Ukuqonda Imiphumo Esemthethweni

Imiphumo engokwasemthethweni imela iziphumo ezisesikweni zokwenziwa kwetyala, ukuphunyezwa kwesigwebo, izigwebo, okanye ukunikwa kwemiqathango okumiselwe yinkundla. Le miphumo ayiyoyamamela; yimveliso yenkqubo ecwangcisiweyo elungelelanisiweyo elungelelaniswe kakuhle yomthetho, imizekelo egweba, kunye nezibakala ezithile zetyala ngalinye. Injongo engundoqo yokumisela iziphumo zomthetho kukufumana okusesikweni, ukukhupha isigwebo, ukubuyisela iziphumo ezifanelekileyo, ukubuyisela umva, nokukhusela okungaguquguqukiyo kwemeko yoluntu konke kuphumeza indima.

Le nkqubo iqala xa ummangalelwa efunyanwa enetyala okanye ebekekile, emva koko inkundla kufuneka igqibe ngeziphumo ezifanelekileyo. Esi sigqibo sibunjwe yingqokelela yeemeko, kuquka uhlobo lwetyala, ubungxwephe bobubi, imbali yommangalelwa, nobukho bokwamkelwa, okanye ukubekwa kwemiqathango. Abagwebi kunye namatyala asebenza kwindawo ebharhileyo; balawulwa yimithetho egwetyiweyo, imida yesiseko somgaqo-siseko, kwaye bamiselwa ngokweemfundiso ezisemthethweni. Ngaphezu koko, ukuzimisela kweziphumo zomthetho kusoloko kubandakanya ukungeniswa kwabagxeli-mthi abaninzi: abagxeleli, amagqwetha, abagwebi abagwebi, abagwebi, yaye maxa linye amaxhoba ngokwawo ngokwawo aphumele kwiziphumo zexhoba. Injongo kukuba kubekho iziphumo ezilungeleneyo, ezintle, nezingqingqiniso ezithe-o-ngo zamanani.

Obona Bathunywa Abaphambili Abaphembelela Imiphumo Engokwasemthethweni

Uhl_elo Lolwimi

Eyona nto ingundoqo iphembelela iziphumo zomthetho kukuhlelwa kwetyala njengempazamo okanye njengetyala. Amatyala angekho mandundu kakhulu. Ngokuchaseneyo aquka amatyala afana nokubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphanga, okanye ukurhwebelana ngeziyobisi, kunye nokufumana isigwebo sokuqala se-DUI_genering ngokubotshwa ngentengo, ukugcinwa kwetyala, okanye ukuvalelwa kwentolongo de kube ngunyaka omnye.

Ityala lamakhaya, njengokwaphula isivumelwano okanye ukungakhathali, liphumela kwiziphumo ezahlukeneyo ezingokwasemthethweni ngezantsi kwetyala lemali, imiyalelo, okanye ukwenza okuthile okukhethekileyo. Ngokungafaniyo namatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, iziphumo zoburhulumente zenzelwe ukuhlawulela umenzi wobubi kunokuba ohlwaye umenzi-bubi. Noko ke, imigaqo yokulungelelanisa nokusesikweni isebenza ngokufanayo kwizigqibo zasekuhlaleni, iinkundla ziqwalasela umlinganiselo wokwenzakala, ityala lommangalelwa, nayiphi na into enikelayo.

