Ukwazisa

Ulwalamano phakathi kwemilinganiselo yamalungelo abantu yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nenkululeko yabemi base-U.S. aluchananga. Ngoxa i-United States iye yazimisela ngokwembali njengentlola yenkululeko yehlabathi lonke, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yamalungelo abantu ehlabathi lonke kuhlala kuxhatshazwa kwaye kuqukwa. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye imigaqo-nkqubo yolawulo-melo yehlabathi lonke, i-U.S. i-U. inqanda izivumelwano ezimbalwa zamalungelo abantu, kwaye ezo zidibene nazo zidla ngokufakwa kwiimbambano, ukuqondana, ukuqonda, kunye nezindululo (i-RUD) ezithi zithintela impembelelo yazo engqalileyo. Noko ke, le milinganiselo yomhlaba wonke isebenzisa ingcinezelo engapheliyo kodwa engapheliyo kumthetho waseMelika, inkqubo yezomthetho, inkqubo kunye nokuqikelelwa kwezomthetho. Ukuqonda oku ngamandla kubalulekile kubafundisi, abasebenzi, kunye nabemi abathengi bemi, abafuna ukuqonda indlela yomthetho nemithetho yezizwe ngezizwe.

Imbali Yemilinganiselo Yamalungelo Abantu

Isiseko samalungelo abantu sale mihla savela ngqo kuthuthu lweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Izenzo zenkohlakalo yokuBulawa Kwabantu Ngenkohlakalo, ukulahlwa kwemfazwe, kunye nokulahlwa kwenkululeko esisiseko kwanyanzelisa uluntu lwezizwe ngezizwe ukuba lumisele imilinganiselo yesidima sabantu jikelele. Ngo 1945, iSicatshulwa seZizwe Ezimanyeneyo saqinisekisa ukuba "ukholo kumalungelo abantu asisiseko," kwaye kwiminyaka emithathu kamva iSindululo somhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu (UDHR) samkelwa yiNgqungquthela-mkhosi Jikelele yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo. Ngoxa iUDHR asisiso isivumelwano esisinyanzelisayo, saseka phantse onke amalungelo abantu alandelayo. Okubalulekileyo, ukuqulungela amalungelo abantu.

IUDHR yalandelwa yi-International Bill of Human Rights ne Political Rights (ICCPR) kunye noMvumelwano wezizwe ngezizwe wamalungelo ezoqoqosho, eSocial and Cultural (ICECR), omabini athatyathwa ngo-1966 kwaye asetyenziswa ngamandla ngo-1976. La maxwebhu amathathu aziwa njengee-International Bill of Human Rights. I-ICPR, ngokukodwa, ithetha ngeentetho ezifanayo ezininzi ezifunyenwe kwi-U.S.i Bill of Rights, indibano, kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo yokuhlola indalo. I-IS, yenza ukuba ikhombekelele i-ICICR ngo-19777 kodwa ayizange ikwazi ukuyenza de kube ngu-192, kwaye kwanangezongceleleneengcelele zezo ziganeko ezithelelanezo ezithenwayo, intsingiselo engazinazothenjiweyo, ithetha ngqo kwiNtophotho-o-oggraties.

Phezu kwayo nje le ndlela yobulumko, ithuba lasemva kwemfazwe labona ukunyuka kwezivumelwano ezininzi zamalungelo abantu ezaziza kuphembelela ekugqibeleni inkululeko yabemi base-U.S. ezi ziquka iNdibano yokupheliswa kweMibango Yonke Yekhethelo Lesizwe (CERD, eyagunyaziswa yi-U.S.A.) kwaye iConvention Against Torture (CAT, eyagunyaziswa ngo1994). Noko ke, ezinye izivumelwano ezinkulu, njengesivumelwano esikwiNgqungquthela yokukhutshwa Kwamalungelo Onke Ocalucalulo (CEDAW) kunye neConvention on Rights of the Arentifit Women (CED), engooctives (CRCR), neConvention on the Rights of the Rouragences of the Seast (CRC), ezingaxhaswa yi-ography, ezingatholwa yi-ography eninzi.

