Table of Contents

Ukwazisa: Imithetho Esemthethweni Egqugqisileyo Enxamnye Nobunqolobi

Izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe zisisiseko semigudu yale mihla yokulwa nobunqolobi, zilungiselela isiseko somthetho esilungelelanisiweyo esinceda amazwe asebenze kunye ngaphaya kwemida. Ngobume bawo, ubugrogrisi, ukuxhaphaza izithuba kwimimandla yesizwe, iindawo zokuhlala ezikhuselekileyo, kunye nokungavisisani kwinkqubo esemthethweni. Iisivumelwano zithetha ngezi ngcinga zidibeneyo ngokumisela iinkcazelo ezifanayo, iimfuno ezidibeneyo, kunye nenkqubo zokuncedisana komthetho. Ngaphandle kwale zixhobo, imigudu yokumangalela, ukulwa, ukuditya, okanye ukuqaqaqa, iimpahla zemidlalo yabagrogrisi ezidileyo ziza kwahlukana kwaye zingasebenzi.

Indaleko yomthetho wehlabathi lonke ophikisana nobunqolobi ibonisa ukuqashelwa okukhulayo kokuba akukho rhulumente onokuzikhusela ngokupheleleyo kwizisongelo zomhlaba. Ukusukela kwiindibano zamandulo ezijolise kwizenzo zogonyamelo ezicacileyo ukuya kwizigqibo ezibanzi zasemva ko-9/11, isivumelwano siye sanwenwa ukugquma inkxaso-mali, ukukhutshelwa kwezobugrogrisi, ubuphembeleli bekhompyutha, nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zemichiza okanye zebhayoloji. Eli nqaku lihlola indlela ezibumba ngayo imigaqo-nkqubo yesizwe, inkxaso-ntlalo, kunye nokuhlangabezana neengxaki ezikhula ngokukhawulezayo kwimekobume etshintsha ngokukhawulezayo yokusongela imekobume.

Indima Yezintlu Zezizwe Ngezizwe Ekuphakameni Kokwenziwa Kobunqolobi

Ii-Treasure zisebenzisa imisebenzi emininzi kumsebenzi womhlaba wonke wokulwa noloyiko. Okokuqala, zidala iimfanelo ezibophelelayo ezisemthethweni kumaqela asekuhlaleni. Okwesibini, zimisela iinkcazelo ezisemthethweni zezenzo zobugrogrisi, ezibalulekileyo ekumanyaniseni iinkqubo eziza kuqhubekeka kunye nokuphepha iindawo ezikhuselekileyo zababaleki. Okwesithathu, ziseka izicwangciso zokwabelana ngenkcazelo, uphando lwamalungu, kunye nokwakhiwa kwamandla. Okwesine, izivumelwano ziquka amalungiselelo oncedo lobugcisa, ukunceda amaphondo ngemibutho engekho mandla alawula utshintsho olusemthethweni.

Uhlobo lwezivumelwano eziziintlobo-ntlobo luqinisekisa ukuba akukho sizwe sinye esinokulawula amagama singawasebenzisi, sikhuthaza ingqiqo yokuba ngamalungu ahlukeneyo nokufaneleka. IZizwe Ezimanyeneyo beziye zaba yeyona ndawo yokuqala yokuqhubana kwezi zixhobo, nangona imibutho yengingqi enjengeBhunga laseYurophu, i-Afrikaan Union, kunye neQumrhu leMerika iye yavelisa izivumelwano zengingqi ezixhasa izicwangciso zehlabathi lonke.

Imigaqo yekhori ephantsi kokuchasa iiNtlutho zobuGrobha

Izivumelwano ezininzi ezichasene nezobuphekula zamazwe ngamazwe zisekelwe kwimigaqo emininzi engundoqo: imbopheleleko yolwaphulo-mthetho, umgaqo we-aut dedere aut judicare (ukhuseleko olungokwasemthethweni okanye ukuchotshelwa kwetyala), uncedo olungokwasemthethweni, kunye nokuhlonelwa kwamalungelo abantu. Umgaqo-mthetho ongaphezulu okanye wokubulawa koonobangela bobuphekula uqinisekisa ukuba abatyholi abanakukwazi ukuphepha okusesikweni ngokubalekela kurhulumente ongazimiseleyo okanye ongakwaziyo ukubongeza isongezelelo. Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu lugxininiswa ngokukhula ukukhusela imiqathango yokulwa nolwaphulo-mthetho ekucinezeleni inkululeko esisiseko.

