Indlela IiPacs Ezinganxibelelaniyo Eziyichaphazela Ngayo Imibandela Yezobupolitika

Iikomiti zezenzo zobupolitika (PACs) bezisoloko zisebenza kunyulo lwaseMerika, kodwa impembelelo yazo idlulela ngaphaya kwemali yephulo. Ngelixesha ezidityanisiweyo ze PAC zigcina amaqhina asesikweni kubavumi, amaqela, okanye amaqumrhu okusebenza, ezidityaniswe ngokungeyo-adityanisiweyo ii-PACs[ zisebenza ngokuzimeleyo, ziphakamisa kwaye zichitha imali yokuxhasa iinkqubo ezithile ngaphandle konxulumano olungqalileyo. Le mibutho iye yaba namandla amakhulu ekulungiseni indlela ezigqubuthela ngayo iimbambano zezobupolitika, ngokufuthi isebenza ngemfuno ezincinci nezifunekayo ze-Proluption kunye noluvo olulungeleyo. Ukuqonda iindlela zazo kunye neziphumo eziyimfuneko kuye kwalowo ofuna ukuvavanyanisa ngokunyanisekileyo iindaba eziziphethe.

I-PAC engadityaniyo yahlukile kwii-PACs zesithethe ngeendlela ezininzi ezingundoqo. Azixhaswanga ngumbutho, umbutho, okanye umbutho worhwebo, nto leyo ethetha ukuba bangayinyusa imali evela kumntu ngamnye okanye kwiqumrhu (ngokusemthethweni) kwaye bachithe loo mali ukuphembelela unyulo okanye inkqubo kawonke-wonke. Ngokungafaniyo nePixel PPACs, enokumkela iminikelo engenasiphelo kodwa engakwazi ukunxibelelana ngqo nabaququzeleli, ii-PACs zixhomekeke kwimiqathango ekhoyo yeqela. Kodwa ukuzimela kwazo kwimiqathango yeqela kubanika amandla akhethekileyo okusebenza okanye ukuhambisa iposi enokuthi ingahambelani namaqonga asemthethweni.

Ukuqonda iiPacs Ezingaqhakamshelwanga: inkcaza kunye neSiseko soMgaqo-siseko

Phantsi komthetho wonyulo kazwelonke, i-PAC engeyoyokomiti yezobupolitika engeyokomiti yokubhaptiza, ikomiti yeqela, okanye intlangano eyahlukeneyo enxulumene nemithetho-siseko sombutho. IKhomishini yoNqumo (FEC) ichaza ezi komiti njengengenayo inkxaso yenkampani okanye yomsebenzi, nangona zinokusekwa ngamaqumrhu ezorhwebo, imibutho yamalungu, okanye amaqela abantu abamanyaniswe nomdla ofanayo wezobupolitika. [ I-FEC inika ukhokelo oluneenkcukacha ekubhalisweni nasekuxeleni iimfuno ezinjalo zekomiti .

Ngokwembali, ii-PACs ezingeyoyo-adityanisiweyo zakhula ngokukhawuleza emva kokulungiswa kwesigqibo sonyaka-nyaka ka-1997 se-Federal Ecommuntment Act, eyavumela amaqumrhu namaqumrhu ukuba enze i-PACs. Kodwa ungquzulwano lokwenene lweza emva kweNkundla ePhakamileyo i-Citinns United v. FEC isigqibo, esavula umnyango ngenkcitho oluzimeleyo lwemibutho nemibutho. Engadityaniswanga zi-PaCs, kunye nePi enkulu yePCs, yavusenelisa, kwaye namhlanje imele iqela elikhulu leendleko zezopolitiki. Ngokutsho kogcino-lwazi olusuka ku-OpenseR.org, olungeludityaniyo-o-202 ye-20 000 000 000 000 000 (R.000) kwimijinga yemali kuphela, kwi-evo-evo-yodwa.