Izixhobo ezingundoqo zamalungelo abantu ehlabathi

Ukuze uqonde indlela imilinganiselo yehlabathi lonke ephembelela ngayo inkululeko yabemi base-U.S., kuyimfuneko ukuchaza ezona zixhobo zifanelekileyo kunye nemeko yazo kwisakhiwo esisemthethweni sase-United States. Olu luhlu lulandelayo lushwankathela izivumelwano ezingundoqo kunye nokuma kwazo okukhoyo:

  • Isibhengezo esingahambelaniyo samaLungelo Oluntu (1948)-OsiSisivumelwano, kodwa sithathwa njengomthetho wesithethe wezizwe ngezizwe. Izihlandlo ezininzi iinkundla zase-United States nabameli baso bagqalwa njengegunya eliyekelelayo.
  • Umnqophiso wezizwe ngezizwe woluntu kunye namalungelo ezobupolitika (1966) – Waziswa ngamathandabuzo yi-U.S. Amalungiselelo anjengeGatya 6 (ilungelo ebomini) kunye neGatya 7 (ukutshatyalaliswa kokuthuthunjiswa) ziye zaneengxoxo ezichaziweyo ngesohlwayo sentambo kunye nokuvalelwa.
  • INkulumbuso echasene nokuchasana nokuchasana noTshazimo (1984) – ifuthe le-U.S. liyinkqubo yokuncinwa nokuphathwa kwababanjwa, ingakumbi emva kwe-9/11.
  • [[FLT: 0] Indibano yezizwe ngezizwe ekwisiphelo sobuhlanga bonke (65) – Ratified ngo 1994. Isetyenziswe ekukhuthuzeni amalungelo obuhlanga nawokuvota.
  • Isibhengezo saseMelika saMalungelo kunye neeNtloko zoMntu (1948) – Isixhobo sommandla esiqala ngaphambi kweUDHR. Sifakwe yiNkundla yamalungelo abantu yaseMelika kwaye ngamanye amaxesha sibhekiswe kumalungelo abantu e-U.S.
  • Isigqibo samalungelo abantu abaneziphene (2006 – Yasayinwa yi-U.S. ngo-2009 kodwa ayivunywanga. Noko ke, imigaqo yayo iye yaboniswa inxalenye kumaMerika kuMthetho (ADA).

Ezi zixhobo azizenzeli ngokuzenzekelayo ziwugqithe umthetho wase-U.S. phantsi kwemfundiso yomgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., izivumelwano zithathwa njenge "Umthetho ophakamileyo welizwe" (Artle VI, Claus 2), kodwa iNkundla ePhakamileyo ikudala ikholelwa ukuba ingeyoyo-ethe-asemgrafini ifuna ukuzalisekisa umthetho ozalisa amalungelo obuqu omsebenzi. Ngenxa yesiphumo, umthetho wamalungelo abantu wamazwe ngamazwe usoloko usebenza njenge isikhokelo somqobo [] kunokuba imisele umthetho othe ngqo. Ibumba intelekelelo, impembelelo uluvo lukawonke, kwaye inika amagama entlalo-ntle yemibutho elikhuthaza inkululeko yasekuhlaleni.

Ukuphenjelelwa

Ukuqonda ezi ndlela zisetyenziswayo kunceda kucace isizathu sokuba imilinganiselo yehlabathi ibaluleke kwanakwilizwe elisoloko lichasa igunya lezizwe ngezizwe.