Ubunzulu Bomonakalo Nokuchanabeka

Ngaphandle kokubekwa ngokwamaqela, iinkundla zivavanya eyona ngozi okanye enokwenzeka ebangelwa yile tyala. Ulwaphulo-mthetho olubangela ukonakala okuqatha emzimbeni, intlungu engokwasengqondweni, okanye ukulahlekelwa yimali okuninzi ludla ngokufumana iziphumo eziqatha. Umzekelo, ukuhlaselwa okushiya ixhoba lineziphene ezisisigxina kuya kohlwaywa ngokuqatha kunengxubevange encinane. Iinkundla ziphinda zihlolisise iqondo lenjongo yommangalelwa okanye amadoda agwetyelweyo okanye ancinwe ngesenzo sobungozi, okanye ukungakhathaleli. Ulwaphulo-mthetho oluthenjiweyo lunetyala kakhulu ngokokuziphatha okubi yaye ngaloo ndlela luza kohlwaywa ngokugqithisileyo, ngoxa ulwaphulo-mthetho oluwe kusenziwa ngobushushu benkanuko okanye phantsi kwemibhiyo ingafumana unyango olulula.

Kwiimeko zamakhaya, ingcamango "yomonakalo wokuhlawula" ihambelana ngqo nobunzulu bokwenzakala. Iinkundla zihlola iindleko zezonyango, ukuphulukana nengeniso, iintlungu nokubandezeleka, kunye nomonakalo wempahla ukuze kufunyanwe ibhaso elifanelekileyo lemali. Kwiimeko ezibandakanya ukungakhathali okugqithisileyo okanye ukuziphatha okubi okuzenzekelayo, iziphumo zokubuyisela ityala zingangeniswa ukusohlwaya ummangalelwa kwaye zithintele izenzo ezifanayo.

Imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho olukhuselweyo

Ingxelo yangaphambili yommangalelwa yenye yezona zinto zinzima kakhulu. Abaphuli-mthetho abaphinda-phindi bejongene nezigwebo ezihlambulukileyo phantsi kwemithetho esetyenziswa ngomenzi wobubi kunye nemigaqo yokugweba. Ingcaciso icacile: imbali yehambo efanayo icebisa imigaqo yokungawukhathaleli umthetho, ubungozi obuphezulu bokungawukhathaleli kwakhona umthetho, kunye nobuncinci bokubuyiselwa kwakhona. Abaphuli-mthetho bexesha lokuqala, ingakumbi abo banoovimba abacocekileyo kunye nobomi obuzinzileyo, bangafumana ubuchule obugqithisileyo kwimo yokuzinzisa, okanye ezinye iinkqubo zokugweba njengeelo lweziyobisi okanye inkonzo yoluntu. Noko ke, kwanolwaphulo-mthetho lokuqala lungakhokelela kwiziphumo ezimandundundundu ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luye luye luzihombise kakhulu, umzekelo, ityala lokuqala eligwetyiweyo lobugrozi okanye elingumntwana liza kujoliswe ngobuninzi bemali.

Ukuhamba Nezinto Ezikhulayo

Iimeko ezibangela ukuba kuncitshiswe ukubekwa ityala kommangalelwa okanye zicebise ukuba isohlwayo esincinane sifanelekile. Izinto eziqhelekileyo ziquka ukwenza phantsi kwentlonipho eqatha, ukungabikho kwengxelo ebhaliweyo, ukubonisa ukuzisola kokwenene, ukusebenzisana nokunyanzeliswa komthetho, ukugula ngengqondo okanye ukuhla komthamo, ukuba ngumgcini-mzingeli oyintloko wabaxhomekeke kwabatsha okanye umenzi wobubi osele ekhulileyo. Inkundla ingasihlisa isigwebo esingaphantsi kobuncinane bomthetho ukuba izinto ezizinzileyo zinyanzelekile kwaye zixhaswa bubungqina.

Oonobangela abaxhomisayo bandisa ubungozi beziphumo. Oku kuquka ukusebenzisa isixhobo, ukuhlasela amaxhoba angokwasemngciphekweni (abantwana, alupheleyo, akhubazekile), ukwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho ukuze afumane imali, enze inkohlakalo ethile okanye acebe, angcatsha isikhundla sokuthembeka, okanye awenzile xa evavanywa okanye ekhuthuzwa. Imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho yokuzondelwa isongezelela isohlwayo xa amatyala eqhutywa lucalucalucalulo olunxamnye nohlanga, unqulo, imbonakalo yesondo, okanye ezinye iimpawu ezikhuselekileyo. Ukubakho komnye okanye izinto eziziimeko eziyingozi kusenokutyhalela isigwebo esiphezulu kwisiphelo soluhlu lomthetho okanye ukunyanzelwa komthetho.