Umahluko ongundoqo kwiPaCs nePaC eziPhakamileyo

Ukufumana impembelelo yesixhobo sokugcina ulwazi ye PACs, kuyanceda ukuqonda indawo yazo eyahlukileyo:

  • I-PACs edityanisiweyo idityaniswe nombutho othile, umbutho wokusebenza, okanye umbutho wamalungu. Ixhaswa ngeminikelo yokuzithandela evela kubaphathi-mampawu, amalungu, okanye abaxhasi. Ukuthumela kwabo kusoloko kunyanzelwa zintlalo zabaxhasi.
  • [[NTL:0] I-PACS inganyusa iimali ezingenasiphelo ezivela kubantu, kumashishini, nakumaqumrhu, kodwa kufuneka badlulisele iminikelo yabo kwaye abanako ukunikela ngqo kubanikezeli okanye ukuququzelela amaphulo. Bajolise phantse ngokupheleleyo kwinkcitho ezizimeleyo, ezifana nokuhlasela okanye ukuxhasa abanikezeli.
  • [[NTL:0] I-PACs edityaniswe ngeNon edityanisiweyo iphantsi kwemida yokhetho nganye kodwa ayinanto exhasayo. Banokubandakanyeka kwintlawulo ngqo kwintlawulo ezithe ngqo nabangenisiweyo, kwaye badla ngokukhupha unyulo lonyulo. Oku kuzenza zibe luncedo kwizithuthi ezilungele ukuyila iingxelo zexesha elide ze-metafisi kwimi efana notshintsho lwemozulu, amalungelo empu, okanye utshintsho lwezempilo.

Indlela iiPacs ezinganxulunyaniswanga eziphembelela ngayo ukugqunywa kwezixhobo zokugcina ulwazi

I-PAC engadityaniselwanga isebenzisa ugcino-lwazi oluntsonkothileyo lwezixhobo zobuxhakaxhaka ukubumba amacebo, iingxoxo zesakhelo, kunye nokwandisa iingxelo ezithandwayo. Ngokungafaniyo nezibhengezo ezithe ngqo, ezithi zithatyathwe njenge-spread, imiyalezo ye-PAC engadityaniswanga ingathi “ayinazihlunu” okanye“iingcambu ezizi,” ukuboleka ukuthembeka kwazo kwiintatheli nakuwonke wonke.

Imali ecwangcisiweyo yeMibutho yokuThintelwa

Eyona ndlela ibonakalayo kukuthenga ngokuthe ngqo kwe-media. Ii-PAC ezingadityanisiweyo zichitha imali eninzi kumabonwakude, kunomathotholo, kumanani, kunye nokushicilela izibhengezo zokukhuthaza izikhundla zazo zomgaqo-siseko okanye ukuhlasela abachasi. Kodwa impembelelo yazo ingaphaya kwezibhengezo ngokwazo. Zisoloko zivelisa izibhengezo ezifanelekileyo — ezididayo, ezimangalisayo, okanye ezichukumiseke ngokweemvakalelo — zazi ukuba izibhengezo zendaba ziyayigquma impikiswano, ngaloo ndlela zinyusa umyalezo ngaphandle kwe-PAC ekufuneka zihlawulele ixesha elongeziwe lomoya.

Ngokomzekelo, iPAC engadityaniswanga namalungelo ompu ingaqhuba isibhengezo esibonisa igosa lomthetho elilumkisa ngeziphumo zemiqathango emitsha. Nokuba umoya obhengeziweyo ukwimimandla ejoliswe kuyo kuphela, ukukhutshelwa kwengxelo yesizwe ye-ad kungayibumba incoko ebanzi yezopolitiko. IThe New York Times ibhale indlela ezithe zixhomekeke ngayo kwizibheno ezingokweemvakalelo ezinzima kwiintatheli kwinteli ekuchebeni kwemeko enyani ngexesha lokwenene [.

2. Ukuphuma kwemibutho yangaphandle yamaziko eendaba kunye neMibutho yokuKhuthaza

I-PAC engadityaniswanga isebenza rhoqo njengemithombo yendaba yede cocoo. Zishicilela ukhupho, zibamba iingqungquthela, kwaye zinika umlinganiselo wabantu abanokuthetha abakhoyo abangama-24/7. Ngenxa yokuba iintatheli phantsi koxinzelelo olumiselwe ixesha zifuna ucatshulo olusuka “kwelinye icala,” ezi PAC ziqinisekisa ukuba amalizwi azo aqukiwe kumabali. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, zinokuba yimithombo yokugquma iimbambano ezithile, ngokunempumelelo zimisela iintetho zengxoxo.

