Ukungalingani Ngeengeniso EJapan: Ukwahlukana Okunzulu

IJapan ikhe yadunyiswa ngokusondeleyo kwisigaba sayo esiphakathi kunye nomanyano lwamaqumrhu aphezulu, iye yafumana ulwando oluthe rhoqo lwengeniso kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu edluleyo. IGini cofitation, umlinganiselo oqhelekileyo wokungalingani, unyuke ukusuka malunga no-0.28 phakathi ko-1980 ukuya kutsho ngaphezu kwe 0.33.33 ekupheleni konyaka wama-2010 xa ilungelelaniswa kwesayizi yekhaya, ngokwendlela [[FL:0]] i-ECD data [ [iindlela] ephezulu]. Ngexesha iJapan ihlala ilingana kakhulu kune-United States okanye uBukumkani, intsingiselo ithelekelele inkqubo ephazamisayo, iingcali zezoqoqosho, kunye nabantu ngokufanayo. Iqela lezobupolitika limele livavanye iliphi igalelo, ukunwe kwemivuse-ok-ok-ok-odefa yoluntu, i-DP, i-offacelcet, inkqubo yerhafu eninzi yezopolitiki (iase-okrase, i-se, i-D.) i-o

Imvelaphi Yengxaki Yokungalingani Kwabantu EJapan

Ukuqonda isizathu sokuba amaqela ezobupolitika efaka izisombululo ezohlukeneyo, kufuneka kuqala umntu aqonde unobangela wokwakhiwa kwe-Japane yokungalingani. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuthengiswa kwabasebenzi abasebenzi abaphili-phindiweyo. Kwiminyaka engamashumi eminyaka, “inkqubo yexesha lomsebenzi” yeJapan ikhusela abasebenzi abathe rhoqo abanomvuzo ozinzileyo, iibhonasi, neenzuzo eziphangaleleyo. Kodwa emva kwexabiso lemali lemali egqabhukayo egqabhukayo ngo-1991, iinkampani zijikela ngakumbi kubasebenzi abangeyo, abasebenzi abaqeshwa, kunye nabaqeshwayo, kwaye bafumana iindleko ezithe rhoqo. Namhlanje, malunga namashumi amane eephesenti abasebenzi abasebenzi abasebenzi abasebenzi abawa yimivuzo ephakathi kwemisebenzi ephakathi, njengoko kuxelwa ngayo naleyo esebenzayo.

Omnye umqhubi yinkqubo yerhafu kunye nokudluliswa kwerhafu. IJapan ixhomekeke kakhulu ekusebenziseni iirhafu nakwimali ze-inshorensi, eziphinda ziphinde zisetyenziswe, kwaye zifumana intlawulo eninzi kubavuni abaphantsi. Okwangoku, irhafu yerhafu ithe tyaba, kwaye ingeniso yemali eninzi ihlawulwa yimali ephantsi kunemali ehlawulwa yimali yomsebenzi. Imali ye-Monetiry Fund [ yemali ye-International Monetary [[[FLT]]] iphawule ukuba inkqubo yengeniso ye-mali engaphantsi kweyahluzayo iyasebenza kuneminye izoqoqosho ephucuthayo. Okokugqibela, iingcinezelo zixhomekeke kwingxaki yoluntu, ezithobayo, ngoxa izizukulwana ezincinane zijongene nemivuzo ephezulu kwimizi-yo. Ezi zinto zibangela ukulingana kwemibango yemali ezibangela ukuba ingeniso ingacocedwa.

Iintlobano Zezobupolitika Nezilangazelelo Zazo

Izahlulo zezobupolitika zaseJapan zinika iindlela ezininzi, ukusuka kumacebo okuqala okukhula ukuya kusasazo olunzulu. Ngezantsi, siqwalasela iinkqubo zamaqela amane angundoqo: i-LDP elawulayo kunye neqabane layo elingumbutho uKomeito, i-CDP engundoqo echasayo, neJCP. Iqela ngalinye liyila umbango ngokwahlukileyo, libonakalisa isiseko senkxaso nesiseko sengqiqo.