Ukucaciswa Kwezigwebo

Inkundla zamaxesha athile zibhekisela kumalungelo abantu behlabathi lonke xa zitolika umGaqo-siseko kunye nemithetho karhulumente. Ngoxa iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yathabatha indlela edityanisiweyo, amanye amatyala abonakalisa amandla obuchule omthetho wezizwe ngezizwe. Umzekelo, Rhoper v. Simmons[ [2005] (2005], iNkundla yawacaphula amatyala e-ICICPR kunye neConvention kuMalungelo oMntwana ukuxhasa umthetho wayo oweyisela ukulwa komntwana okungavisisani iSindululo se-Angxwele [2]] kumthetho wesileyo ekhohlakalo nengaqhelekanga. Umthetho omkhulu ka-Othethotho (Unyakatho ka-19200]) uAn Anthony Kenney waphawula ukuba ngoku kuphela kwehlabathi lonke, xa ityala loburhulumente boburhulumente boluntu, isongelo esithelela ityala lobuzwe ngokubanziswe linguzwe, i-Rhosahlulo, i-odwa, i-othe

Umthetho

Izicelo zeKhomishini zidla ngokuboleka ulwimi kwizixhobo zamalungelo abantu. Ngokomzekelo, uLwimi oluchaphazelekayo kuMalungelo Omfazi (1994) lwaxelelwa ngokwenxalenye nguCEDAW, nangona i-U.S. ingakhange ivume eso sivumelwano. Iintlangano zamalungelo abantu zisoloko zinikezela iingxelo zemiqathango kumaqumrhu esivumelwano seZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, nto leyo ngoko encomela ukuba amaqela olwaphulo-mthetho asebenzisa ukunyanzela abenzi bemithetho-mthetho. Xa iKomiti yamaLungelo oluNyunzi ilwayo igxeka i-U.S. iqhelisela ukuvalelwa ngokwayo okanye ukudityaniswa kwe-mthetho e-Rhulumente, ezi zi-criques zingenza intelekelelo yemibazo ze-AProvition kwaye zikhuphe umbuzo womthetho-Rhulumente.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wesebe eliphethe isebe

Isebe eliphetheyo lingaquka imilinganiselo yamalungelo abantu ngemiyalelo yabalawuli, ukhokelo, kunye nolawulo lwezomthetho wangaphandle. Umzekelo, uMongameli Barack Obama uMthetho oLawulo oluLawulayo 13631 wamisela umsebenzi wokuhlola izenzo zamapolisa ngokulandela i-Perguson, iMissouri, kwaye lazichaza ngokucacileyo iimbopheleleko ze-U.S. phantsi kwe-CERD ne-CAT. Ngokufanayo, iSebe leSebe leLizwe loMmandla loMkhosi loMkhosi woMntu elingokwaMazwe lisebenzisa ukuvavanyanisa amalungelo abantu, kodwa inkqubo yokwandiswa kwamapolisa ikwanyusa ukuphambana kolawulo lwezizwe ngemithetho yezizwe ngezizwe. Ngexesha lolawulo lwalo, isebe eliphethe i-CRUmp, isebe eliphethe amalungelo ehlabathi, kodwa iBden liye labonisa umqondiso ohlaziwo ngokudibanisa iiNko zamalungelo oluntu nolawulo lwezizwe ngezizwe ngemithetho yezizwe.

Impembelelo Ekukhululweni Kwamakhaya Okukhethekileyo

Imilinganiselo yamalungelo abantu ehlabathini lonke ishiye uphawu lwayo olucacileyo kwinkululeko yasekuhlaleni ephakathi eUnited States. Amacandelo alandelayo ahlolisisa iinkalo ezintathu apho ezi mpembelelo zibalasele ngokukhethekileyo.

