumente bangabi natyala elininzi: abafuni kulula ukohlwaya iqela elinye ngenxa yokusebenza kakubi xa libotshelelwa amaqabane.

Ukudimazeka nokudimazeka

Ngokuhlekisayo, kwale nkqubo inye enika amandla amaqela amancinane anokuba abavoti. Xa iingxoxo zombutho zivelisa oorhulumente abangabonisi siphumo esingqalileyo sonyulo (umz., iqela elifikayo okwesibini lingakhokela umnqongozelo), abavoti bavakalelwa kukuba ukhetho lwabo lugqwethiwe. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, utshintsho oluthe rhoqo kurhulumente kunye nokungaqondakali kombutho womanyano lungabangela ubugcwabalala. Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi ukuba amaqela amakhulu asoloko engafuni iqela eliqhelekileyo kwiminqongo yomanyano, enika amavoti abonakala engenanjongo kwimpembelelo yokwenene. UVoter angajika ibala okanye alahle ukuba abantu bavakalelwa kukuba akukho bavota abavotelayo, “ukhatho olunye lweqela lokulawula iziphumo.

Uhlalutyo oluthelekisayo: PR vs.Majoritharian System

Umahluko womelo olulungelelanisiweyo kunye neenkqubo ezingundoqo ucacisa ukuphuma kwendlela nganye yokukhetha enyanzelisa amaqela.

Iinkqubo zooMasipala

Kuqala-phambili kwe-veto-pread-post kunye neenkqubo ezifanayo zidla ngokuvelisa ukhuphiswano olunezahlulo ezimbini. Oku kuphakamisa ulawulo: omnye umbutho udla ngokuphumelela izihlalo ezicacileyo, ephumeza ukuphumeza inkqubo ekhawulezayo. Kukwanciphisa inani leencam zeveto, ukwenza urhulumente abenokuphelisa. Noko ke, ukwenza njalo ngokucwangcisayo ukumela iqela elikhulu kwaye ngaphantsi kokumela ezincinci. Ulawulo olusezantsi olukhuselekileyo lungaziva iilonkelwano zabo lungambathanga, kwaye amaqela anikezi nto zizinto zokutsala izithuba ezincinane. Ukhuthazo lokubhenela amaqela amacala avulekileyo, kodwa ashiye imiphetho yemihlathi ingangeni ejikelezayo i-injini ejikelezayo i-injini ejikelezayo i-engile. Ulawulo lweqela lusoloko lukhulisiwe kakhulu ekulawuleni umyalezo oyaya kumacala ahlukeneyo.

Iingenelo zePR kuphuhliso lweQela

  • Umelo lomelo : Izahlulo zibonisa iinguqu zokwenene zoluvo lukawonke-wonke.
  • ukuqokelelwa kwemali ngolungelelwano: Izixhobo zingalibetha iqela ngaphandle kokunika amandla kwingqiqo echaseneyo.
  • Ukukhuthazwa kwenkcaso eyakhayo: Amaqela amancinci angaphembelela umthetho kwanakwizibhedlele zokuphikisa ngolwazi olukhethekileyo kunye nezivumelwano ezinqamlezayo.
  • Umvoti ophezulu ojikelezayo : Njengoko amavoti ebalwa kuyo yonke indawo ngokulinganayo, amaqela amema abavoti kulo lonke ilizwe.

Ingxaki yePR yophuhliso lweQela

  • Ukungazinzi kokumanyumnyezi kwemali : ingakumbi kuluntu olubandayo, ukuwa okusoloko kungurhulumente kungaphazamisa ucwangciso lwexesha elide.
  • Ukubuyisela i-Weak ukuvotelwa : Iivoters zizama ukubeka iziphumo kwiqela elinye xa iminqongo yabelana ngegunya.
  • Unyuso lwamaqela aphezulu: Kuluhlu oluvaliweyo PR, iinkokeli ezilawula amanqanaba zinamandla amakhulu phezu kwabathathi-nxaxheba.
  • I-Extrams ingenzeka[: Kwanamaqela amancinane angonakaliyo angafumana indawo ephakamileyo, ingakumbi enemiqobo esezantsi.

Uphando lwetyala lomelo lweprojekthi

Ukuhlolisisa indlela iPR eye yabumba ngayo amaqela kwimo yesizwe eyahlukeneyo kunceda ukuyila uhlalutyo lwengcamango kubungqina behlabathi lokwenene.

IJamani: Impumelelo Yeprojekthi Exutyiweyo

Inkqubo ye-MMP edibanisa izihlalo zobulali (isiqingatha se-Bundestag) nezihlalo ezilinganayo. Umnyango we 5% (okanye uphumelele izihlalo ezisisigxina ezintathu ezizimeleyo) uthintela ukwahlukana okugqithisileyo. Kwimbali, oku kwavelisa inkqubo ezinzileyo yecandelo lesithathu (CDU/CSU, SPD, FDP, kwaye kamva iGreentives). Urhulumente weko yayingumgaqo oqhelekileyo, kodwa balawula ngokungqongqo imiyalelo epheleleyo. Iindawo eziphuhliswayo zivelise ubuchule bangaphakathi bokwenza ulungelelwano olunempumelelo. Inkqubo yangaphakathi ikhuthaza iGreenstiki kunye neSiqikelelo ukuya kulawulo oluphambili. Noko ke, okutsha kungoku njengoko kunyuke kwe-früschland (D5) yenza i-madmithene, i-odventineeanstys maxesha athile, oorhulumente abathathu abafuna urhulumente baseJamani babonisa indlela ekwane.