Iintlawulo Ezingundoqo Zezizwe Ngezizwe Nempembelelo Yazo

Ulawulo lwehlabathi lonke lobunqolobi lusekelwe kuthotho lweendibano zamacandelo kunye nezigqibo zeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo. Ngasezantsi zizixhobo ezibalulekileyo nendlela eziye zabumba ngayo amandla okusebenza notshintsho olusemthethweni ehlabathini lonke.

INdibano Yezizwe Ngezizwe Yokucinezelwa KobuGrogrisi (1999)

Le ngqungquthela ibizwa ngokuba yi-Groorxic Finansing Convention, esi sivumelwano sinyanzelisa ukuseka inkxaso-mali yabanqolobi njengetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho nokusebenzisana ekuthinteleni, ekuhloleni, nasekumangaleleni ulwaphulo-mthetho olunjalo. Kufuna ukuba amazwe aqalise aze athabathe imali elungiselelwe imisebenzi yobugrogrisi, kwaye axhase imicimbi yemali. Indibano iye yancedisa ekwakheni amaqela obuchule bemali (FUS) emhlabeni wonke, kwaye ixhasa umsebenzi we-Instable Act Task Force (FATFF). Amazwe anjengePakistan neSaudia Arabia aye alungisa imithetho yawo echasene nemali ukuze ahambisane nemilinganiselo yendibano. [[FLT:]

Isisombululo seBhunga loKhuseleko leZizwe Ezimanyeneyo 1373 (2001)

Yamkelwa kamsinya emva kohlaselo lwe-9/11, iSisombululo 1373 sisigqibo esibophelelayo phantsi kweSahluko VII se-UN Charter, esifuna onke amazwe angamalungu ulwaphulo-mthetho lwezezimali, ukukhaba iindawo zokuhlala ezikhuselekileyo, kunye nokuphuhlisa ulawulo lwemida. Yaseka iKomiti ye-Counter-Trorrisism (CTC) ukuqwalasela ukuphunyezwa. Ngokungafaniyo nesivumelwano, i-19773 ayifuni kukhuselwano, iyenza inyanzeleke ngokukhawuleza. Imithetho emininzi yesizwe echaphazelayo yadluliselwa ekuqaleni kowama 2000 yayizimpendulo ezicacileyo zesigqibo. USA PATRIOTTT Act, kunye ne-U'S anti Grigit , Cribe noKhuselelo- 2001 yabunjwa zimfuno ezimfuno.

INdibano YeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo Enxamnye Nolwaphulo - mthetho Olulungelelanisiweyo Lwamazwe Ngamazwe (2000)

Nangona ingesiso isivumelwano esichasene nobunqolobi kuphela, iNdibano yePalermo ithetha nge-nexus phakathi kolwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo nobugrogrisi. Incedana ngomthetho, ukunyanzelisana, kunye nophando oludibeneyo. Imithetho engorhwebo kubantu abafudukayo nokurhwetywa kwabantu ibaluleke kakhulu njengoko amaqela abagrogrisi esebenzisa ukufuduka. Amalungiselelo endibano enkcithanezelo asetyenziswa ukuchitha ii-mfashoni zemali ezixhasa amaqela axhasa ii-ISSIS kunye ne-Al-Habab.

Imisebenzi yephondo

Iziqu zengingqi zivelise izivumelwano zazo ezichasene nobugrogrisi ezithetha ngezisongelo ezikhethekileyo zasekuhlaleni. IBhunga laseYurophu liquzelela ukuthintelwa kobuGqrhwebi (2005] ligxininisa ekukhuthazweni nasekucatshukisweni kwempahla yezenkcubeko nokuhlaselwa kwabantu. I-African Union's iphuhlisa imithetho echasene ne-CRGYT, kuquka ii-CYCYP [ [1999, u-2004]) ibandakanya ilungiselelo lokukhusela impahla yenkcubeko kunye nokulwa ne-merconalism. Intlangano ye-Shanghaghavier Cooperation (SC) ivel iphuhlisel imiqathango yemithetho echasene ne-ogrogriti ye-Asiya, kuquka ii-micism eziphazamisa-eququastism.