Inkululeko Yokuthetha Nentetho

ISigqibo Sokuqala soMmiselo sidume ngokukhusela inkululeko yokuthetha, kodwa umthetho wamalungelo abantu wamazwe ngamazwe uvumela imiqathango ebanzi yokuthetha, ukuvuselela, nokunyelisa kune-U.S. Phantsi kweCandelo 19 le-ICPR, inkululeko yokuzichaza isenokulinganiselwa xa kuyimfuneko ukukhusela "amalungelo okanye isidima sabanye" okanye "Ukhuseleko lwamazwe ngamazwe. IKomiti yamaLungelo oluntu ifumanise ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba imithetho yokuthetha ye-U.S. ithe yathiya kakhulu xa ithelekiswa nemilinganiselo yomhlaba wonke. Oku kubangela ukuba imilinganiselo yehlabathi isebenziseke ngamandla apho imigaqo yezizwe ngezizwe idla ngokuphikisana [[FLT: 0] [[FLT]] okanye ukhuseleko lwamazwe onke] okanye "ukhuseleko loluntu] lukhusele khona, umzekelo kwiimpikiswano engekho siseko sentlalo okanye kwimiqatha yemali. Ngokuphikisanayo, ikhuthaza imilinganiselo yehlabathi lonke ukusetyenziswa kwemiboniso ye-ontathe yoncedo lwe-RG.

Ndinelungelo Lokuzifihla

Ilungelo lokuzifihla kuwedwa likhuselwe ngokucacileyo kwizixhobo zamalungelo abantu zezizwe ngezizwe. Inqaku le-17 le-ICCPR lithi: "Akukho mntu uza kuphazanyiswa ngokungekho mthethweni okanye ngokungekho mthethweni kwimicimbi yakhe yangasese. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. awuqulathanga ilungelo elicacileyo lokuzimela, kodwa iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibonise umntu kwiNkundla ephezulu ekwindawo yeBhili yamaLungelo. Imigaqo yezizwe ngezizwe zoluntu iphembelele kwaye ichaziwe ngokuchuliweyo kunale. [R.] Rhoe v. [[FLT.1] [1273] [7]), ukuqiqalisela kweNkunga iNkundla yezomthetho wobuqu kuvela imigaqo yomhlaba wonke ekwimiqatha ye-RGrease i-RGrease isebenzisa imiqatha yeminqikelelo ye-RG.

Ukukhuselwa Kucalucalulo

Umthetho wamalungelo abantu wezizwe ngezizwe uye wanempembelelo ngokukhethekileyo ekulungiseni umthetho we-U.S. ongekho sigebengu. UMthetho wamaLungelo we-Politiki ka-1942, kunye namaMelika anesiphene sonke sibonakalisa imigaqo efakwe kwizivumelwano ezigunyaziswe okanye ezigunyazisiweyo. IConvention on the Convention of All Monicial Directions (CERD) iboniswe ngabaxhasi benkqubo yokwahlukana kwesikolo, ukuhlahlela izithuba, nokuvota amalungelo okukhoyo kwe-ontapha. [[FLT:] Fisher v. IYunivesithi yaseTexas[FFFOLT:] [1] [20], uSonitomanderordated commenttiontionstions, ukuphikisa okuthiweyo, ukuphikisa okuthiyokuthenjiweyo kwemiqatha lesizwe, i-CDEvoms, i-evolunts eUnited States ithe ukuqwa yimeko yomthetho yehlabathi lonke.

Okusesikweni Kwasesaphuli - mthetho Nokuziphendulela Kwamapolisa

Imilinganiselo yamalungelo abantu yamazwe ngamazwe iye yaziguqula ngokukhulayo iinguqu zobulungisa base-U.S. ngokubhekisele ekusetyenzisweni kwamapolisa, ucalucalulo lobuhlanga, neemeko zokuvalelwa. IConvention Against Torture (CAT) iyayithintela inkohlakalo, inkohlakalo, okanye impatho ethotho ethob'isidima, kwaye iZizwe Ezikhethekileyo ezi-UN Rapporteur malunga nokuHlaHlazeka ziye zakhupha iingxelo ezigxeka kakhulu imicimbi eUnited States enjengokuvalelwa ngokwesidwa, ukuvalelwa okuqhubekayo, isigwebo esingapheliyo, nesohlwayo esiphendulelwayo. I-Rhulumente yezizwe ngezizwe ezininzi ibangela ukurhoxiswa kwemithetho ye-Rod. IBhunga Lomthetho we-Polivelmentmentment idlulisela imigaqo elawulayo yomthetho womthetho womthetho wezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe, yaye iyaqhubeka isebenzisa imigaqo-U.