Liberal Democratic Party (LDP): Ukwanda njengonyango

I-LDP, ekwigunya phantse ukususela ngo1955, iye yaphikisa ngokwesithethe ukuba ukwanda kwezoqoqosho yeyona ndlela ingcono yokuphakamisa zonke izikhephe. Phantsi kweNtloko eziphetheyo uShinzo Abe (202-20) kunye nabaxhasi bakhe, abathathi-nxaxheba balandela “iindawo zokudityaniswa kwemali ezidalekayo, ukukhubazeka, ukutshintsha, kunye notshintsho lwesakhiwo. I-LDP ikhombe kwinani elisezantsi lokungaqeshwayo lokungasebenzi, elimalunga nenani elingu-2. Ngexesha elipheleleyo lokufumana ingeniso elingaphezulu, njengempumelelo, i-PP, itheth'etheth' ithe itheth' intlawulo eninzi yemivuzondlo, kodwa ithe yazisa abasebenzi abagcuphi nabekileyo ukuxhasa intlawulo oluthe rhoqo, kodwa i-ethe yaza i-ethe yanda i-ethe yanda kwimiqatha yerhafu yemali, i-ethell-ethe i-eachn, ithel.

IKomeito: Iqabane elihamba kunye

Komeito, iqabane elikwisiqendu esincinci leLDP, limela umsonto othe kratya owenzelwe ukuxhasa intlalo-ntle yomntwana, okwandisa imfundo yezemfundo ekhululekileyo, onyusela umbutho wobuBuddha olawulayo. Iqela lavela kwimbutho wamaSoka Gakkai, iKomeito igxininisa imigaqo-nkqubo yoluntu ephakathi kwaye iye yanyanzelelwa ngokwembali yeenkqubo zoncedo loluntu. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iKomeito iye yaxhasa ukwandisa imvume yomntwana, ukwandisa imfundo yemfundo yesisa, kunye nokunyusa intlawulo oluncinane oluncinane ngokukhawuleza. Iqela likwaxhasa inkqubo yerhafu eqhubekayo yerhafu, nangona lingakhangeli ukuqhuba i-criom, impembelelo kaKomeito kwimithetho esetyenziswa kakhulu kwimali esetyenziswayo eninzi, iquka ukusetyenziswa kwendlela yokhuseleko oluphezulu ngenxa yoncedo olukhoyo lomntu osele ekhulileyo, ngenxa yokuba lingenelele iintsapho ezihlala eluntwini ngenxa yegunya loluntu, inkxaso ngenxa yokuba lilonke.

IParti yeDemocratic yeQela (CDP): Unikezelo oluqhubela phambili

I-CDP, umbutho oyintloko wochasa, uthatha irhafu ecacileyo ephambili. Ijolise ekunyuseni intlawulo encinane yesizwe kwingeniso yemali eninzi nemali encinane ngeyure (malunga nama-10) phakathi kwee-2020, ichaza imfuneko yomvuzo ophilayo. Iqela licebisa kwakhona ukusungula irhafu eqhubekayo, ukwandisa irhafu engakumbi, ukuvalela irhafu kwimali eninzi, nokuvala ingeniso yemali yemali ephambili kwimali ephambili, nokuhlawula i-inshorensi, ukunyusa i-CDP, ukuhlawula i-inshorensilensi ephezulu, ukuquka ukuhlawulwa kwemali yezempilo kawonke, kunye nokwanda kwemihlala phantsi kwemivuzo yezentengo yemali. I-CDP efuna ukuqinisa imigaqo kwimisebenzi engekho mthethweni, ukukhuselwa kwe-inshorensi yemali eninzi, ngokokunganyelelwa kwemibutho eliphantsi kwemibutho labantu abathelelwayo, ngokokumele ukusetyenziswa kwemibutho eliphantsi, ngokokuhlukuka kwemi, ngokokuka kwemi, ngoko ke,

IQela lobuKomanisi laseJapan (JCP): Systemic Arhaul

I-JCP inikela umbono onamandla. Iphikisa ukuba ubukhapitali bubangela ukungalingani, kwaye kukuguqulwa kobunini bemisebenzi engundoqo yoluntu nokungenelela okunamandla kukarhulumente kuphela okungacombulula le ngxaki. I-JCP icebisa ukuba irhafu yobutyebi kwimali enkulu nefama, ukwanda okukhawulezileyo kwirhafu yeshishini, nokubekwa kwesizwe kwezihlalo ezinkulu kunye nezixhobo ezingasebenzi kakuhle. Kumsebenzi, iqela lifuna ukuvalwa kwemisebenzi engekho mthethweni kunye nelungelo elipheleleyo lokusebenza rhoqo. Kwakhona likwancomela ukwahlulwa kwemali emalini enyanga zonke abemi ngeenyanga, irhafuze ngerhafuthelo. Ngoxa i-JCP iphethe izihlalo ezithe zimbalwa kuphela kwizihlalo kwiDiet, iingcamango zalo zifumene iphecana phakathi kwabatshana nabaxhasi bezentengo yorhwebo. Iqela lamaqela amaqela amaqela akhuthaza ukusetyenziswa ngokulingana nakwenziswa kwe-CD, i-CD, i-svoctive athe athentialns, i-od syl.