Indima Yemithetho Ekhokelayo

Uninzi lwemithetho elawulayo imisele imigaqo yokugweba ukukhuthaza ukungaguquguquki nokunciphisa umahluko. Le migaqo idla ngokudalwa ziikhomishini zogwebo kwaye isekelwe kuhlalutyo lwemiqathango yemiqathango yemiqathango edlulileyo, imigangatho yobungqhinga, kunye nomlinganiselo wembali yolwaphulo-mthetho olubanjweyo. Umzekelo, imigaqo yokugweba eUnited States isebenza kwisixokelelwano segrid: ukudityaniswa kwemiqathango kunye nodidi lolwaphulo-mthetho lwembali lunika uluhlu olunconyelweyo lokugweba olusemthethweni. Abagwebi basoloko befuneka ukuqwalasela ezi zikhokelo, nangona benokusuka phantsi kweemeko ezithile ngenkcazelo eqikelelwayo. Imigaqo karhulumente iyahluka ngokubanziswa; amanye amazwe anemiqatha yemiqatha, ngoxa amanye amazwe esebenzisa izigwebo.

Umthetho wemithetho umisela izigwebo eziphantsi kumthetho othile onyanzelekileyo ukwenzela iziphumo ezinzulu okanye eziphinda-phindwayo `njengezokurhwebelana ngeziyobisi, ukuphulwa kwemipu, okanye ukunxila ngengozi. Le minima inyanzelisa ukusetyenziswa kweqhinga lokugweba, iqinisekisa ukuba bonke abamangalelwa abagwetyiweyo bafumana ubuncinane isohlwayo esisisiseko. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba umlinganiselo onyanzelekileyo ungakhokelela kwiziphumo ezingekho bulungisa, ingakumbi kwizenzo ezingekho mthethweni, kwaye baye banikela ekuvalweni ngokugqithisileyo. Imigudu yotshintsho kumazwe amaninzi iye yafuna ukucutha okanye ukuphelisa iziphumo ezinjalo, ingakumbi ngenxa yemiqatha yemiqatha yeziyobisi.

Ubulumko Bokugweba Neengcamango Zobugocigoci

Kwanakwindlela ecwangcisiweyo, abagwebi bagcina ubuchule obuninzi. Oku kuqiqa kuvumela ukuba basebenzise izivakalisi ngokobuqu ngokusekelwe kwizibakala ezikhethekileyo zetyala, imvelaphi yommangalelwa, kunye nentanda-bulumko yomgwebi yesohlwayo. Abanye abagwebi bagxininisa ukubuyiselwa kotshintsho, ukuxhasa uvavanyo, iinkqubo zonyango, okanye ukubuyiselwa komthetho wezobulungisa. Abanye bamisela ukhuseleko kunye nokhuseleko lukawonke wonke, ukubeka izigwebo ezingqongqo ukuze bathumele umyalezo. Abanye bajolise kwisigwebo esichasawodwa, bejonge ukulingana nesohlwayo sokuziphatha komntu osonileyo. Le ngxabano yentandabulumko ingakhokelela ekuchaphazeleni komahluko kwiijaji nakwimithetho, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho izikhokelo zokuhlisa ukungalungisi okunga.