Impembelelo kwimithetho yeSizwe neMithetho

Impembelelo yezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe ingaphaya kweengqungquthela zezonxibelelwano. Zingabaqhubi abaphambili botshintsho lwemithetho kumazwe amaninzi, ingakumbi abo banenkqubo yomthetho ekhulayo okanye iimbali zemfazwe. Ukusebenza kwesivumelwano kudla ngokufuna amazwe aphumeze imithetho emitsha, amisele amaqumrhu azinikeleyo, aqeqeshe ukugcinwa komthetho kunye nabasebenzi abagwebi.

Ukuvisisana Kwemithetho Yezaphuli - mthetho

Amazwe amaninzi aye avelisa iimpazamo ezithile ezifana "zilungu lombutho wabanqolobi," "ukucatshukiswa kwabantu ngokubanzi ukuba benze ubugrogrisi," kunye "ukuqeqeshelwa ubugrogrisi" njengesiphumo esingqalileyo sezivumelwano. Umzekelo, iSigqibo seSigqibo se-Frameotood sokwalwa nobugrogrisi (2002) safuna ukuba onke amalungu awo alungelelanise iinkcazelo zawo nesiseko esiqhelekileyo se-EUC. Ngokufanayo, imithetho echasene nobuphekula esungulwe ngo-20055 kunye ne-IBhunga loKhuselo lokhuseleko le-UN yaphembeleko 1373 kunye ne-Finanjuding Convention.

Ukhuseleko lomda onyusiweyo kunye nentsebenziswano yobulumko

Iintlukwano ziye zakhuthaza ukwenziwa kwamaqela okuphanda adibeneyo (JITs), irejista yamagama abakhweli, kunye neenkqubo zokuhlola ezinqamlezayo. Umgaqo-nkqubo wolwazi (SIS) eYurophu, umzekelo, usebenzisa izivumelwano zomanyano ukuze kwabiwe abantu abafunekayo kunye nezinto ezibiweyo. Izivumelwano zokuncedana ngokusemthethweni (I-MLAT) kunye nezivumelwano zophicotho zikwa ziqiniswa ziindibano ezininzi, zivumela amazwe ukuba akhuphe izicelo zobungqina nezokugcina.

Imikhosi yeenkqubo zobunqolobi ezikhethekileyo

Amazwe amaninzi aseka amaziko alwa nobuphekula, amaziko obuchule bemali, kunye namaziko okufakela emva kwezivumelwano eziphambili. I-United Kingdom yayila i-Ofisi yoKhuseleko ne-Terrorism (OSCT) ngo- 2007. I-Indiya yaseka i-National Investigation Agency (NIA) ngo-2009, ngokwenxalenye ukuze ihambelane neembopheleleko zezizwe ngezizwe phantsi kweendibano ze-UN. La macandelo asoloko eyindawo yokuqala yokunxibelelana nentsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe.

Ucelomngeni Nesithintelo Sesivumelwano SeRegime

Nangona zininzi izinto eziphunyezweyo, inkqubo yezivumelwano yezizwe ngezizwe ijongene nemiqobo ethintela ukuphumelela kwayo. Ukuqonda ezi zithintelo kubalulekile ekuhloleni iziphumo zobuphekula behlabathi.

Izithethe Zasemthethweni Nenkcazelo Ecacileyo

Olunye ucelomngeni oluzingisileyo kukungabi nankcazelo eyamkelekileyo yezobugrogrisi. Ngoxa izivumelwano zobugrogrisi zichaza izenzo ezithile (ukuqhushumbisa, ukudubula, ukuthunjwa), ukuphepha ingcaciso ebanzi yobugrogrisi. Oku kuvumela amazwe ukuba asebenzise eli gama ngokukhethayo, maxa wambi abiza abachasi bezobupolitika okanye abathathi-nxaxheba njengabagrogrisi ngelixa ukungabikho kwesivumelwano kuthintela ukusetyenziswa kobugrogrisi xa amazwe echaza ngokwahlukileyo komthetho.