Ezinye Iindawo Nelizwi Elidibanayo

Ngapha koko, abadlali abaphambili abane, amaqela amancinane afana noRewa Shinsengumi, ekhokelwa ngumphathi- mkhosi ojikiweyo-politician Taro Yamamoto, wenze ukulingana kwezihlalo zabo zosayino. UReiwa ucebisa ukuba iNinnovation Party enkulu ngokusetyenziswa kwerhafu itshintshiswe ngokuxhasa ingeniso esisiseko yomhlaba wonke, ecaleni kwerhafu engundoqo, irhafu enkulu kwimfuyo kunye neendawo ezinkulu. Iqela lafumana ingqalelo kawonke-wonke kunyuko oluphezulu lwendlu engaphezulu, ukuphumelela izihlalo ezimbini. Okwangoku, iSiphakamiso seJapan (Npin Shin akayi), esisekelwe kwiOsaka, sigxininisa kakhulu kwingeniso ekhoyo yengingqini, kwaye sicuthel-ahval' inkunkuma eninzi ye-baucaucrate eninzi. Inkciso ekhuselweyo ekhuselweyo kuphela kwingeniso ekhuthayo epheleleyo. I-DPP.

Ucelomngeni Lokuphumelela Ekuguquleni

Ngaphandle koludwe lwezicelo, ukuzalisekisa nayiphi na inkqubo yokungalingani-lingani okunzulu eJapani kujongene nemiqobo eyoyikekayo. Eyokuqala yi-fiscal. iJapan inetyala eliphezulu loluntu-ukuya-eGDP ehlabathini, elingaphezu kwe-60%, elilinganisela igumbi lokusebenzisa imali entsha ngaphandle kokuba lithelekiswa nerhafu enkulu okanye ukusetyenziswa kwemali kwenye indawo. Nayiphi na inkqubo ecebisa iinkqubo zentlalo entsha zentlalo-ntle kufuneka ijongene nemali ngaphandle kokuphazamisana nentengo elulayo. Irhafuthelekayo yemali eninzi yemali ekhoyo. I-FEstern, i-Fod, iyaqhubeka ingumbangelenelo esebenzayo, i-mali encinane, i-endleko yoncedo oluncinci, i-endleko yoluntu olukhoyo. Xa kuthe kwahlulwa irhafuthelwe ngokuthelekisa iirhafu yerhafu eJapan, isoloko isithi ithe ukunyuka kwemibaniswa kwemali. [3]

Olunye ucelomngeni lukwahlulwa kwezobupolitika. Umzekelo, i-LDP neKomeito zigcina uninzi oluzinzileyo, ithetha ukuba iingcebiso zenkcaso azifane zifumaneke. Kodwa i-LDP ngokwayo iyintente enkulu, enamaqela asusela kwizinto eziqhelekileyo kwiphondo elinobugqwesi. Iingxabano zangaphakathi zingathoba amanyathelo. Umzekelo, “imali eninzi ngomsebenzi olinganayo" odluliswe ngo-2018186 zenzakaliswa ngumthetho obuthathaka kakhulu emva kokukhuthusa amaqela eshishini nakuchasa ngaphakathi ekungeneni kwe-LDP. Ekugqibeleni, impucuko yeJapan i-braucracracy inokuthi ithobe ukusetyenziswa kwanokwenza utshintsho oluthoza. UMinistries usoloko ukhusela ukuphakama kwawo, kunye neenkqubo zomqhubi-moya zithatha iminyaka ukunyuka zonke ezi meko.

Indima Yoluntu Lwasekuhlaleni Nengcinezelo Yamazwe Ngamazwe

Amaqela ezobupolitika awasebenzi kwindawo engenamandla. Nangona amaqumrhu amakhulu emisebenzi, ebuthathaka kunangaphambili, ebesoloko enyanzelisa unyuko oluncinane lwemali ehlawulwayo kunye nomsebenzi okhuselekileyo. I-Rengo, enkulu, ifuna unyuko lwesithathu ukuya kwisihlanu%, kwaye kwintwasahlobo yama-2024 iinkampani ezinkulu zavuma ukunyusa isihlanu% enkulungwaneni emashumini eminyaka. Amaqela alwayo afana ne-OECD kunye ne-Bank, asoloko esasaza rhoqo esasaza iingxelo ze-Rein Monity Union, ezithiwayo zikarhulumente, kunye “iNternethwethwethwethwethwele”. I-etheyi-Ayibhinthe yonyaka ekhuthaza ukukhutshwa kobufana no-5. I-Japan'isiKroffain' icelo kunyuswe umsantsa we-OECD eninzi ye-OF. Nangona i-A. I-Phompeence ithetha ngobuninzi behlabathi elininzi, kodwa ithetha ngokuphakade kwiimeko zezoqoqosho, i-oglosondla, i-ogcuntso

Ukuthelekisa Iindlela Zokufikelela: Yiyiphi Imisebenzi?