Ucelomngeni Neziqu Zabantu

Phezu kwayo nje impembelelo echazwe ngasentla, ukuhlanganiswa kwemilinganiselo yamalungelo abantu ehlabathi lonke kwinkululeko yabemi base-U.S. kujongene nemiqobo emikhulu. Abahlalutyi bathi umthetho wehlabathi lonke usongela ulawulo lwe-U.S., unyanzelisa izithethe okanye izithethe zentlalo ezingqubana nemilinganiselo yamaMerika, kwaye ukhulisa amandla eequmrhu elingabalwanga. Ezi asiyomiqathango nje esekelwe kwingcamango; zineziphumo ezicacileyo kwindlela amalungelo abantu asetyenziswa ngayo kwaye amkeleke ngayo.

Ulawulo kunye noMthetho woMgaqo-siseko

AmaMerika amaninzi, kuquka abagwebi nabamisi-mthetho, awujonga umthetho wamalungelo abantu wehlabathi lonke ngokukrokreleka kuba ubonakala uphazamisa inkqubo yedemokhrasi. Phantsi kwenkqubo karhulumente wase-United States, ahlala enegunya elibalulekileyo kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, imfundo, umthetho wentsapho, nezinye iindawo apho izivumelwano zamalungelo abantu zinokusebenza kakhulu khona. Xa iKomiti yamaLungelo oluntu yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo incomela ukuba ishenxise isohlwayo sokufa okanye ihlaziye imithetho yabo ye-ID, ezo zincomelayo zichasene nolawulo olunzulu lwasekuhlaleni. Iimfundiso ezingazifuniyo ngokwazo zadalwa ngokuchanabileyo: ngokufuna ukuphunyezwa kwamalungelo abantu, izivumelwano azinakusetyenziswa ukuvala i-console okanye umGaqo-siseko. Olu lwabiwo lwesakhiwo luthetha ukuba amalungelo abantu amele athotyelwe ngokuthe ngqo; okokuqala kufuneka angene kulandele umgaqo ongqingqo-mthetho ongqingqo-mthetho wezobupolitika.

Ukuchasa Kwezobupolitika Nokwahlula Amaqela

Ukususela ngo-1990, ukusetyenziswa kwezivumelwano zamalungelo abantu kuye kwaqukwa ngokukhulayo. Abahlalutyi belungelo baphikisa ngelithi izivumelwano ezifana ne-CEDAW kunye neCRC zizizithuthi zobunjineli bentlalo obuqhubekayo. Ukukhuthaza amalungelo okuqhomfa, ubufana, okanye imiqathango kwigunya labazali. Ngenxa yoko, iU.S.A. ayizange igunyazise iCEDAW, iCRCD, okanye i-ICESCCRR, nangona isebenzisa i-ICESCRR. Inks ezininzi zazo ziquka ukuchasana okukhoyo. Ukuchasana kwezobupolitika kuyabonakala naku "imfuno, ukuqonda, kunye nezibhengezo" iziphumo ezithiyo ezithi zimele izivumelwano zezizwe ezininzi ezingagunyazigunyazi. U. Umthetho we-U.S.

IMithetho

Kwanalapho imilinganiselo yamazwe ngamazwe ivunywa ngokusemthethweni, ukuzalisekiswa komgaqo-nkqubo kuyaguquguquka. Urhulumente wase-U.S. kufuneka anikezele kwiingxelo zexesha ngalinye kumaqumrhu esivumelwano eZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, kodwa maxa wambi ezi ngxelo azikuxabisi ukulwa, yaye ukunconywa okulandelayo akufane kusebenze. Umzekelo, iKomiti yamaLungelo oluntu yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo iye yabiza iU.S. isithi ukuvalwa kwesohlwayo sokugweba ezikolweni, ukusungula inkqubo yokusesikweni kwezaphuli-mthetho ukuphelisa ukuqhekeka kweentlanga, nokuvala isakhiwo sentolongo eGuantanamo Bay. Akukho cebiso okuthe kwasetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo. Umsantsa phakathi kokuthetha nenyaniso e-U.S. kunye namalungelo abantu ehlabathini.