Ulawulo nokungabikho kombutho

Amanye amaphondo ayathandabuza ukubeka ulawulo lweziqu zezizwe ngezizwe okanye ukuzalisekisa amalungiselelo esivumelwano awagqala njengaphazamisa ukhuseleko lwesizwe. Umzekelo, amazwe anolawulo olungqongqo angasebenzisa imithetho elwa nolwaphulo-mthetho ukuphelisa ukungavumelani ngeli xesha engazihoyi izisongelo zokwenene. Amanye aswele amandla obugcisa okanye ezopolitiko ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zemali okanye iinkqubo zokuhlola. Ingxelo zeKomiti ye-UN Counter-Terrorsism zichaza rhoqo imiqobo ekuzalisekisweni kwayo, ingakumbi kwimimandla eneemfazwe.

Umahluko kavimba

Amazwe asakhasayo asoloko ezama ukuhlangabezana neziqinisekiso zesivumelwano ngenxa yokungangeneli kwezibonelelo zomthetho, ukulinganiselwa kwamandla okulawula, nokungaqeqeshwa ngokwaneleyo. Iinkqubo zoncedo lwezizwe ngezizwe, ezifana ne-Ofisi yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo yeziyobisi ne-Crime's (UNODC) yolwakhiwo lwe-odoli, azimisele ukuvala ezi zikhephe, kodwa imali ihlala ihamba ngendlela eguquguqukayo. Ngenxa yoko, izivumelwano zingenza inkqubo elawulayo emibini apho amazwe atyebileyo anyanzelisa imithetho ngenkathalo ngelixa amazwe ahlwempunge ngelixa angenamandla.

Izisongelo Ezijikelezayo Nemingxuma Esemthethweni

Abanqolobi baqhelanisa ngokukhawuleza neemilinganiselo esemthethweni. Izivumelwano zixoxwa kwiminyaka emininzi kwaye zicotha ukuhlaziya. Ukwanda kobuphekula bekhompyutha, uhlaselo lwe-oktherbet, usetyenziso lonxibelelwano olufihlakeleyo, kunye nee-currecrities njenge Bitcoin zigqithe izivumelwano zangoku. IConvention yezizwe ngezizwe yenciction of Neclear Terrorism (2005) yagqitywa phambi kokusetyenziswa kwe-drons okanye imposiso engaqhelekanga yobuntlola obufihlakeleyo. Imithetho kufuneka iqhubeke iguqula njalo, kodwa uhlaziyo lwesivumelwano lungarhoxiyi.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Iingxelo Ziyasetyenziswa

Imizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene ibonisa indlela izivumelwano eziye zayinceda ngayo imigudu yokulwa nobunqolobi nokutshutshiswa.

Ukuvavanywa Kwetyala LeParis Ngo - 2015

Uphando kunye nokuchotshelwa kwamatyala okubandakanyeka kwiinkqubo ezichaphazelekayo kwintlaselo yeParis kaNovemba 2015 kwaxhomekeke kakhulu kwizivumelwano zoncedo olusemthethweni kunye ne-European Prieuing Warrant (EAW). Amagosa aseFransi asebenzisa iEAW ukukrokrela okugqithisileyo okuvela eBelgium naseJamani, kunye nendibano yeBhunga laseYurophu nxamnye luncedo lobabini yavumela ukwabelana ngokukhawuleza ngeengxelo zomnxeba kunye nenkcazelo yemali. Ukusebenzisana bekungayi kunokwenzeka ngaphandle kwesivumelwano sangaphambi kokuba kufikelelwe.

Ukutshutshiswa Kwamahlolokazi AseNyoba - ntshona

Emva kohlaselo lwe-9/11, i-US kunye namanye amazwe anyanzelekileyo eGulf achaza ukumisa imithetho phantsi kweNdibano yobuGahokolo. Ngonyaka ka-2016, iSaudi Arabia yakhupha imithetho emitsha echasene nezenzo zobuphekula eyavumela ukukhenkceka kwempahla edityaniswe ne-Al-Qaeda ne-ISSIS. Uvavanyo lwe-Finical Action Task Force lufumanise ukuba ukuthobela indibano kwanceda ekupheliseni inkxaso-mali yemijelo yemali eyayisebenza ngaphandle kokohlwaywa. FATF ihlolisisa ezi nkcukacha ziphucuthelo.