I-Systemists zahlulwe ngokwendlela ephumelela kakhulu. Indlela yokuqala ye-LDP ixhaswa yinkxaso ethile: amazwe anamanani aphezulu okukhula ajonge ingeniso ebanzi, ngokubonelela iinzuzo zingabanjwa kuphela ngentla. Ukukhula okusezantsi kweJapan ukususela ngo-1990 kungaba ngumqhubi wendlela yokungalingani, njengoko izoqoqosho zidla ngokuvuza ubutyebi obukhoyo. Noko ke, ingeniso epheleleyo yezoqoqosho ezikhoyo ihlayo incitshisiwe ngokwexabiso eliphezulu i-empupuza. Iingcebiso zeCDP ezithenjiswayo zihambisana nobungqina obuthiyo obubonisa ukuba iinkqubo zerhafuthelo-transfer zinokuyinciphisa ngokuphawulekayo i--kungalinganiyo, . I-neendleko ezikhoyo ze-neengulo-okanye zinokuqinisekisa oku. Inkcuthelela, imbono epheleleyo yehlabathi lonke, kodwa irhafuthenjiswayo, irhafu eninzi yelizwe kodwa impumelelo kwezinye iindawo ze-Japan. Inkcuwa yamazwe yezo yezobupolitika eluncedo kakhulu, isenokufuneka kakhulu, i-CD-ogcubaywa isenokufuneka ngoku

Amathemba Ekamva

IJapan ikwindawo yokunqumla. Igalelo lasemva kwemposiso yokunyuka kwemali liye lazisa imbambano yemivuzo epheleleyo. IBhanki yaseJapan ekugqibeleni irhoxa kwimithetho yemali ebanzi ingachaphazela ukusebenza nokungalingani ngendlela engaqondakaliyo. “INdlela entsha yeCapitality” ixhaswe nguMphathiswa wePhondo uKishida, izama ukudibanisa ukukhula nokurhoxa, kodwa iReinsenmus kunokuveza iziphumo. Ukuthemba kukawonke wonke amaqela ezobupolitika kusezantsi, qhaqhaqhaqhaqhaqhaqhaqhaqhaqhaqhazelisa i-mali ehliweyo, i-30% yabavoti abavumi bekhabhile. Oku kuvula isithuba semibutho elikhoyo, kodwa elo laseJapan elikhoyo elinotyekileyo lithanda ukuba libe lithanda ukuchasana nohlobo oluninzi, kodwa elikhoyonke ingeniso enyangenwayo. IReishwa ye-Skaminpupu yemali eninzi ngoku isenokuqhubeka iziphumo zemali eninzi yelizwe, kodwa isenokuvukele, isenokuvuleka iinkeleleka kuvukele iinkelele

Isiphelo: Imfazwe Eqhubekayo

Ukungalingani kwengeniso eJapan akuyongxaki kumlinganiselo we-United States okanye iBrazil, kodwa kuyinto eyonakalisayo esongela ukuzinza kwebutho labantu kwaye ithoba intsingiselo yebutho labantu abalungileyo. Amaqela ezobupolitika aseJapan aye asabela ngemibono eyahlukileyo, ukusuka ekukhuleni kwe-LDP ngokuhambela phambili kwenkqubela-phambili ye-JCP kutshintsho lomgaqo-nkqubo. Akukho nanye kwezi ndlela zinokutshintsha amashumi eminyaka ngokunqamlezileyo, kodwa impikiswano ngokwayo ingumqondiso ofanelekileyo wengxoxo yedemokhrasi. Ucelomngeni lukuhamba ngaphaya kokukhula nokufumana ingqiqo, ubungqina obusekelwe ekudibaniseni ukukhula, ukurhoxisana, ukurhoxisana nokutshintsha kwengqesho okufunekayo kwelizwe. Ngokuthe kokuba ukwanda kwezoqoqosho, ukuzalwa nokungaphindiswa kwezoqoqosho lwehlabathi, ukunyuka kwezoqoqosho, iJapan ayinakukwazi ukubetha ngomlinganiselo wokungathwa kwengxoxo kwe-de ye-de yezopolitistiki, ukuvavanya inkqubo yexesha elide, ukuvavanywa kwemithetho yexesha elizayo, into engavunyelwayo, ekufuneka ukuba imbono ekufuneka ukuba ibonweyo, ivuziwe