Ezinye iindlela zokugweba zisetyenziswa ngokubalulekileyo kwimigaqo-nkqubo yokugweba. Endaweni yokubanjwa, abagwebi basenokusebenzisa ulawulo lwengingqi, ukugada ikhompyutha, ukuvalelwa kwendlu, ukubuyiselwa kumaxhoba, iiklasi zokulawula umsindo, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi, okanye ukuba nenxaxheba kwiinkundla ezikhethekileyo (umz., iinkundla zeziyobisi, iinkundla zempilo yengqondo, iinkundla zezeenkundla zezeeNteksi). Ezi zinto zinokusetyenziswa kakuhle kakhulu kubamangalelwa ngemibandela ephambili enjengeyokukhotyo okanye impazamo enzima, ukuhlisa ukupheliswa kwemali nokungahlawulwa kwerhafutheli. Kodwa ke, abagwebi bangasebenzisa ezi zinto kuphela xa begunyaziswa ngumthetho kunye naxa iimeko zigunyazisa.

Impembelelo Yokufumana Imiphumo Esemthethweni

EUnited States, amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho angaphezu kwama-95% asombululwa ngezicelo ezithelekelelwayo kunokuba avavanywe. Le nyaniso ichaphazela kakhulu indlela ekwakugqitywe ngayo iziphumo ezingokwasemthethweni. Ngokunxibelelana phakathi kwengtshutshiso nokhuseleko, ummangalelwa uyavuma ukumangalela ngetyala elincinane okanye isigwebo esincitshisiweyo (ngokufuthi) ukutshintshisana ngokuphepha ubungozi bokuvavanywa kwetyala kunye nesohlwayo esiqatha. Ijaji kufuneka ivume isibongozo imisele isigwebo, kodwa incomelo esivumelanayo sinobunzima obubalulekileyo.

Ulwaleko lwengqiqo luye lwazisa umaleko wobuchule obungavelisa iziphumo ezithe gqolo kwiziphumo ezifanayo zabamangalelwa ababekwe phantsi. Izinto ezifana nobuchule begqwetha, ubugqeba bomtshutshisi oboyikisayo, amandla obungqina, kunye nokuvuma kommangalelwa ukuncedisana nayo yonke isiphumo sokugqibeka. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba le nkqubo inganyanzela abamangalelwa abamsulwa ukuba bamangalelwe ngokungenatyala kwaye babangele iziphumo ezichaseneyo ezisekelwe kuhlanga, imeko yezentlalo-ntlalo, okanye yezenkcubeko. Abameli boguquli babiza ucace ngaphaya koluvo olukhuthaza ukucela izicelo ezinyanzelekileyo. Noko ke, ukucetyokucelwna kuselw'intententente ukuba basoloko besenza ityala elimsulwa elimsulwa elimsulwa, kwaye indima yabo yokumisela iziphumo ezisemthethweni ezisekelwe kuhlanganiso ezisemthethweni abanako ukuchazwa ngokuba liquququzelwe ngokuba lilo.

Uhlolo oluphunyezweyo nokulungiswa kweziphumo

Emva kokuba kubekwe isigwebo, abamangalelwa banelungelo lokubhenela kwityala okanye kubukhali besigwebo. Iinkundla zetyala zihlola ingxelo yokuvavanywa kwetyala ngenxa yeempazamo ezingokwasemthethweni, njengemiyalelo engafanelekanga yabachopheli-tyala, ingekho ngqiqweni, okanye ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo ommangalelwa asemthethweni. Kwakhona bayakwazi ukuphinda bahlole ukuba isigwebo sasisengqiqweni na kwaye singaphakathi kwisakhiwo somthetho. Ukuba inkundla yezaphula umthetho ifumana impazamo, ingalahla ukumangalelwa, iyalela ukuvavanywa okutsha, okanye iphinde ihlatyelwe ngemiyalelo. Kwezinye iimeko, inkundla ingenza isigwebo esitheze ngqo.