I-UN-ICC Ezenzelwe Ingxelo

Ngoxa iNkundla yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo YeCIRL (ICC) ingenagunya kubugrogrisi ngokomlinganiselo ngamnye, izigqibo kunye nezivumelwano zeBhunga loKhuseleko leZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ezingolwaphulo-mthetho ezinxamnye noluntu ziye zasetyenziselwa ukutshutshisa abanqolobi bangaphandle ababuya bevela eSiriya naseIraq. Iinkundla zesizwe kumazwe afana neSweden, iFransi neNetherlands ziye zathembela kwiNkomfa yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo echasene noLawulo Lomthetho woLawulo lweNtlanganiso lweNtshona Koloni ukubeka ityala abantu ngabanye ngenxa yokuba ngamalungu eISSIS, ibonisa indlela izivumelwano ezigqubugqubuthe ngayo ubugqhinga.

Izisongelo Ezitsha Nekamva Lomthetho

Isivumelwano esichasene nezobuphekula kufuneka siqhelane neengxaki ezintsha. Imimandla emininzi ilungele ukuphuhliswa okuphawulekayo okungokwasemthethweni kwiminyaka elishumi ezayo.

Ubunqolobi benkcubeko kunye nezisongelo zamanani

Izivumelwano ezikhoyo zithetha kuphela ngokuchanabeka kohlaselo lwe-intanethi. IConvention yeBudapest on Cybercrime (2001) igubungela ezinye iinkalo, kodwa ayibhekiseli ngqo kubugrogrisi. Indibano entsha yehlabathi lonke ngobuphekula bekhompyutha iyaxutyushwa kwi UN. Isivumelwano esinjalo siyakufuna ukunikela ingqalelo ekuhlaseleni, ukuncedisana kobungqina obuvela kumanani, nokuqhekeza okubangela ukungaphumeleli kwesiseko somsebenzi.

Ubuntlola obenziwayo kunye neenkqubo ezizimeleyo

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Al ukuze kuphenjelelwe iingcamango, ukhetho, kunye nezixhobo ezizimeleyo kuphakamisa imibuzo malunga noxanduva lomthetho kunye nolawulo lwezixhobo. Izivumelwano zangoku ezifana neNdibano Yezixhobo Ezithile Zokuhlanganisa (CCW) ziyahlaziywa ukuxubusha iinkqubo zezixhobo ezibulalayo ezizimeleyo, kodwa akukho malungiselelo azimeleyo obugrogrisi. Isivumelwano sexesha elizayo sisenokufuna ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukuba iinkqubo ze-Al esetyenziswa ekuphikisaneni nemikhosi yolwaphulo-mthetho zihlangane namalungelo oluntu kunye nemilinganiselo yokuphendula.

Ukhuseleko Lwezinto Eziphilayo Nezisongelo Ze - CBRN

INdibano yeZizwe Ngezizwe yeMithetho yeNyukliya (2005) ithetha ngezinto zenyukliya, kodwa izisongelo zemichiza, zemichiza, i-radiogic, kunye ne-(CBRN) zihleli phantsi kweliso labadlali abangengomazwe. IConvention ye-Biological Weapons (BWC) ayinazixokelelwano zobunyani, kwaye iSijukubheno se-Somfazi siphumelele kancinane ekuthinteleni ukuhlasela okuncinci kwamaqela angenamandla angaqhelekanga. Ukuqinisa ezi ntlanganiso ukugqugqisela nokusebenzisa abanqolobi bebhayoloji kuyinto ephambili.

Urhwebo lwezibonelelo zemali

Izivumelwano zexesha elizayo zingamisela intsebenziswano phakathi kwamazwana namaqumrhu azimeleyo, ingakumbi iinkampani ezinamacala eencwadi, ukutshintshiselana ngentelekelelo, kunye namaqonga eenkqubo zoluntu. Izicelo zangoku zeFATF kwimpahla ezizizo azidibanisi; isivumelwano esiziintluphendu ezininzi siya kwenza iimbopheleleko ezinyanzelisayo ukwenzela aba badlali ukwabelana ngolwazi kwaye bathintele ukukhuselwa kwemirhumo yeemali yabagrogrisi. Ucelomngeni luya kuba lulungelelanisa iindleko zokuthobelana ngokhuseleko lwangabo. [[FALT:0]] [izinto ezinconyelweyo ezikhoyo ezizenyanisweni .