Ii-PAC ezininzi ezingadityaniswanga zikwagcina ii-website ezintsonkothileyo kunye nobukho bezentlalo-ntle obuqhuba iitrafiki kumxholo wazo. Ngokuthumela uphando lokuqala, ii-op-eed, kunye nokuqulathwe yividiyo, zidala uqukuqelo oluthe lwathe lwanenjongo yokuba iintatheli zikwazi ukuqulunqa. Le ndlela isebenza kakhulu kwii-PAC ezijolise kwimiba enzima okanye enzima, efana nenkqubo okanye utshintsho lwamandla okanye irhafuthelo, apho iindaba zinokuxhomekeka kumaqela entsalelo lwenzala ukuze zifumane ulwazi olungasemva.

3. Ukugunyazisa nokukhuthaza uphando lobungane

I-PAC engazidibanisiyo isoloko ixhasa uphando, iingxelo, kunye nohlolo oluxhasa iinjongo zabo zenkqubo. Xa i-PAC ikhupha “ufundo” lubonisa ukuba umgaqo othile ungabiza amawaka emisebenzi, okufunyenweyo kungathathwa ngamajelo eendaba obulali nawamazwe. Uzimeleno luka-PAC kurhulumente okanye abaxhasi benkampani exhasa inkqubo yoluntu lungenza uphando lubonakale lunenjongo engakumbi kunaxa inkqubo yophando ithandabuzekayo.

“ Ukurhweba” — ukwenza iingcambu zenkohliso zophawu lwengca — bubuchule obunxulumeneyo. I-PAC engadityaniswanga ingabumba iqela eliphambili elinegama elifana ne “Iziko Legunya Lempatho” kwaye igunyazise uphando olubonisa uluntu ukubonisa inkxaso yamandla efosili kwinkqubela-mafutha. Kumcholacholi-ndaba oxakekileyo, iqela likhangeleka njengeqela elinobundindindi. [FLT:] I-Sound Watch scesss ezininzi ezinje ngezambutho kunye noqhagamshelwano lwazo kwi-PAC.

4. Ukulungiselela Iziganeko Zokubangela Ingqalelo Yamajelo Ondaba

Izindlu, iiholo zedolophu, kunye nokuqhankqalaza kukawonke-wonke zizixhobo zodidi. I PAC ezingadibanisiyo zingahlanganisa abaxhasi, ibhasi ngamatsha - ntliziyo, kunye nokucwangcisa iziganeko ezenziwe ngendlela ebonakala zinyanzelisa iikhamera zikamabonwakude. Intlanganiso exhotyiswe kakuhle ngaphandle kwe-capitol yephondo ingenza ukhupho-ndaba lwasekuhlaleni oluxhobisa umngeni wokomkhulu wabemi, kwanokuba i-crout iveziwe.

Ezi ziganeko zikwavula amathuba okuba abantu bathethe ngesandi esiphindaphindwayo kwiindaba.

5. Uphuhliso lwezakhono zobuzwe namanani

Kwixesha lamanani, ii-PAC ezingeyonxibelelwano zinamaphulo onxibelelwano olujoliswe kuluntu. Zithenga izibhengezo kwi Facebook, kwiTwitter, nakwi-YouTube ezithi zifakelwe imicropu echaza amanani abantu abancinane. Zikwasebenzisa ii-drowara ezihlawulwayo kunye nee-nethwekhi ezidityanisiweyo ukuvelisa imbonakalo yentsholongwane. Le ngxolo yemichiza inokuba noxinzelelo kumbandela onokuthi ngaphazanyiswanga.

Ngokomzekelo, ebudeni bomjikelo wonyulo wama-2020, ii-PAC ezininzi ezingadityaniswanga zijoliswe kunonophelo lwempilo zisebenzisa izibhengezo zeFacebook ukuhlasela uMthetho weNto yoNxibelelwano weAfford Ongenakuthengwa. Izibhengezo zavelisa amawaka amagqabaza kunye nesabelo, zidala ingqiqo yengxoxo enkulu kawonke-wonke yokuba iintetho zendaba ngoko zigqunywe. I-Washington Post ichaza indlela ezi zicwangciso zamanani ezidla ngokuneendleko kakhulu ngayo ukuhlawula kunentengo yesithethe ezithengwa [.