Inkqubo yesibheno isebenza njengovavanyo olubalulekileyo kwiimpazamo zekomiti kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo zomthetho zimiselwe ngokungqinelana nomthetho. Noko ke, izibheno zingaba kukufumana ixesha kunye nexabiso, kwaye umgangatho wokuzihlola usoloko ubekelwe ityala, ingakumbi malunga neengxelo ezichanekileyo. Izigwebo ezibekwe kuludwe lokhokelo azinakuphendulwa kakhulu kunalezo ezingaphandle kwalo. Abakhuseli bangafuna isiphumlisi seposi, esinjengezibongozo ze-corpus, ezithi zizicelo ze-as, ezizizizibheth-corpus, ngokwezizizathu ezingasebenziyo zesiluleko, ubungqina obusandul'ukufunyanwa, okanye iinguqu ezisemthethweni.

Imiphumo Yabemi: Umonakalo, Ukungavisisani Nokuhlangulwa Okungasikelwe Mda

Ngoxa umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ugxininisa kwisohlwayo, umthetho wasekuhlaleni usebenza ngokuyintloko nembuyekezo kunye nokuthintelwa. Ekumangalelweni kwamakhaya, iziphumo ezisemthethweni zidla ngokuba ngumvuzo wemali (izithintelo) okanye umyalelo wokwenza okanye wokuyeka ukwenza into (ukurhoxisa). Ukuzimisela komonakalo kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lomonakalo ovunyiweyo oqinisekisiweyo: ukonakaliswa kwemali yokwenene (imali yonyango, umvuzo olahlekileyo, umonakalo wempahla, iintlungu nokubandezeleka), ngoxa iziphumo zoko zigcinwa ngenxa yetyala elibandakanya ubuqhetseba, ukuqhatha, okanye ukungakhathali okugqithisileyo. Iinkundla zikwaqwalasela impazamo enxulumene nohlobo oluthile, ukuhlahlela ilahleko kuncitshiswe ngokomlinganiselo.

Kumatyala alinganayo, anjengempikiswano yomthetho weentsapho okanye yempahla, inkundla ingayalela ukuba kwenziwe okuthile, ukubuyiselwa kwezivumelwano, okanye ukuguqulelwa kolwalamano olusemthethweni (umz., ukugcinwa kwabantwana, iindawo zoqhawulo-mtshato). Umgangatho wezi ziphumo usoloko usithi "iimfuno ezingcono zomntwana" okanye "ukusasazwa nokuphindwa kwempahla. Ngokungafaniyo nezigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho, iziphumo zamakhaya azithotyelwe zimigaqo efanayo, nangona abagwebi besaxhomekeke kwimigaqo yezakhelo nemithetho ye-statory (umz, ukuxhasa abantwana) ukuqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki.

Impembelelo yangaphandle neyoluntu ekuzimiseleni

Imiphumo engomthetho ayimiselwanga kwimiqathango engenamsebenzi. Uluvo lukawonke-wonke, uxinzelelo lwezopolitiko, uphengululo lwezopolitiko, kunye nemigaqo yezentlalo elawula zonke iindima zokudlala. Iimeko eziphezulu zisenokubangela ukuba izikhululo zowiso-mthetho zimisele imithetho emitsha okanye izigwebo eziqinileyo, njengokuba zibonwa "zithathu" imithetho, ukunyanzelisa ukugwetywa kwemiqathango yeziyobisi, okanye ukunyuswa kwezigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho lwentiyo. Ngokufanayo, uphando ngeziphumo zolwaphulo-mthetho zezomthetho, ngokunjalo, ngokunjalo, ngokubonisa ukungalingani kohlanga olukwisigwebo //hashasss, kuquka nokuphelisa ityala le ngxaki, kunye nokwandisa iinkqubo zokuzigwebo.