ESweden: IHigh Turnout Nomcimbi KaConsenus

I-Sweden isebenzisa inkqubo yePR elungisiweyo enomqobo wesizwe esi-4%. Ibeka izithuba eziphezulu zovoti (ngaphezulu ko 85%). Ilizwe elinamacala amaninzi liquka imigangatho yemigangatho yentlalo, iinguqu, imfuno, ingcaciso, ingcambu, kwaye ekude. Oorhulumente basoloko beyimibutho elungele ukudibana okanye oorhulumente abambalwa abaxhomekeke kwinkxaso ephezulu. Amaqela aseSweden axhotyiswe kakhulu kodwa aqhelise “a ngokufanelekileyo izobupolitika”. [16] i-comvoti iyalindelwa. Inkqubo ivumele amaqela amancinane ukuba abe nempembelelo ebalulekileyo, njengamaqela ajikelezayo phakathi kwecala lasekhohlo nelasekunene. Ngoko, ukuqukuqelezela kwe-Sweden i-Democrates, ikhokelela ekuquluntlukeni koburhulumente. I- Sweden i-equmgamga yomgangatho ophezulu, kodwa alungele ukuphakama kwe-demo-demode.

INew Zealand: IDelibrate Shift to PR

I-FPTP yalahlwa yi-MMP ngo-1996 emva kweminxeba emibini. Utshintsho lwatshintsha ngendlela ephawulekayo inkqubo yeqela. Phambi kwe MMP, amaqela amabini angundoqo alawulayo ``Labour'' kunye nesizwe. Emva koko, amaqela amancinane njenga New Zealand Kuqala, iGreens, kwaye iAkhawuntathe yavela njengabadlali abasisigxina. Intengiso yaba yeyona iqhelekileyo, inyanzelela amaqela ukuba angenele anqamleze amacala amaninzi. I- Voter inyuke ekuqaleni. Isixokelelwano sikhutshwe: imithetho noluhlu luye lwadityaniswa. I-New Zealand ibonisa ukuba utshintsho lwenjongo yenjongo, entle, lungenza ipalamente engaphezulu ngaphandle kokunikezela kwemithetho. Unyulo 2020, apho unyulo lwe-Labour wazuza khona umbatho oluthelo olupheleleyo kwi-M-SCONT, i-monel, i-mondss.

Olunye Umzekelo Ongenakuphawulwa

  • I-Neterilands: ilungelelaniswe ngokugqithisileyo ngaphandle komqobo, ikhokelela kwinkqubo eqhekekileyo yamaqela ali-10/13 epalamente, efuna iminqophiso emide. Amaqela amaDatshi adla ngokuba ziingcali ezidibanisayo, kodwa ukwakhiwa kukarhulumente kungathatha iinyanga.
  • uSirayeli: I-PR enomqobo osezantsi ibangele uqhekeka olungayolanga de umnyango osisi-3,25% wanyuswa waya ku 3,25% (kunye kamva 4%) ukunciphisa uqhekeko. Ngoko ke, isakhiwo esihlangeneyo sidume kakubi, kwaye ukungazinzi kukarhulumente kuphezulu.
  • Brazil: Isebenzisa uluhlu oluvulekileyo lwe-PR nesithili esikhulu, ivelisa inkqubo yeqela eqhekeziweyo (amaqela angama-20 kwingqungquthela). Oku kwenza ukuba inkqubo yomthengisi ithambise kwaye kuphelise ingqeqesho yeqela, nangona iinguqu ngo-2017 zazisa imiqobo yonyulo ukukhuthaza umanyano.

Isiphelo: Indaleko Eqhubekayo Yamagumbi Aphantsi KwePR

Umelo lwepropotigal alutshintshi nje kuphela izibalo zonyulo . kodwa ubungqina bucebisa ukuba iPR, xa yenzelwe ngenyameko ngemiqobo nezakhiwo ezifanelekileyo, inokuba neenguqu ezininzi, kwaye ithambeka ngakumbi kwingxoxo. IiVoter zifumana ukhetho lobunyani kodwa kufuneka zihambele phambili iimeko ezintsonkothileyo. Akukho nkqubo yolawulo olugqibeleleyo, kodwa iPR inika ubuchule obunyanzelekileyo be-DSP. Ngokunjalo, ubungqina bubonisa ukuba iPR, xa yenziwe ngobuchule ngemiqobo kunye nezakhiwo ezifanelekileyo, i-PR, ingakhuthaza amaqela amele i-atlenti kunye nabe inegunya lolawulo olunetyala. Akukho nkqubo yolawulo olugqibeleleyo egqibeleleyo, kodwa inika ulawulo lwe-R lunexabiso lolawulo oluphezulu ngaphezu kwako konke. Njengokuvavanywa kwe-Cental kunye nokurhovotaire, ukuvavanywa kweezifundo eziphambili zePR ezikhoyo kumazwe amaninzi alungele ukuhlaziweyo.

Ukufunda ngokubhekele phaya, bona i yehlabathi lonke I-IDEA Inkqubo Yoyilo lobuchule , iprojekthi ye-Electoral Systems, kunye [[FLT]] nesikhokelo sotshintsho loMbutho wePR.