Uhlolisiso Lwemeko Kwimpembelelo Yemithombo Yezindaba

Umgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo: Idabi elinombala oluhlaza

I-PAC engadityaniswanga kumacala omabini engxoxo yemo-bume ingumzekelo ocacileyo. I-PAC ezimeleyo ye-Sierra Club, umzekelo, isebenza njengekomiti enganxibelelaniyo ephakamisa imali ukukhuthaza inkqubela yemozulu. Imali iqhuba izibhengezo ezihlasela abezobupolitika abakhanyela inzululwazi yemozulu, kwaye icwangcise umendo oluvelisa imixholo yesizwe. Kwelinye icala, i-American Energy Alliance, i-PAC, ivelisa izifundo nezibhengezo eziphikisayo ngokutsha amandla avuselelweyo. Iincutshe ezidiselanayo zinyanzela ukuba zifumane amacala omabini, ngokufuthi ngaphandle kokuvavanya ngokufanelekileyo i-celo lwenzululwazi. Isiphumo sichaza izinto ezinokuthi ziqukuqele phezulu.

Amalungelo emipu kunye noLawulo

I-PACS ezininzi ezincinane ezingadityaniyo zivelise ukuxhasa amalungelo emipu kunye nolawulo lwemipu. La maqela avelisa “iividiyo zemfundo”, agunyazise uphando lokubonisa uluntu ngeembono zawo, kunye neengxoxo ezixhasayo eyunivesithi. Iinkqubo zawo zonxibelelwano zisebenza ngokukhethekileyo kwiimarike zasekuhlaleni apho uthengiso lwesizwe lungenakufumana khona ubukho obunamandla. Isitishi sikanomathotholo sasemaphandleni sixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo ekucinezeleni kumalungelo obulali wemipu PC ngenxa yokukhutshelwa kwengxelo yaso yokuvalwa kwemithetho-mthetho.

Ukucelw ’ Imali Ngolawulo - melo Nengqibelelo Yamajelo eendaba

Impembelelo yee-PAC ezingadityanisiweyo kwingxelo yejelo-ndaba inyusa inkxalabo engundoqo ngempilo yentetho yedemokhrasi. Xa amajelo eendaba exhomekeke kwi-PAC-everhed, abeka ulawulo lomhleli kwizixhobo zokukhetha. Uluntu lusenokungaqondi ukuba “iqela elininzi” elicatshulwe kwibali leendaba liyiPaC ebhalwe kakuhle enoludwe oluthile.

Imida Ecace gca Nediski

Ii-PAC ezingena boyokani ziyafuneka kwiingxelo zefayile nge FEC, kodwa ezo ngxelo zisoloko zibekwa emva, zigqityiwe, okanye kunzima ukulwahlula. Ngaphezu koko, ii-PAC ezininzi zisebenzisa imibutho ye cource okanye “imali efihlakeleyo” amaqela afihla umthombo wantlandlolo wemali. Xa iintatheli zizama ukukhangela imali kwiphulo le media, zibetha iziphelo ezifileyo. Oku kunciphisa amandla kawonke-wonke okuvavanya ukuthembeka kwenkcazelo.

2022 uphando lwe-Annenberg Policy Policy Center yafumanisa ukuba abavoti abakwazi kwahlula phakathi kwezibhengezo ezizimeleyo zenkcitho nezibhengezo zephulo ezisemthethweni. Olu hlolisiso lwagqiba kwelokuba imithombo yemali eninzi inciphisa ukuthemba amajelo-ndaba nonyulo. uphando oluqhubekayo lweziko lonxibelelwano lwezobupolitika lubalaselisa imfuneko yokutyhilwa okungcono [.