Imilinganiselo yamalungelo abantu yamazwe ngamazwe iphembelela ukumiselwa kokuzimisela. Umzekelo, uMgaqo-siseko wesibhozo uthintela isohlwayo esinenkohlakalo nesingaqhelekanga, esithe sachazwa njengesokubophelela iindlela ezithile zokubulala kwaye kufuna ukulungelelana ekugwetyweni kolutsha nabantu abaneziphene. Iinkundla ziye zasebenzisa le mida yemithetho-siseko ukuze zinciphise ubomi ngaphandle kokukhutshwa kwabantwana abaphuli-mthetho kwiimeko ezingezozamvelo nokumisela ukusetyenziswa kokuvalelwa ukungabikho kwelungu.

Imizekelo Esebenzisekayo Nomthetho Wetyala

Ukuzekelisa indlela ezi zinto ezibangela amalahle, ziqwalasela amatyala amabini okuthelekelela. Okokuqala, umenzi wetyala wexesha lokuqala ugwetyelwe ukuqhekeza isakhiwo esingenanto kodwa usebenzisa ishishini elingenanto, kwaye abonise ukuzisola. Inkundla iphawula ubungxengxe-ngxenge, ukungabinangozi, nengxelo ecocekileyo, kwaye inyanzelisa ukuvalwa komsebenzi woluntu kunye nokuhlawulelwa. Kwesibini, umenzi-tyala ophindwayo oneenkolelo ezininzi zobusela obungekho monakalo ubonakalisa ulwaphulo-mthetho olufanayo kodwa usebenzisa isixhobo kwaye ubeka umgrava ebangela umonakalo obalulekileyo kwishishini lentsapho, nto leyo ebangela umonakalo omkhulu (isilwanyana, ixhoba, imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho) inyathela isigwebo kwili elininzi leminyaka engaphambili phantsi komthetho womthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho wesizwe.

Umthetho wokoqobo ubonisa ngokubhekele phaya la migaqo. Gell v. United States (2007), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. yathi inkundla elawulayo imele ihlole zonke izivakalisi zobungcathu kwaye inike umva ofanelekileyo kwisigqibo senkundla yesithili. PP] v. United States [2011], iNkubeko ligqibele ukuba ijaji isenokuqwalasela ukubuyiselwa kwasemva komjikelezo njengefektha ekucutheliseni isivakalisi. Ezi meko zigxininisa amandla okusetyenziswa kwesigwebo. ayizinziwa kodwa anokulungiswa ngokweemeko.

Isiphelo

Ukuzimisela kwemiphumo engokwasemthethweni enkundleni yinkqubo esekelwe kwimithetho, kwingqiqo, nakumaxabiso ahlukeneyo. Ukusuka kulwahlulo lwetyala ukuya kumlinganiselo wobukhulu bokuhlaziywa nokunyuswa kwemeko, zonke izigqibo zikhokelwa yimigaqo yokusesikweni, ukulungelelana, kunye nokusesikweni. Ukunika imigaqo-siseko inikeza isakhiwo, ngelixa iqhinga lokugweba livumela ukutshintshana kwabantu ngabanye. Ukwenziwa kwetyala kunye nokuhlolwa kwetyala kunye nokucazululwa kweminyaziso kuya kugqiba ukuba iziphumo zimele zichazwe kwingxoxo ephakathi kunye nolawulo. Ukuqonda le nkqubo akuyo kuphela kwiingcaphephe ezisemthethweni kodwa kuyimfuneko kubami banini bonke abanqwenela ukuqonda indlela inkqubo yokusesikweni esebenza ngayo nendlela ephila ngayo. Njengoko umthetho ukuvumelana nokuguqula, iindlela eziza kumiselwa ngeziphumo ezingomthetho, ingxuzuzwa yingxoxo yengxoxo kunye nokulungisa.

Ukuphinda ufunde, jonga ugcino-lwazi olusuka kwi Iqumrhu loLwazi lomthetho , iKhomishini yeSenzo ye-United States ye-liginec , kunye ne Isebe leJaji . Ezi mithombo ezigunyazisiweyo zinika iinkcukacha zocaciso lwemimiselo, izikhokelo, kunye nemigudu yokulungisa.