Imfundo nolwazi

Ukwahlula umahluko phakathi kwemilinganiselo yamalungelo abantu kunye nenkululeko yabemi e-U.S. kufuneka umgudu oqhubekayo wokufundisa. Okwangoku, inxalenye enkulu yesikolo semfundo ephambili kwintlalo nembali ijolise phantse kumGaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho wasekhaya, ijonge amalungelo abantu njengengcamango engaqhelekanga okanye yenye. Ukuvelisa abemi abakwaziyo ukubandakanyeka kwimilinganiselo yamalungelo abantu ehlabathi lonke, abafundisi kufuneka bafake imfundo yamalungelo abantu kwimfundo yabo. Iintlangano ezifana [[FLT: 0] Ilungelo loluntu Watch[[FLT: 1], [[FLT:], [[FLT:]] imbono yoluntu yasekuhlaleni eMerika i-Libertion Union (ALL) [[FLF])))) [[FLT] [3], yaye iyakwazi ukuvelisa ukukhuselwa koncedo oluluvoluvo oluqhelekileyo lwabantwana.

Esinye isixhobo esisebenzayo sokubhala sisetyenziswa iingxelo zamalungelo abantu kunye neengxelo zesithunzi. Abafundi bangafunda indlela intlangano engeyoyarhulumente ebhala ngayo iziphumo zokwaphula umthetho ze inike ezinye iingxelo kumaqumrhu e-UN. Oku akufundisi nje ubuchule bokubhala nophando kodwa kunika abafundi amandla okuzibona njengabaxhasi abanokwenzeka. Izikolo zingamema nabathetheli abasuka kwimibutho yenkululeko yasekuhlaleni okanye zibambise iintlanganiso ze-UN apho abafundi bathetha ngesivumelwano somthetho wezizwe ngezizwe zonke. Injongo kukuba idemysfindet ibonise ukuba asiyonto ekude kodwa ulwimi olwahlukeneyo malunga nobulungisa obufuneka kubo bonke abantu.

Isiphelo

Imilinganiselo yamalungelo abantu yamazwe ngamazwe isebenzisa impembelelo echuliweyo kodwa enentsingiselo kwinkululeko yabemi base-U.S. Ixesha lasemva kwemfazwe ladala ukuvumelana kwehlabathi lonke ngamalungelo asisiseko kangangokuba iUnited States imile kwaye, ngamanye amaxesha, iyaxhathisa. Ngokucaciswa kwezomthetho, ukulawulwa kwemithetho-siseko sowiso-mthetho, kunye nemigaqo yezolawulo, imigaqo-nkqubo esusela kwi-UDHR, i-ICR, iCER, iCTERD, kunye nezinye izixhobo zezixhobo zokulawula ziye zazisa izigqibo zembali ezingokobucala, intetho, ukulinganisa, kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho. Kodwa indlela yokuzibandakanya ikhuphisana ikhuphiswano. Ukuchasana kolawulo, ukuchasana, kunye nokusetyenziswa komsebenzi kuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe uhlale ungumqobo kunokuba kubekho umyalelo othe ngqo.

Kubafundisi-mfundo nabafundi, ukuqonda olu lwalamano akuyomfundo nje. Kuxhobisa isizukulwana esilandelayo ngezixhobo zokuvavanya iinkqubo zasekhaya ezichasene nemithetho yehlabathi, ukuvavanya ukungalungi komthetho ngokusebenzisa amagama abanzi asemthethweni, nokuba nenxaxheba kwincoko yehlabathi lonke ngentsingiselo yenkululeko. Njengoko ihlabathi lisiba lilungelelaniswe ngakumbi, imida phakathi kwenkululeko yamakhaya kunye namalungelo abantu amazwe ngamazwe iyakungabi nakuqonda, nto leyo ebangela ukuba olu lwazi lube luyimfuneko ekubandakanyekeni kobumi.