Ujongo lwe Agenda nolugqwethiweyo

Ngokuphuphuma umjikelo weendaba nge-PAC elungele iinguqu zazo, ezinganxulunyaniswanga zinganyanzela izikhupho zezixhobo zokukhupha ijelo-lwazi ukugquma izinto ezingezona eziphambili kuluntu ngokubanzi. I-PAC efuna ukumisa umgaqo wemozulu ingadala impikiswano eyaneleyo yokugcina umba kwimixholo yephephandaba, nokuba inkoliso yabavoti ikhathalele ngakumbi ngezoqoqosho okanye ngobuchule bezempilo. Uphando kunxibelelwano lwezopolitiko lubonisa ukuba ukuthelekisa kwezixhobo eziphenjelelwa kakhulu ngamaqela anomdla kulwalamano lukawonke-wonke, ngokunempumelelo inika amaqela atyebileyo amandla angaphezulu kakhulu kumaziko kawonke wonke.

Inkululeko Neengxaki Ezibangelwa Ziincwadi

Intatheli zijongene nesenzo sokulinganisa nzima. Zifuna imvelaphi, kwaye ii-PAC ezingeyoyonkoliso yezona mithombo ikhoyo nephicothwayo kwimiba yeqonga elishushu. Noko ke, ukuxhomekeka ngokugqithiseleyo kule mithombo kungakhokelela koko abaphengululi bezixhobo zolwazi basekuhlaleni bakubiza ngokuba “lukhethelo” — utyekelo lokufaka amabali ngeendlela ezixhasa amaqela anomdla omlomo. Iingingqi ezininzi ze-ndaba ziqalisile ukwamkela iinkqubo ezingqongqo zokuchaza ii-PAC kunye nemithombo yazo yemali xa zicaphula. Noko ke, imali eninzi ezifumana imali kwimithombo yendaba yasekuhlaleni isoloko ingenazo ezo zinto ezihlala zisenza oku.

Izibizo Zotshintsho Nokubonisa ngaphaya Kwengqondo

Iinguqu eziliqela zicetyiwe ukunciphisa iziphumo ezigqwethekileyo zePAC ezingadityaniswanga kwingxelo yejelo-lwazi. Ezi ziquka:

  • [[NTLL: 0] Utyhilo oluthe bhabhayo: Uphakamiso lwe PC ukuchaza imvelaphi yantlandlolo yazo zonke iminikelo phezu komqobo othile, kwaye yenza ugcino-lwazi lufumaneke ngexesha lokwenene ludlula kwisiseko sogcino-lwazi esiphengululiweyo.
  • Imilinganiselo yemedia efihlwayo: Iindlela zokukhupha iindaba ezikhuthazayo ukuchonga naliphi na iqela elicatshuliweyo kwibali njengekomiti yezobupolitika ukuba lichitha ngaphezu kwepesenti ethile yoqingqo-mali lwalo lokungalawuleki.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukuxhasa ngemali yamaphulo: Ukuhlenga impembelelo epheleleyo yabanikezeli abaninzi kunye nee-PACs ngokunikezela ngemali engqinelanayo yeminikelo emincinane.
  • Imfuno ezi-Ad dislayimer: ithethyiss isithi zonke izibhengezo ezibhengezwe nge PAC — kuquka nezibhengezo zamanani — zithwele iidislayidi ezicacileyo ezichaza umbhatalo kunye nemeko yakhe njengekomiti engeyoyo i-adiodio.

I-FEC ithathe amanyathelo athile, kodwa ukunyanzelisa bekungalingani. Umhlaba osemthethweni emva I-CItamizens United[ yenza utshintsho olubalulekileyo lube nzima ngaphandle komthetho omtsha [.

Isiphelo

Ii-PAC ezingadityaniswanga azinakubhinqiswa; zimela uhlobo olusemthethweni lokuthatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika. Noko ke, amandla azo okuyila usasazo lwe-media ngaphandle kokuchaphazeleka aphakamisa inkxalabo enzulu. Ii-odoli neentatheli ngokufanayo zimele zikhuthalele ukubuza ukuba ngubani oxhasa imiyalezo eziyifumeneyo. Ngokuqonda ezi zindlela zisetyenziswayo — ukusuka kwizibhengezo kunye neziganeko ukuya kuphando kunye namajelo eendaba entlalo-ntlalo — singayivavanya kakuhle inkcazelo yezobupolitika esingqongileyo. Ingxoxo yedemokhrasi ixhomekeke kwinkqubo yezixhobo zorhwebo ezisebenza ebantwini, hayi kulowo ufumana imali ephezulu.