Ukuqinisekisa ukuzalisekiswa nokuphendula

Izivumelwano zihlala zisebenza, uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe kufuneka luthethe ngezithuba ezizalisiweyo luze lukhuthaze ukugcinwa komthetho

Ukwakha kobuchule noncedo lobugcisa

Amazwe afumileyo kunye nemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe kufuneka yandise inkxaso-mali yeenkqubo ezinceda amazwe asakhasayo aphumeze umthetho, abagwebi, kunye nokuphucula amandla okulungisa. INkqubo ye-UNODC yehlabathi lonke iqeqeshe amawaka amagosa, kodwa imfuno ingaphezulu konikezelo. Uncedo lweBhodatel lwamazwe anjenge-United States, iJamani, neJapan belufuneka kwimimandla enjenge-Sahel kunye noMzantsi Asia.

Ukulawula Amalungelo Abantu

Izivumelwano zezobuphekula maxa wambi zigxekwa ngokuvumela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamalungelo abantu, njengokuvalelwa ngokungekho mthethweni, ukuthotywa kwemiqathango okanye ukucinezelwa kokungavumelani. Isivumelwano sexesha elizayo kufuneka siquke ukhuseleko olunamandla lwamalungelo abantu kunye neenkqubo zokulawula ezizimeleyo. I-Propoporteur ye-UN ekhethekileyo kumalungelo abantu kunye nenkqubo echasene nezobuphekula iye yancomela ukuququzelelwa nokuziphendulela imikhosi yokhuseleko. Ingxelo ye-Rapporteur inikela ingcebiso eneenkcukacha[[FL:1]

Ubuchule beNtlanganiso

Izivumelwano zengingqi zingancedisa ezisehlabathini lonke ngokuthetha ngemilinganiso yosongelo kunye nezithethe zasekuhlaleni. Iindlela zomanyano lwaseAfrika zentsebenziswano enqamleza imida kwiNtlambo ye-Afrika, umzekelo, ziye zaphumelela ngokuchasene ne-Al-Shabab. INdibano ye-ASEAan kwi-Counter-Terrorism (2007) inceda amajoni adibeneyo kunye nobuchule bokusebenza kuMzantsi-Asiya. Ezi ziko zephondo zisoloko zineenkqubo zesigqibo ezikhawulezayo kunezivumelwano zemigangatho ye-UN.

Isiphelo: Indima Engenakuthelekiswa Nanto Yezenzo Zokuthethelela

Izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe azisiso isombululo sengxaki entsonkothileyo yobugrogrisi, kodwa ziyinxalenye esisiseko yokusabela okubanzi. Zinikela izixhobo ezisemthethweni, ilungiselelo lezemfundo, kunye nokuthembana okufunekayo ukuze isebenzisane ngokunempumelelo. Ngaphandle kwazo, ukulwa kwehlabathi lonke nobugrogrisi bekuya kuncitshiswa ekubeni yiminqophiso edileyo kunye nezenzo ezingekho mthethweni, ezingaxhaswanga kakuhle kwaye ezingekho semthethweni kwixesha elide.

Indaleko yezi zivumelwano ibonisa ukuqashelwa okukhulayo kokuba ubugrogrisi busisisongelo esifuna izisombululo ezabelweneyo. Njengoko kuvela ubugcisa obutsha kunye namaqhinga, amaphondo kufuneka aqhubeke ehlaziya kwaye andise izixhobo zomthetho. Ikamva alifuni nje kuphela izivumelwano ezintsha kodwa lifuna ukuzinikela okutsha ukuzalisekisa ezikhoyo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba izibonelelo ziyahlukana, kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba imilinganiso echasene nobugrogrisi ihlonela umthetho nesidima sabantu. Uluntu lomhlaba wonke alunakukwazi ukuvumela ulawulo lwesivumelwano ukuba lusebenze ngokunamandla nokuqina njengoko luzama ukumelana nezisongelo.